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Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Circulating adipokines and ghrelin affect bone remodeling by regulating the activation and differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Although the correlation... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
CONTEXT
Circulating adipokines and ghrelin affect bone remodeling by regulating the activation and differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Although the correlation between adipokines, ghrelin, and bone mineral density (BMD) has been studied over the decades, its correlations are still controversial. Accordingly, an updated meta-analysis with new findings is needed.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to explore the impact of serum adipokine and ghrelin levels on BMD and osteoporotic fractures through a meta-analysis.
DATA SOURCES
Studies published till October 2020 in Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were reviewed.
STUDY SELECTION
We included studies that measured at least one serum adipokine level and BMD or fracture risk in healthy individuals. We excluded studies with one or more of the following: patients less than 18 years old, patients with comorbidities, who had undergone metabolic treatment, obese patients, patients with high physical activities, and a study that did not distinguish sex or menopausal status.
DATA EXTRACTION
We extracted the data that include the correlation coefficient between adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, and resistin) and ghrelin and BMD, fracture risk by osteoporotic status from eligible studies.
DATA SYNTHESIS
A meta-analysis of the pooled correlations between adipokines and BMD was performed, demonstrating that the correlation between leptin and BMD was prominent in postmenopausal women. In most cases, adiponectin levels were inversely correlated with BMD. A meta-analysis was conducted by pooling the mean differences in adipokine levels according to the osteoporotic status. In postmenopausal women, significantly lower leptin (SMD = -0.88) and higher adiponectin (SMD = 0.94) levels were seen in the osteoporosis group than in the control group. By predicting fracture risk, higher leptin levels were associated with lower fracture risk (HR = 0.68), whereas higher adiponectin levels were associated with an increased fracture risk in men (HR = 1.94) and incident vertebral fracture in postmenopausal women (HR = 1.18).
CONCLUSIONS
Serum adipokines levels can utilize to predict osteoporotic status and fracture risk of patients.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021224855, identifier CRD42021224855.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Adolescent; Bone Density; Leptin; Adipokines; Adiponectin; Ghrelin; Osteoporotic Fractures
PubMed: 37181034
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1044039 -
ELife Nov 2022While dysregulation of adipocyte endocrine function plays a central role in obesity and its complications, the vast majority of adipokines remain uncharacterized. We...
While dysregulation of adipocyte endocrine function plays a central role in obesity and its complications, the vast majority of adipokines remain uncharacterized. We employed bio-orthogonal non-canonical amino acid tagging (BONCAT) and mass spectrometry to comprehensively characterize the secretome of murine visceral and subcutaneous white and interscapular brown adip ocytes. Over 600 proteins were identified, the majority of which showed cell type-specific enrichment. We here describe a metabolic role for leucine-rich α-2 glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) as an obesity-regulated adipokine secreted by mature adipocytes. LRG1 overexpression significantly improved glucose homeostasis in diet-induced and genetically obese mice. This was associated with markedly reduced white adipose tissue macrophage accumulation and systemic inflammation. Mechanistically, we found LRG1 binds cytochrome in circulation to dampen its pro-inflammatory effect. These data support a new role for LRG1 as an insulin sensitizer with therapeutic potential given its immunomodulatory function at the nexus of obesity, inflammation, and associated pathology.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Adipokines; Insulin Resistance; Inflammation; Insulin; Obesity; Mice, Obese; Glycoproteins
PubMed: 36346018
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.81559 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2019Obesity is now a worldwide epidemic. In recent years, different phenotypes of obesity, ranging from metabolically healthy normal weight to metabolically unhealthy obese,... (Review)
Review
Obesity is now a worldwide epidemic. In recent years, different phenotypes of obesity, ranging from metabolically healthy normal weight to metabolically unhealthy obese, were described. Although there is no standardized definition for these phenotypes or for metabolic health, the influence of lifestyle and early-life factors is undisputed. In this context, the ratio of muscle-to-fat tissue seems to play a crucial role. Both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle are highly heterogeneous endocrine organs secreting several hormones, with myokines and adipokines being involved in local autocrine/paracrine interactions and crosstalk with other tissues. Some of these endocrine factors are secreted by both tissues and are, therefore, termed adipo-myokines. High (cardiorespiratory) fitness as a surrogate parameter for an active lifestyle is epidemiologically linked to "better" metabolic health, even in the obese; this may be partly due to the role of adipo-myokines and the crosstalk between adipose and muscle tissue. Therefore, it is essential to consider (cardiovascular) fitness in the definition of metabolically healthy obese/metabolic health and to perform longitudinal studies in this regard. A better understanding of both the (early-life) lifestyle factors and the underlying mechanisms that mediate different phenotypes is necessary for the tailored prevention and personalized treatment of obesity.
