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The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology... Jul 2014Belching is a normal physiological function that may occur when ingested air accumulated in the stomach is expelled or when food containing air and gas produced in the... (Review)
Review
Belching is a normal physiological function that may occur when ingested air accumulated in the stomach is expelled or when food containing air and gas produced in the gastrointestinal tract is expelled. Excessive belching can cause patients to complain of abdominal discomfort, disturbed daily life activities, decreased quality of life and may be related to various gastrointestinal disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, aerophagia and rumination syndrome. Belching disorders can be classified into aerophagia and unspecified belching disorder according to the Rome III criteria. Since the introduction of multichannel intraluminal impedance monitoring, efforts are being made to elucidate the types and pathogenic mechanisms of belching disorders. Treatment modalities such as behavioral therapy, speech therapy, baclofen, tranquilizers and proton pump inhibitors can be attempted, but further investigations on the effective treatment of belching disorders are warranted.
Topics: Aerophagy; Behavior Therapy; Eructation; Humans; Muscle Relaxants, Central; Proton Pump Inhibitors; Quality of Life; Speech Therapy
PubMed: 25073665
DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2014.64.1.4 -
PloS One 2022Aerophagia is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder among children. The disease leads to symptoms related to air in the intestine leading to burping, abdominal... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Aerophagia is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder among children. The disease leads to symptoms related to air in the intestine leading to burping, abdominal distension, and excessive flatus. We aimed to perform a systematic review and a meta-analysis to assess the epidemiology of aerophagia in children.
METHODS
We conducted a thorough electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Web of Science) search for all epidemiological surveys conducted in children on aerophagia. All selected studies were assessed for their scientific quality and the extracted data were pooled to create a pooled prevalence of aerophagia.
RESULTS
The initial search identified 76 titles. After screening and in depth reviewing, 19 studies representing data from 21 countries with 40129 children and adolescents were included in the meta-analysis. All studies have used standard Rome definitions to diagnose aerophagia. The pooled prevalence of aerophagia was 3.66% (95% Confidence interval 2.44-5.12). There was significant heterogeneity between studies [I2 98.06% with 95% Confidence interval 97.70-98.37). There was no gender difference in prevalence of aerophagia in children. The pooled prevalence of aerophagia was highest in Asia (5.13%) compared to other geographical regions.
CONCLUSION
In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we found aerophagia has a significant prevalence across the world.
Topics: Adolescent; Aerophagy; Child; Eructation; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Prevalence; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 35905055
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271494 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2024Aerophagia (ingestion of air), is a functional aerodigestive disorder in people. Criteria for diagnosis of aerophagia in dogs are >1/3 of bolus volume containing air or...
BACKGROUND
Aerophagia (ingestion of air), is a functional aerodigestive disorder in people. Criteria for diagnosis of aerophagia in dogs are >1/3 of bolus volume containing air or ingested air resulting in gastric distention (>1/3 of end gastric volume). Aerophagia is highlighted during eating and drinking. Videofluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSS) document aerophagia in dogs, but the incidence, clinical signs (CS), and associated disorders are unknown.
OBJECTIVES
Identify the incidence of aerophagia, compare CS between dogs with and without aerophagia, and identify associated and predisposing disorders using VFSS.
ANIMALS
A total of 120 client-owned dogs.
METHODS
Sequential VFSS and associated medical records from dogs presenting to veterinary teaching hospitals at Auburn University and the University of Missouri were retrospectively reviewed. Statistical comparisons were made using Mann-Whitney and chi-squared tests, odds ratios (OR), and multiple logistic regression (P < .05).
