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Emerging Infectious Diseases Jun 2022Human Pseudoterranova decipiens larval infections were diagnosed by molecular analysis of mitochondrial cox1 and nd1 genes in 12 health check-up patients in South Korea...
Human Pseudoterranova decipiens larval infections were diagnosed by molecular analysis of mitochondrial cox1 and nd1 genes in 12 health check-up patients in South Korea during 2002-2020. Based on high genetic identity (99.3%-100% for cox1 and 96.7%-98.0% for nd1), we identified all 12 larvae as P. decipiens sensu stricto.
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Ascaridoidea; Humans; Larva; Republic of Korea
PubMed: 35608950
DOI: 10.3201/eid2806.212483 -
Scientific Reports Jul 2020The high frequency of infection by Anisakis simplex (A. simplex) has led to an increase in IgE sensitization, turning allergy to this parasite a relevant contemporary...
The high frequency of infection by Anisakis simplex (A. simplex) has led to an increase in IgE sensitization, turning allergy to this parasite a relevant contemporary health problem. Improving the lack of conventional diagnosis test specificity is crucial to better understand these clinical scenarios. Specific IgE (sIgE) to A. simplex extract by ImmunoCAP (Anisakis-sIgE) was determined in sera from 403 blood donors (BD) from Cantabria (North of Spain) of which 51 subjects resulted sensitized. Among these latter, 47 were asymptomatic (sABD). The values of total IgE, prick-test, Anisakis-sIgE, and sIgE to Ani s 1 (anti-rAni s 1) and Ani s 7 (anti-rAni s 7) were compared between 46 sABD and 49 A. simplex allergic patients. The IgE seroprevalence by ImmunoCAP among BD was 12.65%. Allergic patients and sABD showed significant differences in all serum biomarkers evaluated. The area under the curve was assessed for Anisakis-sIgE (0.892), sIgE-rAni s 1 (0.672) and sIgE-rAni s 7 (0.668). After a severe reaction, significantly higher levels of Anisakis-sIgE and sIgE anti-rAni s 1 were detected. Determinations of sIgE by ImmunoCAP, Ani s 1 and Ani s 7 presented different sensitization patterns between allergic and asymptomatic individuals. The Ani s 1 allergen arises as a possible biomarker to detect patients at risk of suffering severe allergic reactions.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Allergens; Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Antigens, Helminth; Biomarkers; Calcium-Binding Proteins; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Helminth Proteins; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immunoglobulin E; Male; Middle Aged; Penaeidae; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; ROC Curve; Seroepidemiologic Studies
PubMed: 32647149
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67786-w -
Parasites & Vectors Jul 2015Serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins) finely regulate serine proteinase activity via a suicide substrate-like inhibitory mechanism. In parasitic nematodes, some serpins...
BACKGROUND
Serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins) finely regulate serine proteinase activity via a suicide substrate-like inhibitory mechanism. In parasitic nematodes, some serpins interact with host physiological processes; however, little is known about these essential molecules in Anisakis. This article reports the gene sequencing, cloning, expression and preliminary biochemical and bioinformatically-based structural characterization of a new Anisakis serpin (ANISERP).
METHODS
The full AniSerp gene was cloned by specific RACE-PCR after screening an Anisakis simplex (L3) cDNA library. For biochemical assays, the AniSerp gene was subcloned into both prokaryotic and eukaryotic vectors, and the recombinant proteins were purified. The inhibitory properties of the proteins were tested in classical biochemical assays using human serine peptidases and AMC substrates. Immunolocalization of ANISERP, theoretical structural analysis and bioinformatically-based structural modelling of the ANISERP protein were also conducted.
