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Current Biology : CB Apr 2016A Quick guide to developmental prosopagnosia, a condition definied by problems in recognising faces that, in contrast with acquired prosopagnosia, develop in the absence...
A Quick guide to developmental prosopagnosia, a condition definied by problems in recognising faces that, in contrast with acquired prosopagnosia, develop in the absence of manifest brain injury.
Topics: Face; Humans; Neuropsychological Tests; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Prosopagnosia; Recognition, Psychology
PubMed: 27115682
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.008 -
Neuropsychologia Aug 2016Developmental prosopagnosia has received increased attention in recent years, but as yet has no confirmed genetic or structural markers. It is not certain whether this... (Review)
Review
Developmental prosopagnosia has received increased attention in recent years, but as yet has no confirmed genetic or structural markers. It is not certain whether this condition reflects simply the low-end of the spectrum of normal face recognition, an 'under-development', or a pathologic failure to develop such mechanisms, a 'mal-development'. This difference in views creates challenges for the diagnosis of developmental prosopagnosia by behavioural criteria alone, which also vary substantially between studies, with secondary effects on issues such as determining its prevalence. After review of the literature and the problems inherent to diagnoses based solely on behavioural data, we propose as a starting discussion point a set of two primary and four secondary criteria for the diagnosis of developmental prosopagnosia.
Topics: Face; Humans; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Prosopagnosia; Recognition, Psychology
PubMed: 27312748
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.06.008 -
Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences 2023Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a common condition with disabling symptoms that is diagnosed and effectively treated at the bedside. Our encounter with...
INTRODUCTION
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a common condition with disabling symptoms that is diagnosed and effectively treated at the bedside. Our encounter with patients experiencing prolonged BPPV who may not have received appropriate physical therapy prompted us to explore barriers to the diagnosis and treatment for BPPV among physical therapists, which has not been extensively investigated. We hypothesize that a potential barrier may be a lack of understanding of subtle symptoms of BPPV that deviate from the classical presentation. The gold standard for diagnosing definite BPPV is subjective dizziness or vertigo with nystagmus in response to positional testing. There are variants of BPPV including subjective BPPV (subjective dizziness or vertigo without nystagmus) and vestibular agnosia (nystagmus without subjective dizziness or vertigo) that do not meet the diagnostic criteria for definite BPPV but are equally responsive to the same repositioning maneuvers. The purpose of this project was to survey physical therapists for their understanding of BPPV including subjective BPPV and vestibular agnosia.
METHODS
A panel of experts created a 16-question survey, designed for physical therapists, with three categories: (1), inquiring if they treat persons with BPPV, (2) three clinical vignettes for definite BPPV, subjective BPPV, and BPPV with vestibular agnosia, and (3) demographic information. Data collection occurred at two large physical therapy meetings, one of which was a national professional meeting and the other was a professional continuing medical education course geared towards advancing vestibular rehabilitation skills.
RESULTS
There were 426 people who completed the survey, 364 of whom treat BPPV in their practice. In the first clinical vignette created to assess the respondents' understanding of definite BPPV, 229 (62%) of respondents would always assess a patient for BPPV based on complaints of a "room spinning" vertigo from head movement. When asked if the complaint was lingering "lightheadedness or feelings of imbalance" from head movement, only 158 (43%) reported they would perform positional testing to reassess. In the BPPV variant vignettes, 187 (51%) identified the patient with subjective BPPV as having BPPV and 305 (85%) identified the patient with vestibular agnosia as having BPPV.
DISCUSSION
The results of this survey demonstrate gaps in knowledge regarding BPPV across practice settings and experience, with opportunities to bridge these gaps to improve treatment for BPPV.
PubMed: 37662546
DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2023.1228453 -
Journal of the Neurological Sciences Dec 2022Vestibular Agnosia - where peripheral vestibular activation triggers the usual reflex nystagmus response but with attenuated or no self-motion perception - is found in...