RESULTS
The incidence (95% confidence interval [CI]) of aerophagia was 40% (31.7-48.9). Dogs with mixed CS (gastrointestinal [GI] and respiratory; P < .001, 58.3%) were more likely to have aerophagia than dogs with exclusively respiratory CS (25%). Aerophagia was significantly more common in brachycephalic dogs (P = .01; 45.8% vs 13.8%), dogs with nonbrachycephalic upper airway obstruction (P < .001; 33.3% vs 4.1%), pathologic penetration and aspiration (P-A) scores (P = .04; 41.6% vs 23.6%), and gagging (P < .001; 25% vs 11.7%). Mixed CS (P = .01), brachycephaly (P < .001), and upper airway obstruction (P < .001) were independent predictors of aerophagia.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Aerophagia was common, particularly in dogs with mixed CS. Brachycephalic dogs and dogs with upper airway obstruction are predisposed. Aspiration risk was high, emphasizing overlapping upper aerodigestive pathways.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Dog Diseases; Female; Male; Retrospective Studies; Fluoroscopy; Incidence; Aerophagy; Video Recording; Deglutition
PubMed: 38561963
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17054 -
Revista Espanola de Enfermedades... May 2018We report the case of a previously healthy 2-year-old child who presented with significant abdominal distension. After several interventions that proved ineffective,...
We report the case of a previously healthy 2-year-old child who presented with significant abdominal distension. After several interventions that proved ineffective, pathologic aerophagia was eventually diagnosed. In pediatrics, pathologic aerophagia is an uncommon disorder that almost exclusively affects children with an underlying neurological condition. It may lead to multiple diagnostic tests and unnecessary aggressive therapies. A recent case report associated aerophagia with a novel concept of abdomino-phrenic dyssynergia.
Topics: Aerophagy; Ataxia; Child, Preschool; Humans
PubMed: 29685045
DOI: 10.17235/reed.2018.5444/2017 -
Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi =... Sep 2020To study the clinical features of aerophagia in children.
OBJECTIVE
To study the clinical features of aerophagia in children.
MEYJODS
A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 46 children with aerophagia who were diagnosed and treated in Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University from October 2011 to September 2019.
RESULTS
Among these 46 children, 15 (33%) had Tourette syndrome. Abdominal distension was the most common symptom and was observed in 45 children (98%). The 24-hour esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance monitoring showed a mean number of 341 times of air swallowing and a mean number of 212 times of gas reflux, and 95% of gas refluxes occurred in the upright body position. Compared with those without Tourette syndrome, the children with Tourette syndrome had a significantly higher incidence rate of air swallowing symptoms (67% vs 6%, P<0.001), but there were no significant differences in other symptoms and the results of 24-hour esophageal impedance. Dietary adjustment, psycho-behavioral therapy, and drug intervention significantly improved the scores of clinical symptoms and quality of life, among which psycho-behavioral therapy was an important intervention measure.
CONCLUSIONS
Some children with aerophagia may have Tourette syndrome, and such children are more likely to have air swallowing symptoms. Psycho-behavioral therapy is one of the most important treatment methods, and children with aerophagia tend to have a good prognosis after treatment.
Topics: Aerophagy; Child; Electric Impedance; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Humans; Quality of Life; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 32933629
DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2003006 -
Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology... Dec 2014Pathologic aerophagia (PA) may lead to bowel perforation or volvulus in mentally retarded patients. The authors investigated the effects of clonazepam on the management...
PURPOSE
Pathologic aerophagia (PA) may lead to bowel perforation or volvulus in mentally retarded patients. The authors investigated the effects of clonazepam on the management of PA in children with severe to profound mental retardation (MR).
METHODS
This study was undertaken as a retrospective case analysis of 21 PA patients with MR who were followed for over 12 months and diagnosed as having PA. Patients were assigned to two management groups, that is, to a clonazepam randomized open-labeled, treatment group or a reassurance group. The following were recorded and analyzed; age, response, remission rate to clonazepam treatment, and the side effect of clonazepam. It was defined positive response (response+) as being symptom-free for a whole week within 1 month of commencing treatment and remission(+) as being symptom-free for a whole month within 6 months of treatment.