Topics: Adipokines; Adipose Tissue; Adiposity; Animals; Humans; Muscle, Skeletal; Obesity
PubMed: 31817641
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246159 -
Biomolecules Nov 2022Leptin is an adipokine directly correlated with the proinflammatory obese-associated phenotype. Leptin has been demonstrated to inhibit adipogenesis, promote fat... (Review)
Review
Leptin is an adipokine directly correlated with the proinflammatory obese-associated phenotype. Leptin has been demonstrated to inhibit adipogenesis, promote fat demarcation, promote a chronic inflammatory state, increase insulin sensitivity, and promote angiogenesis. Leptin, a regulator of the immune response, is implicated in the pathology of asthma. Studies involved in the key cell reaction and animal models of asthma have provided vital insights into the proinflammatory role of leptin in asthma. Many studies described the immune cell and related cellular pathways activated by leptin, which are beneficial in asthma development and increasing exacerbations. Subsequent studies relating to animal models support the role of leptin in increasing inflammatory cell infiltration, airway hyperresponsiveness, and inflammatory responses. However, the conclusive effects of leptin in asthma are not well elaborated. In the present study, we explored the general functions and the clinical cohort study supporting the association between leptin and asthma. The main objective of our review is to address the knowns and unknowns of leptin on asthma. In this perspective, the arguments about the different faces of leptin in asthma are provided to picture the potential directions, thus yielding a better understanding of asthma development.
Topics: Animals; Leptin; Cohort Studies; Asthma; Obesity; Adipokines
PubMed: 36551211
DOI: 10.3390/biom12121780 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2020Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) leads to an increase in morbidity, mortality, and a shortening of life span. The changes in... (Review)
Review
Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) leads to an increase in morbidity, mortality, and a shortening of life span. The changes in heart structure and function as well as metabolic profile are caused by obese people, including those free of metabolic disorders. Obesity alters heart function structure and affects lipid and glucose metabolism, blood pressure, and increase inflammatory cytokines. Adipokines, specific cytokines of adipocytes, are involved in the progression of obesity and the associated co-morbidities. In the current study, we review the scientific evidence on the effects of obesity on CVDs, focusing on the changes in adipokines. Several adipokines have anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects comprising omentin, apelin, adiponectin, and secreted frizzled-related protein (Sfrp-5). Other adipokines have pro-inflammatory impacts on the cardiovascular system and obesity including leptin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), retinol-binding protein4 (RBP-4), visfatin, resistin, and osteopontin. We found that obesity is associated with multiple CVDs, but can only occur in unhealthy metabolic patients. However, more studies should be designed to clarify the association between obesity, adipokine changes, and the occurrence of CVDs.
Topics: Adipokines; Adiponectin; Animals; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Genome; Humans; Inflammation; Leptin; Metabolic Syndrome; Obesity; Resistin; Risk Factors
PubMed: 33182462
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215218 -
The Journal of Maternal-fetal &... Aug 2020Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), including preeclampsia (PE), are associated with short- and long-term maternal health complications, and obesity is a leading...
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), including preeclampsia (PE), are associated with short- and long-term maternal health complications, and obesity is a leading attributable risk factor for HDP. Yet, most women identified as obese [by body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m] do not develop HDP, indicating limited predictability of BMI alone. In nonpregnant populations, increased visceral fat mass (VFM) is an obesity-associated phenotype increasing the risk of developing hypertension. We sought to assess whether, in pregnancy, obese women with PE would have higher circulating levels of adipokines preferential to VFM compared to obese women without PE. We performed a case-control study of women with and without PE, including obese ( = 65; BMI ≥ 30 kg/m) and normal weight ( = 52; BMI 18.4-24.9 kg/m) women. Plasma concentrations of adipokines preferential to VFM (visfatin, resistin), adipokines reflecting overall adiposity (leptin, adiponectin), and inflammatory cytokines were compared. We found that among obese women, cases had significantly higher levels of VFM-associated adipokines and cytokines compared to controls [visfatin ( < .01, = -3.8), resistin ( = .002, = 1.12), IFN gamma ( = .04, = -2.0), IL-6 ( < .01, = -2.65), IL1-beta ( < .01, = -4.1), IL-2 ( < .01, = -3.9)]. Interestingly, however, obese and normal weight cases had similar VFM-adipokine and cytokine levels [visfatin ( = .34, = -0.35), resistin ( = .55, = -0.25)], and inflammatory marker concentrations [IFN gamma ( = .86, = -0.76), IL-6 ( = .91, = -0.53), IL-1beta ( = .67, = 1.18), and IL-2 ( = .45, = -1.16)]. These data possibly suggest an association between VFM and PE that is present independent of BMI. In summary, we demonstrated that, in normal-weight and obese women, PE was associated with higher concentrations of VFM-preferential adipokines compared to normal-weight and obese controls without PE.
