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International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2021Multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), is a major clinical and societal problem, which has a... (Review)
Review
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), is a major clinical and societal problem, which has a tremendous impact on the life of patients and their proxies. Current immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory therapies prove to be relatively effective; however, they fail to concomitantly stop ongoing neurological deterioration and do not reverse acquired disability. The proportion to which genetic and environmental factors contribute to the etiology of MS is still incompletely understood; however, a recent association between MS etiology and obesity was shown, with obesity greatly increasing the risk of developing MS. An altered balance of adipokines, which are white adipose tissue (WAT) hormones, plays an important role in the low-grade chronic inflammation during obesity by their pervasive modification of local and systemic inflammation. Vice versa, inflammatory factors secreted by immune cells affect adipokine function. To explore the role of adipokines in MS pathology, we will here review the reciprocal effects of adipokines and immune cells and summarize alterations in adipokine levels in MS patient cohorts. Finally, we will discuss proof-of-concept studies demonstrating the therapeutic potential of adipokines to target both neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration processes in MS.
Topics: Adipokines; Animals; Humans; Inflammation; Multiple Sclerosis
PubMed: 34639186
DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910845 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2021Currently, the number of people suffering from obesity is increasing worldwide. In addition, the disease is affecting younger individuals. Therefore, it is essential to... (Review)
Review
Currently, the number of people suffering from obesity is increasing worldwide. In addition, the disease is affecting younger individuals. Therefore, it is essential to search for new diagnostic methods and markers for early assessment of the risk of obesity, metabolic disorders, and other comorbidities. The discovery of the secretory function of adipose tissue and coexistence of low-grade chronic inflammation with obesity set a new direction in this disease diagnosis using the assessment of the concentration of inflammatory markers secreted by adipose tissue. The aim of this review was to determine, based on previous findings, whether saliva can be useful in the diagnosis of obesity and its early metabolic complications and whether it can be an alternative diagnostic material to serum.
Topics: Adipokines; Adipose Tissue; Biomarkers; Cytokines; Humans; Obesity; Saliva
PubMed: 34769133
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111703 -
Cardiovascular Diabetology Aug 2023Adipokines are hormones secreted from adipose tissue and are associated with cardiometabolic diseases (CMD). Functional differences between adipokines (leptin,...
BACKGROUND
Adipokines are hormones secreted from adipose tissue and are associated with cardiometabolic diseases (CMD). Functional differences between adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, and resistin) are known, but inconsistently reported associations with CMD and lack of studies in Hispanic populations are research gaps. We investigated the relationship between subclinical atherosclerosis and multiple adipokine measures.
METHODS
Cross-sectional data from the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort (N = 624; mean age = 50; Female = 70.8%) were utilized to assess associations between adipokines [continuous measures of adiponectin, leptin, resistin, leptin-to-adiponectin ratio (LAR), and adiponectin-resistin index (ARI)] and early atherosclerosis [carotid-intima media thickness (cIMT)]. We adjusted for sex, age, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, cytokines, fasting blood glucose levels, blood pressure, lipid levels, and medication usage in the fully adjusted linear regression model. We conducted sexes-combined and sex-stratified analyses to account for sex-specificity and additionally tested whether stratification of participants by their metabolic status (metabolically elevated risk for CMD as defined by having two or more of the following conditions: hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and inflammation vs. not) influenced the relationship between adipokines and cIMT.
RESULTS
In the fully adjusted analyses, adiponectin, leptin, and LAR displayed significant interaction by sex (p < 0.1). Male-specific associations were between cIMT and LAR [β(SE) = 0.060 (0.016), p = 2.52 × 10], and female-specific associations were between cIMT and adiponectin [β(SE) = 0.010 (0.005), p = 0.043] and ARI [β(SE) = - 0.011 (0.005), p = 0.036]. When stratified by metabolic health status, the male-specific positive association between LAR and cIMT was more evident among the metabolically healthy group [β(SE) = 0.127 (0.015), p = 4.70 × 10] (p for interaction by metabolic health < 0.1). However, the female-specific associations between adiponectin and cIMT and ARI and cIMT were observed only among the metabolically elevated risk group [β(SE) = 0.014 (0.005), p = 0.012 for adiponectin; β(SE) = - 0.015 (0.006), p = 0.013 for ARI; p for interaction by metabolic health < 0.1].
CONCLUSION
Associations between adipokines and cIMT were sex-specific, and metabolic health status influenced the relationships between adipokines and cIMT. These heterogeneities by sex and metabolic health affirm the complex relationships between adipokines and atherosclerosis.