RESULTS
The average age of the 21 PA children with MR was 10 years and 13 patients were female. Symptom duration before diagnosis of PA was 7 months. Clinical features of the clonazepam-trial group (n=11) and the reassurance group (n=10) were non-significantly different. Response(+) was achieved by 2 patients (18.2%) in the clonazepam-trial group and by no patient in the reassurance group. Remission(+) was achieved by 6 patients (54.5%) in the clonazepam-trial group and by one patient (10%) in the reassurance group (p=0.040).
CONCLUSION
When PA children with MR with severe bowel distention are considered for surgical treatment to prevent acute abdomen, a trial of clonazepam could be recommended.
PubMed: 25587520
DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2014.17.4.209 -
Revista Paulista de Pediatria : Orgao... 2015To describe an adolescent with pathologic aerophagia, a rare condition caused by excessive and inappropriate swallowing of air and to review its treatment and...
OBJECTIVE:
To describe an adolescent with pathologic aerophagia, a rare condition caused by excessive and inappropriate swallowing of air and to review its treatment and differential diagnoses.
CASE DESCRIPTION:
An 11-year-old mentally impaired blind girl presenting serious behavior problems and severe developmental delay with abdominal distension from the last 8 months. Her past history included a Nissen fundoplication. Abdominal CT and abdominal radiographs showed diffuse gas distension of the small bowel and colon. Hirschsprung's disease was excluded. The distention was minimal at the moment the child awoke and maximal at evening, and persisted after control of constipation. Audible repetitive and frequent movements of air swallowing were observed. The diagnosis of pathologic aerophagia associated to obsessive-compulsive disorder and developmental delay was made, but pharmacological treatment was unsuccessful. The patient was submitted to an endoscopic gastrostomy, permanently opened and elevated relative to the stomach. The distention was resolved, while maintaining oral nutrition.
COMMENTS:
Pathologic aerophagia is a rare self-limiting condition in normal children exposed to high levels of stress and may be a persisting problem in children with psychiatric or neurologic disease. In this last group, the disease may cause serious complications. Pharmacological and behavioral treatments are ill-defined. Severe cases may demand surgical strategies, mainly decompressive gastrostomy.
Topics: Abdomen; Aerophagy; Child; Chronic Disease; Dilatation, Pathologic; Female; Humans
PubMed: 26100594
DOI: 10.1016/j.rpped.2015.01.003 -
Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 2015Eructation is a physiologic event which allows gastric venting of swallowed air and most of the time is not perceived as a symptom. This is called gastric belching....
BACKGROUND
Eructation is a physiologic event which allows gastric venting of swallowed air and most of the time is not perceived as a symptom. This is called gastric belching. Supragastric belching occurs when swallowed air does not reach the stomach and returns by mouth a short time after swallowing. This situation may cause discomfort, life limitations and problems in daily life.
OBJECTIVE
Our objective in this investigation was to evaluate if gum chewing increases the frequency of gastric and/or supragastric belches.
METHODS
Esophageal transit of liquid and gas was evaluated by impedance measurement in 16 patients with complaint of troublesome belching and in 15 controls. The Rome III criteria were used in the diagnosis of troublesome belching. The esophageal transit of liquid and gas was measured at 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm and 20 cm from the lower esophageal sphincter. The subjects were evaluated for 1 hour which was divided into three 20-minute periods: (1) while sitting for a 20-minute base period; (2) after the ingestion of yogurt (200 mL, 190 kcal), in which the subjects were evaluated while chewing or not chewing gum; (3) final 20-minute period in which the subjects then inverted the task of chewing or not chewing gum. In gastric belch, the air flowed from the stomach through the esophagus in oral direction and in supragastric belch the air entered the esophagus rapidly from proximal and was expulsed almost immediately in oral direction. Air swallows were characterized by an increase of at least 50% of basal impedance and saliva swallow by a decrease of at least 50% of basal impedance, that progress from proximal to distal esophagus.