Vestibular Agnosia - where peripheral vestibular activation triggers the usual reflex nystagmus response but with attenuated or no self-motion perception - is found in brain disease with disrupted cortical network functioning, e.g. traumatic brain injury (TBI) or neurodegeneration (Parkinson's Disease). Patients with acute focal hemispheric lesions (e.g. stroke) do not manifest vestibular agnosia. Thus, brain network mapping techniques, e.g. resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI), are needed to interrogate functional brain networks mediating vestibular agnosia. Hence, we prospectively recruited 39 acute TBI patients with preserved peripheral vestibular function and obtained self-motion perceptual thresholds during passive yaw rotations in the dark and additionally acquired whole-brain rsfMRI in the acute phase. Following quality-control checks, 26 patient scans were analyzed. Using self-motion perceptual thresholds from a matched healthy control group, 11 acute TBI patients were classified as having vestibular agnosia versus 15 with normal self-motion perception thresholds. Using independent component analysis on the rsfMRI data, we found altered functional connectivity in bilateral lingual gyrus and temporo-occipital fusiform cortex in the vestibular agnosia patients. Moreover, regions of interest analyses showed both inter-hemispheric and intra-hemispheric network disruption in vestibular agnosia. In conclusion, our results show that vestibular agnosia is mediated by bilateral anterior and posterior network dysfunction and reveal the distributed brain mechanisms mediating vestibular self-motion perception.
Topics: Humans; Vestibule, Labyrinth; Brain; Brain Mapping; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Brain Injuries; Sensation; Agnosia
PubMed: 36332321
DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120458 -
Neurology India 2021Reflected image processing is a unique brain function and its abnormalities result in problems of localizing, recognizing the images, and utilizing this information in...
BACKGROUND
Reflected image processing is a unique brain function and its abnormalities result in problems of localizing, recognizing the images, and utilizing this information in everyday life.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to characterize clinical and neuropsychological profiles and to identify the probable neural substrate for this phenomenon in major cognitive disorder.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We conducted a prospective study from February 2015 to May 2017 in patients with Major Cognitive Disorder (MCD, DSM-5 criteria). All patients were tested for problems in reflected image processing using the detailed protocol after ethical approval of the institute and consent. They also underwent a detailed neuropsychological evaluation, biochemical tests and neuroimaging (structural, diffusion, and resting-state functional MRI) as per established protocol.
RESULTS
Of the 18 patients, 11 had mirror agnosia (MA), 5 had mirror image agnosia (MIA) and 2 had both. MRI of MA patients showed parietal atrophy and whereas diffuse pattern of atrophy was seen with MIA. In the MA group, the left superior longitudinal fasciculus showed significantly greater fractional anisotropy and the left angular gyrus showed increased functional connectivity with left anterior cingulate, left dorsolateral prefrontal and bilateral posterior cingulate regions.
CONCLUSION
Mirror image processing defects were not related to the type of MCD, severity or pattern of neuropsychological dysfunction. There are structural and functional alterations in localized regions as well as both hemispheres. Therefore, it is more likely to be a network disorder, irrespective of the MCD type or severity.
Topics: Agnosia; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Neuropsychological Tests; Prospective Studies; White Matter
PubMed: 34507415
DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.325339 -
Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain) Oct 2014Patients who have difficulties recognising visual form stimuli are usually labelled as having visual agnosia. However, recent studies let us identify different clinical... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Patients who have difficulties recognising visual form stimuli are usually labelled as having visual agnosia. However, recent studies let us identify different clinical manifestations corresponding to discrete diagnostic entities which reflect a variety of deficits along the continuum of cortical visual processing.
DEVELOPMENT
We reviewed different clinical cases published in medical literature as well as proposals for classifying deficits in order to provide a global perspective of the subject. Here, we present the main findings on the neuroanatomical basis of visual form processing and discuss the criteria for evaluating processing which may be abnormal. We also include an inclusive diagram of visual form processing deficits which represents the different clinical cases described in the literature. Lastly, we propose a boosted decision tree to serve as a guide in the process of diagnosing such cases.
CONCLUSIONS
Although the medical community largely agrees on which cortical areas and neuronal circuits are involved in visual processing, future studies making use of new functional neuroimaging techniques will provide more in-depth information. A well-structured and exhaustive assessment of the different stages of visual processing, designed with a global view of the deficit in mind, will give a better idea of the prognosis and serve as a basis for planning personalised psychostimulation and rehabilitation strategies.
Topics: Agnosia; Decision Support Techniques; Female; Humans; Neuropsychological Tests; Vision Disorders; Visual Perception
PubMed: 22652145
DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2012.03.006 -
The British Journal of General Practice... 2021
Topics: Agnosia; Humans
PubMed: 33509822
DOI: 10.3399/bjgp21X714797 -
Acta Neurologica Taiwanica Dec 2022A 56-year-old, right-handed man with no known past medical history presented with sudden onset of inability to recognize familiar individuals in person, including his...