Topics: Female; Male; Humans; Middle Aged; Adipokines; Leptin; Resistin; Adiponectin; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Cross-Sectional Studies; Hispanic or Latino; Atherosclerosis
PubMed: 37653519
DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-01968-4 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2022Adipose tissue is part of the prostate cancer (PCa) microenvironment not only in the periprostatic area, but also in the most frequent metastatic sites, such as bone... (Review)
Review
Adipose tissue is part of the prostate cancer (PCa) microenvironment not only in the periprostatic area, but also in the most frequent metastatic sites, such as bone marrow and pelvic lymph nodes. The involvement of periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT) in the aggressiveness of PCa is strongly suggested by numerous studies. Many molecules play a role in the reciprocal interaction between adipocytes and PCa cells, including adipokines, hormones, lipids, and also lipophilic pollutants stored in adipocytes. The crosstalk has consequences not only on cancer cell growth and metastatic potential, but also on adipocytes. Although most of the molecules released by PPAT are likely to promote tumor growth and the migration of cancer cells, others, such as the adipokine adiponectin and the n-6 or n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), have been shown to have anti-tumor properties. The effects of PPAT on PCa cells might therefore depend on the balance between the pro- and anti-tumor components of PPAT. In addition, genetic and environmental factors involved in the risk and/or aggressiveness of PCa, including obesity and diet, are able to modulate the interactions between PPAT and cancer cells and their consequences on the growth and the metastatic potential of PCa.
Topics: Adipokines; Adiponectin; Adipose Tissue; Environmental Pollutants; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Humans; Lipids; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 36142673
DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810762 -
Endocrine Practice : Official Journal... Jun 2023To evaluate the association between ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) and adipokine levels. Adipokines are hormones implicated in obesity and its cardiometabolic...
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the association between ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) and adipokine levels. Adipokines are hormones implicated in obesity and its cardiometabolic consequences. The concept of ideal CVH was introduced to promote 7 key health factors and behaviors in the general population. Previous studies have found strong associations between obesity and ideal CVH. However, existing literature on the link between CVH and adipokines is scarce.
METHODS
We studied 1842 Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis participants free of cardiovascular disease who had 7 CVH metrics (smoking, body mass index, physical activity, diet, total cholesterol, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose) measured at baseline and serum adipokine levels measured at a median of 2.4 years later. Each CVH metric was assigned a score of 0 (poor), 1 (intermediate), or 2 (ideal), and all scores were summed for a total CVH score (0-14). The total CVH scores of 0 to 8, 9 to 10, and 11 to 14 were considered inadequate, average, and optimal, respectively. We used multivariable linear regression models to assess the nonconcurrent associations between the CVH score and log-transformed adipokine levels.
RESULTS
The mean age was 62.1 ± 9.8 years; 50.2% of participants were men. After adjusting for sociodemographic factors, a 1-unit higher CVH score was significantly associated with 4% higher adiponectin and 15% and 1% lower leptin and resistin levels. Individuals with optimal CVH scores had 27% higher adiponectin and 56% lower leptin levels than those with inadequate CVH scores. Similar trends were observed for those with average versus inadequate CVH scores.
CONCLUSION
In a multi-ethnic cohort free of cardiovascular disease at baseline, individuals with average and optimal CVH scores had a more favorable adipokine profile than those with inadequate CVH scores.
Topics: Male; Humans; Middle Aged; Aged; Female; Cardiovascular Diseases; Leptin; Risk Factors; Adipokines; Adiponectin; Health Status; Atherosclerosis; Blood Pressure; Obesity
PubMed: 37028649
DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2023.03.276 -
Advances in Biological Regulation Dec 2018Adipose tissue lies at the heart of obesity, mediating its many effects upon the rest of the body, with its unique capacity to expand and regenerate, throughout the... (Review)
Review
Adipose tissue lies at the heart of obesity, mediating its many effects upon the rest of the body, with its unique capacity to expand and regenerate, throughout the lifespan of the organism. Adipose is appreciated as an endocrine organ, with its myriad adipokines that elicit both physiological and pathological outcomes. Sphingolipids, bioactive signaling molecules, affect many aspects of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. While sphingolipids are appreciated in the context of these diseases in other tissues, there are many discoveries yet to be uncovered in the adipose tissue. This review focuses on the effects of sphingolipids on various aspects of adipose function and dysfunction. The processes of adipogenesis, metabolism and thermogenesis, in addition to inflammation and insulin resistance are intimately linked to sphingolipids as discussed below.