RESULTS
In base period, air swallowing was more frequent in patients than in controls and saliva swallowing was more frequent in controls than in patients. There was no difference between the medians of controls and patients in the number of gastric belches and supragastric belches. In six patients, supragastric belches were seen at least once during the 20-minute base period. None of the controls had supragastric belches. In the control group, the ingestion of yogurt caused no significant alteration in the number of air swallows, saliva swallows, gastric belches and supragastric belches. In the patient group, there was an increase in the number of air swallows. If the subjects were chewing gum during this 20-minute period, there was an increase in the number of saliva swallows in both groups, without alterations of the number of air swallow, gastric belches and supragastric belches. There was no alteration in the number of the saliva swallows, air swallows, gastric belches and supragastric belches in both groups for subjects who did not chew gum in the 20-40 minute period after yogurt ingestion. When the subjects were chewing the gum, there was an increase in saliva swallows in the control and patients groups and in air swallows in the patients group.
CONCLUSION
Gum chewing causes an increase in saliva swallowing in both patients with excessive belching and in controls, and an increase in air swallowing in patients with excessive belching 20 minutes after yogurt ingestion. Gum chewing did not increase or decrease the frequency of gastric or supragastric belches.
Topics: Adult; Aerophagy; Case-Control Studies; Chewing Gum; Deglutition; Eructation; Esophagus; Female; Humans; Male; Mastication; Middle Aged; Saliva
PubMed: 26486285
DOI: 10.1590/S0004-28032015000300007 -
European Review For Medical and... Sep 2021Functional gastrointestinal disorders are common gastrointestinal diseases. The pathophysiology is multifactorial and psychosocial distress worsens symptoms severity....
OBJECTIVE
Functional gastrointestinal disorders are common gastrointestinal diseases. The pathophysiology is multifactorial and psychosocial distress worsens symptoms severity. Since the end of 2019 the world has been facing COVID-19 pandemic. The associated control measures have affected the psychological health of people. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders among Italian children and adolescents.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
The study sample is composed of 407 patients (187 males, 220 females), aged from 10 to 17 years. The mean age is 14.27 ± 2.24 years. The study was conducted through the Italian version of the Questionnaire on Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms-Rome III Version. The prevalence of each disorder has been calculated as the ratio of affected subjects for each disease and the total number of effective cases for that specific disease.
RESULTS
The study demonstrates that the prevalence of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorder in Italian children, during the COVD-19 pandemic, is higher, compared with the one reported in the previous studies. The most frequent disorders are Abdominal Migraine and Irritable Bowel Syndrome.
CONCLUSIONS
Our study is the first one which provides data of the prevalence of Functional gastrointestinal disorders in sample of Italian adolescents, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study underlines the need to focus on stress management, in order to reduce the effects of the lockdown on the psychological wellness of the youngest.
Topics: Abdominal Pain; Adolescent; Aerophagy; COVID-19; Child; Constipation; Dyspepsia; Fecal Incontinence; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Italy; Male; Migraine Disorders; Prevalence; Quarantine; Rumination Syndrome; Social Isolation; Stress, Psychological; Surveys and Questionnaires; Vomiting
PubMed: 34604975
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202109_26802 -
Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal Mar 2018A patient with Rett syndrome presented to our Emergency Department with extensive subcutaneous emphysema in the cervical region, chest wall, upper extremities, and back....
A patient with Rett syndrome presented to our Emergency Department with extensive subcutaneous emphysema in the cervical region, chest wall, upper extremities, and back. Diagnostic evaluation revealed a mucosal tear in the posterior pharyngeal wall and an abscessed retropharyngeal lymph node, but she had no known history of trauma to account for these findings. This report discusses the occurrence of subcutaneous emphysema in the context of a rare neurodevelopmental disorder and proposes accentuated aerophagia, a sequela of Rett syndrome, as the most likely underlying mechanism.
Topics: Adult; Aerophagy; Female; Humans; Pharynx; Rett Syndrome; Subcutaneous Emphysema
PubMed: 29554407
DOI: 10.1177/014556131809700304