Topics: Adipokines; Adult; Biomarkers; Body Mass Index; Case-Control Studies; Female; Humans; Intra-Abdominal Fat; Obesity; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Risk Factors
PubMed: 30572749
DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1562542 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2022Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has become a major public health problem and one of the most discussed issues in modern obstetrics. GDM is associated with serious... (Review)
Review
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has become a major public health problem and one of the most discussed issues in modern obstetrics. GDM is associated with serious adverse perinatal outcomes and long-term health consequences for both the mother and child. Currently, the importance and purposefulness of finding a biopredictor that will enable the identification of women with an increased risk of developing GDM as early as the beginning of pregnancy are highly emphasized. Both "older" molecules, such as adiponectin and leptin, and "newer" adipokines, including fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), have proven to be of pathophysiological importance in GDM. Therefore, in our previous review, we presented 13 novel biomolecules, i.e., galectins, growth differentiation factor-15, chemerin, omentin-1, osteocalcin, resistin, visfatin, vaspin, irisin, apelin, FABP4, fibroblast growth factor 21, and lipocalin-2. The purpose of this review is to present the potential and importance of another nine lesser known molecules in the pathogenesis of GDM, i.e., 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF), angiopoietin-like protein-8 (ANGPTL-8), nesfatin-1, afamin, adropin, fetuin-A, zonulin, secreted frizzled-related proteins (), and amylin. It seems that two of them, fetuin-A and zonulin in high serum levels, may be applied as biopredictors of GDM.
Topics: Adipokines; Adiponectin; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein
PubMed: 35457182
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084364 -
Current Opinion in Genetics &... Jun 2023The white adipose tissue's primary roles are to store and mobilise energy, which is very different from the brown adipose tissue's function of using fuel to generate... (Review)
Review
The white adipose tissue's primary roles are to store and mobilise energy, which is very different from the brown adipose tissue's function of using fuel to generate heat and maintain the body temperature. The adipose tissues (ATs), co-ordinately with the other organs, sense energetic demands and inform of their reserves before embarking on energetically demanding physiological functions. It is not surprising that ATs exhibit highly integrated regulatory mechanisms mediated by a diversified secretome, including adipokines, lipokines, metabolites and a repertoire of extracellular miRNAs that contribute to integrating the function of the AT niche and connect the AT through paracrine and endocrine effects with the whole organism. Characterising the adipose secretome, its changes in health and disease, regulation by ageing and gender and their contribution to energy homoeostasis is necessary to optimise its use for personalised strategies to prevent or reverse metabolic diseases.
Topics: Humans; Adipose Tissue; Adipokines; Obesity; Metabolic Diseases; Adiposity
PubMed: 37099831
DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2023.102046 -
Cytokine Sep 2020Adipose tissue secretes various bioactive peptides/proteins, immune molecules and inflammatory mediators which are known as adipokines or adipocytokines. Adipokines play... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Adipose tissue secretes various bioactive peptides/proteins, immune molecules and inflammatory mediators which are known as adipokines or adipocytokines. Adipokines play important roles in the maintenance of energy homeostasis, appetite, glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, angiogenesis, immunity and inflammation. Enormous number of studies from all over the world proved that adipocytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of diseases affecting nearly all body systems, which raises the question whether we can always blame adipocytokines as the triggering factor of every disease that may hit the body.
OBJECTIVE
Our review targeted the role played by adipocytokines in the pathogenesis of different diseases affecting different body systems including diabetes mellitus, kidney diseases, gynecological diseases, rheumatologic disorders, cancers, Alzheimer's, depression, muscle disorders, liver diseases, cardiovascular and lung diseases.
METHODOLOGY
We cited more than 33 recent literature reviews that discussed the role played by adipocytokines in the pathogenesis of different diseases affecting different body systems.
CONCLUSION
More evidence is being discovered to date about the role played by adipocytokines in more diseases and extra research is needed to explore hidden roles played by adipokine imbalance on disease pathogenesis.
Topics: Adipokines; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Humans; Immunity; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators
PubMed: 32559663
DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155144 -
Biomolecules Nov 2023Adipokines are essential mediators produced by adipose tissue and exert multiple biological functions. In particular, adiponectin, leptin, resistin, IL-6, MCP-1 and... (Review)
Review
Adipokines are essential mediators produced by adipose tissue and exert multiple biological functions. In particular, adiponectin, leptin, resistin, IL-6, MCP-1 and PAI-1 play specific roles in the crosstalk between adipose tissue and other organs involved in metabolic, immune and vascular health. During obesity, adipokine imbalance occurs and leads to a low-grade pro-inflammatory status, promoting insulin resistance-related diabetes and its vascular complications. A causal link between obesity and gut microbiota dysbiosis has been demonstrated. The deregulation of gut bacteria communities characterizing this dysbiosis influences the synthesis of bacterial substances including lipopolysaccharides and specific metabolites, generated via the degradation of dietary components, such as short-chain fatty acids, trimethylamine metabolized into trimethylamine-oxide in the liver and indole derivatives. Emerging evidence suggests that these bacterial metabolites modulate signaling pathways involved in adipokine production and action. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the molecular links between gut bacteria-derived metabolites and adipokine imbalance in obesity, and emphasizes their roles in key pathological mechanisms related to oxidative stress, inflammation, insulin resistance and vascular disorder. Given this interaction between adipokines and bacterial metabolites, the review highlights their relevance (i) as complementary clinical biomarkers to better explore the metabolic, inflammatory and vascular complications during obesity and gut microbiota dysbiosis, and (ii) as targets for new antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and prebiotic triple action strategies.
Topics: Humans; Adipokines; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Insulin Resistance; Dysbiosis; Obesity; Bacteria
PubMed: 38136564
DOI: 10.3390/biom13121692