A 56-year-old, right-handed man with no known past medical history presented with sudden onset of inability to recognize familiar individuals in person, including his wife and his mother. He also couldn't recognize himself in the mirror. There was no weakness, numbness, visual disturbances, or speech difficulty. Face recognition test, using Warrington Recognition Memory Test (1), showed the presence of complete prosopagnosia. The rest of the neurological and cranial nerves examinations were normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed restricted diffusion at the right temporal and occipital lobes (the fusiform gyrus) [Figure 1]. Magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) of the brain was unremarkable. The 24-hours Holter monitoring showed paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. The transthoracic echocardiogram and carotid doppler ultrasound scan were normal. He was then treated with rivaroxaban 20mg daily for secondary stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Face recognition skill training was started in the ward, which includes compensatory strategies to achieve person recognition by circumventing the face processing impairment, and remediation to enhance mnemonic function for face recognition. His prosopagnosia resolved completely after one week. Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, is an impairment in recognizing faces. The core defects are the loss of familiarity with previously known faces and the inability to recognize new faces. Patients with prosopagnosia may present with poor recognition of familiar individuals in person or in the photograph, confusion with plotlines in movies or plays with numerous characters, and difficulty distinguishing individuals wearing a uniform or similar clothing. Stroke is the most common cause of acquired prosopagnosia (2). Other less common aetiologies include traumatic brain injury, carbon monoxide poisoning, temporal lobectomy, and encephalitis. Literature has shown that areas involved in acquired prosopagnosia are the right fusiform gyrus or anterior temporal cortex, or both (3). The fusiform gyrus is part of the lateral temporal lobe and occipital lobe in 'Brodmann area 37' (4). The fusiform gyrus is considered a key structure for functionally specialized computations of high-level vision such as face perception, object recognition, and reading. Individuals with fusiform lesions are more likely to have apperceptive prosopagnosia, while those with anterior temporal lesions have an amnestic variant (5). In summary, prosopagnosia can be the sole presentation for the right fusiform gyrus stroke. It is important to recognize prosopagnosia for early stroke diagnosis and avoid misdiagnosing it as a psychiatric or ocular disorder. Keywords: prosopagnosia, fusiform gyrus, stroke.
Topics: Humans; Infarction; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Occipital Lobe; Prosopagnosia; Stroke; Temporal Lobe
PubMed: 35470413
DOI: No ID Found -
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews.... 2016Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by severe face identity recognition problems that results from a failure to develop the... (Review)
Review
Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by severe face identity recognition problems that results from a failure to develop the mechanisms necessary for adequate face processing (Duchaine BC, Nakayama K. Developmental prosopagnosia: a window to content-specific face processing. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2006, 16:166-173.). It occurs in children and adults with normal visual acuity, and without intellectual impairments or known brain injuries. Given the importance of face recognition in daily life, and the detrimental effects of impaired face recognition, DP is an important area of study. Yet conventions for classifying individuals as DP for research purposes are poorly defined. In this focus paper, we discuss: (1) criteria for an operational definition of DP; 2) tests of face recognition and conventions for classifying individuals as DP; and 3) important considerations regarding common associations and dissociations, and cognitive heterogeneity in DP. We also highlight issues unique to studying DP in children, a relatively new endeavor that is proving to be an important complement to the work with adults. Ultimately, we hope to identify challenges researchers face when studying DP, and offer guidelines for others to consider when embarking on their own research pursuits on the topic. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Neuropsychological Tests; Prosopagnosia; Research Design
PubMed: 26681428
DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1374 -
Current Neurology and Neuroscience... Mar 2017The current review integrates recent findings regarding the construct of self-awareness in dementia from both clinical and cognitive perspectives. We present the... (Review)
Review
The current review integrates recent findings regarding the construct of self-awareness in dementia from both clinical and cognitive perspectives. We present the predominant theoretical models of awareness and summarize both traditional and emerging approaches to assessing awareness from clinical and meta-cognitive perspectives. In this review, we focus primarily on findings from recent studies in anosognosia and meta-cognition in the context of neurodegenerative disease with special emphasis on Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Emerging trends in the study of awareness, including examination of the longitudinal course of anosognosia, and investigation of the neural substrates underlying meta-cognitive abilities are addressed. Finally, the practical importance of studying and assessing awareness from both theoretical and clinical angles is emphasized.
Topics: Aged; Agnosia; Alzheimer Disease; Awareness; Frontotemporal Dementia; Humans; Metacognition; Models, Psychological; Neuropsychological Tests
PubMed: 28283961
DOI: 10.1007/s11910-017-0734-1