RESULTS
The AniSerp gene was found to have 1194 nucleotides, coding for a protein of 397 amino acid residues plus a putative N-terminal signal peptide. It showed significant similarity to other nematode, arthropod and mammalian serpins. The recombinant ANISERP expressed in the prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems inhibited the human serine proteases thrombin, trypsin and cathepsin G in a concentration-dependent manner. No inhibitory activity against Factor Xa, Factor XIa, Factor XIIa, elastase, plasmin or chymotrypsin was observed. ANISERP also acted on the cysteine protease cathepsin L. ANISERP was mainly localized in the nematode pseudocoelomic fluid, somatic muscle cell bodies and intestinal cells. The findings of molecular dynamics studies suggest that ANISERP inhibits thrombin via a suicide substrate-like inhibitory mechanism, similar to the mechanism of action of mammalian coagulation inhibitors. In contrast to findings concerning human antithrombin III, heparin had no effect on ANISERP anticoagulant inhibitory activity.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that ANISERP is an internal Anisakis regulatory serpin and that the inhibitory activity against thrombin depends on a suicide substrate-like inhibitory mechanism, similar to that described for human antithrombin (AT)-III. The fact that heparin does not modulate the anticoagulant activity of ANISERP might be explained by the absence in the latter of five of the six positively charged residues usually seen at the AT-III-heparin binding site.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Cathepsin G; Chymotrypsin; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Heparin; Humans; Models, Molecular; Molecular Sequence Data; Rabbits; Recombinant Proteins; Sequence Alignment; Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; Serpins; Sf9 Cells; Spodoptera; Thrombin; Trypsin; Trypsin Inhibitors
PubMed: 26215984
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1006-z -
International Journal of Infectious... Nov 2017Anisakiasis is an emerging marine food-borne zoonosis resulting from the accidental ingestion of Anisakis larvae, through the consumption of raw or undercooked infected... (Review)
Review
Anisakiasis is an emerging marine food-borne zoonosis resulting from the accidental ingestion of Anisakis larvae, through the consumption of raw or undercooked infected seafood products. The first case of human gastric hyperinfection by Anisakis simplex with an unusual and severe presentation, occurring in a Portuguese woman, is described in this article. Over 140 anisakid larvae were removed by gastroscopy. Massive infection is uncommon in areas where the consumption of raw fish is not part of the traditional diet, as is the case in Portugal. The increased consumption of raw seafood products is considered a health determinant in the rise in cases of anisakiasis. However, clinicians should be aware of the emergence of these infections, not only because of the new dietary habits of the population, but also because of the high prevalence of Anisakis larvae in the different fish species usually consumed by the population, collected on the Portuguese coast.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Female; Fishes; Humans; Larva; Prevalence; Raw Foods; Seafood; Stomach; Stomach Diseases; Zoonoses
PubMed: 28882665
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.08.012 -
The Korean Journal of Parasitology Apr 2019Anisakiasis is a zoonotic disease induced by anisakid nematodes, and endoscopic inspection is used for a diagnosis or remedy for it. Anisakis simplex, Anisakis...
Anisakiasis is a zoonotic disease induced by anisakid nematodes, and endoscopic inspection is used for a diagnosis or remedy for it. Anisakis simplex, Anisakis physeteris, and Pseudoterranova decipiens had been reported to be the major species causing human infections, particularly, in Japan. However, in Korea, recent studies strongly suggested that Anisakis pegreffii is the major species of human infections. To support this suggestion, we collected anisakid larvae (n=20) from 20 human patients who were undergone gastrointestinal endoscopy at a health check-up center in Korea, and molecular identification was performed on the larvae using PCR-RFLP analysis and gene sequencing of rDNA ITS regions and mtDNA cox2. In addition, anisakid larvae (n=53) collected from the sea eel (Astroconger myriaster) were also examined for comparison with those extracted from humans. The results showed that all human samples (100%) were identified as A. pegreffii, whereas 90.7% of the samples from the sea eel were A. pegreffii with the remaining 9.3% being Hysterothylacium aduncum. Our study confirmed that A. pegreffii is the predominant species causing human anisakiasis in Korea, and this seems to be due to the predominance of this larval type in the fish (sea eels) popularly consumed by the Korean people. The possibility of human infection with H. aduncum in Korea is also suggested.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Cyclooxygenase 2; DNA, Mitochondrial; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Eels; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Female; Fish Diseases; Humans; Larva; Male; Middle Aged; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Republic of Korea; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 31104416
DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.207 -
Genes Jun 2020In plant and animal nematode parasites, proteins derived from esophageal gland cells have been shown to be important in the host-nematodes relationship but little is...