Topics: Adipokines; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Humans; Obesity; Sphingolipids
PubMed: 30473005
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2018.10.002 -
Journal of Clinical Research in... Dec 2014Epidemiological surveys indicate that nutrition in infancy is implicated in the long-term tendency to obesity and that a longer duration of breastfeeding is associated... (Review)
Review
Epidemiological surveys indicate that nutrition in infancy is implicated in the long-term tendency to obesity and that a longer duration of breastfeeding is associated with a protective effect against metabolic disorders later in life. However, the precise cause of this association is not well understood. Recent studies on the compounds present in human breast milk have identified various adipokines, including leptin, adiponectin, resistin, obestatin, nesfatin, ghrelin and apelins. Some of these compounds are involved in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. The presence of these adipokines in breast milk suggests that they may be responsible for the regulation of growth in early infancy and that they could influence the energy balance and development of metabolic disorders in childhood and adulthood.
Topics: Adipokines; Adult; Female; Humans; Milk, Human
PubMed: 25541889
DOI: 10.4274/Jcrpe.1531 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2020Adipocytokines are hormonally active molecules that are believed to play a key role in the regulation of crucial biological processes in the human body. Numerous... (Review)
Review
Adipocytokines are hormonally active molecules that are believed to play a key role in the regulation of crucial biological processes in the human body. Numerous experimental studies established significant alterations in the adipokine secretion patterns throughout pregnancy. The exact etiology of various gestational complications, such as gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and fetal growth abnormalities, needs to be fully elucidated. The discovery of adipokines raised questions about their potential contribution to the molecular pathophysiology of those diseases. Multiple studies analyzed their local mRNA expression and circulating protein levels. However, most studies report conflicting results. Several adipokines such as leptin, resistin, irisin, apelin, chemerin, and omentin were proposed as potential novel early markers of heterogeneous gestational complications. The inclusion of the adipokines in the standard predictive multifactorial models could improve their prognostic values. Nonetheless, their independent diagnostic value is mostly insufficient to be implemented into standard clinical practice. Routine assessments of adipokine levels during pregnancy are not recommended in the management of both normal and complicated pregnancies. Based on the animal models (e.g., apelin and its receptors in the rodent preeclampsia models), future implementation of adipokines and their receptors as new therapeutic targets appears promising but requires further validation in humans.
Topics: Adipokines; Animals; Biomarkers; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Humans; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy
PubMed: 33321877
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249408 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2022Endometrial cancer is the most common malignancy of the female genital tract. Obesity is a strong risk factor for endometrial cancer. Adipose tissue is an active... (Review)
Review
Endometrial cancer is the most common malignancy of the female genital tract. Obesity is a strong risk factor for endometrial cancer. Adipose tissue is an active endocrine organ that synthesizes biologically active cytokine peptides, called adipokines. Adiponectin and leptin are the main cytokines of adipose tissue, which may influence the development of metabolic diseases and carcinogenesis. In this scenario, we describe the role of leptin and adiponectin in the development of endometrial cancer. A better understanding of the signalling pathway of these cytokines in endometrial cancerogenesis will provide an opportunity for effective target therapy and may be usable in fertility-sparing treatment. In the future, clinical trials focusing on adipokines, molecular biology, and genetics of the tumour will be needed.
Topics: Adipokines; Adiponectin; Cytokines; Endometrial Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Leptin
PubMed: 35628118
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105307 -
Molecular Medicine Reports Dec 2021Adipocytes are a type of stromal cell found in numerous different tissues that serve an active role in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer‑associated adipocytes (CAAs)... (Review)
Review
Adipocytes are a type of stromal cell found in numerous different tissues that serve an active role in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer‑associated adipocytes (CAAs) display a malignant phenotype and are found at the invasive tumor front, which mediates the crosstalk network between adipocytes (the precursor cells that will become cancer‑associated adipocytes in the future) and cancer cells. The present review covers the mechanisms of adipocytes in the development of cancer, including metabolic reprogramming, chemotherapy resistance and adipokine regulation. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms involved in the adipocyte‑cancer cell cycle in various types of cancer, including breast, ovarian, colon and rectal cancer, are discussed. Deciphering the complex network of CAA‑cancer cell crosstalk will provide insights into tumor biology and optimize therapeutic strategies.
Topics: Adipocytes; Adipokines; Colonic Neoplasms; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Drug Therapy; Female; Humans; Neoplasms; Ovarian Neoplasms; Rectal Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 34676881
DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12506