In plant and animal nematode parasites, proteins derived from esophageal gland cells have been shown to be important in the host-nematodes relationship but little is known about the allergenic potential of these proteins in the genus . Taking into account the increase of anisakiasis and allergies related to these nematodes, immunoreactive properties of gland cell proteins were investigated. Two hundred ventricles were manually dissected from L3 stage larvae of . to allow direct protein analysis. Denaturing gel electrophoresis followed by monochromatic silver staining which revealed the presence of differential (enriched) proteins when compared to total nematode extracts. Such comparison was performed by means of 1D and 2D electrophoresis. Pooled antisera from spp.-allergic patients were used in western blots revealing the presence of 13 immunoreactive bands in the ventricular extracts in 1D, with 82 spots revealed in 2D. The corresponding protein bands and spots were excised from the silver-stained gel and protein assignation was made by MALDI-TOF/TOF. A total of 13 (including proteoforms) were unambiguously identified. The majority of these proteins are known to be secreted by nematodes into the external environment, of which three are described as being major allergens in other organisms with different phylogenetic origin and one is an allergen.
Topics: Allergens; Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Esophagus; Fish Diseases; Host-Parasite Interactions; Humans; Larva; Phylogeny; Proteins; Seafood; Species Specificity; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
PubMed: 32580523
DOI: 10.3390/genes11060683 -
Biology Feb 2021( infection, in humans, causes a series of clinical manifestations affecting the gastro-intestinal tract known as Anisakiasis/Anisakidosis. Patients may also present...
BACKGROUND
( infection, in humans, causes a series of clinical manifestations affecting the gastro-intestinal tract known as Anisakiasis/Anisakidosis. Patients may also present allergic manifestations such as hives and/or angioedema and even anaphylactic shock. The aim of this study was to investigate whether aquacultured fish could be considered -free food and constitute a safe, alternative, wild-capture fish food for Gastro-Allergic Anisakiasis (GAA)-sensitized subjects.
METHODS
Protein extracts from larvae in the third stage (L3) and from edible part of heavily infected horse mackerel () and aquacultured sea bream, have been tested for allergens presence by immunological analysis. Western blot analysis using, as source of specific allergens antibodies, serum samples from subjects referring allergic symptoms after raw fish ingestion, was performed. These subjects showed high levels of specific IgE anti allergens determined by clinical laboratory tests (ISAC test).
RESULTS
Our data demonstrate the presence of Ani s4 allergen in both infected and aquacultured fish extracts, providing a possible interpretation for the allergic manifestations reported by subjects, already sensitized to , who ate frozen or well-cooked or, even, aquacultured fish.
CONCLUSIONS
The present data stimulate more accurate prophylaxis suggestions for allergy and more specific controls of fishmeal used in aquaculture.
PubMed: 33540832
DOI: 10.3390/biology10020106 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2020An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
PubMed: 33110175
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75954-1 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Jul 2016Food-borne nematodes of the genus Anisakis are responsible for a wide range of illnesses (= anisakiasis), from self-limiting gastrointestinal forms to severe systemic...
BACKGROUND
Food-borne nematodes of the genus Anisakis are responsible for a wide range of illnesses (= anisakiasis), from self-limiting gastrointestinal forms to severe systemic allergic reactions, which are often misdiagnosed and under-reported. In order to enhance and refine current diagnostic tools for anisakiasis, knowledge of the whole spectrum of parasite molecules transcribed and expressed by this parasite, including those acting as potential allergens, is necessary.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
In this study, we employ high-throughput (Illumina) sequencing and bioinformatics to characterise the transcriptomes of two Anisakis species, A. simplex and A. pegreffii, and utilize this resource to compile lists of potential allergens from these parasites. A total of ~65,000,000 reads were generated from cDNA libraries for each species, and assembled into ~34,000 transcripts (= Unigenes); ~18,000 peptides were predicted from each cDNA library and classified based on homology searches, protein motifs and gene ontology and biological pathway mapping. Using comparative analyses with sequence data available in public databases, 36 (A. simplex) and 29 (A. pegreffii) putative allergens were identified, including sequences encoding 'novel' Anisakis allergenic proteins (i.e. cyclophilins and ABA-1 domain containing proteins).
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE
This study represents a first step towards providing the research community with a curated dataset to use as a molecular resource for future investigations of the biology of Anisakis, including molecules putatively acting as allergens, using functional genomics, proteomics and immunological tools. Ultimately, an improved knowledge of the biological functions of these molecules in the parasite, as well as of their immunogenic properties, will assist the development of comprehensive, reliable and robust diagnostic tools.
Topics: Allergens; Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Fish Diseases; Helminth Proteins; Perciformes; Transcriptome
PubMed: 27472517
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004845 -
Journal of Parasitic Diseases :... Sep 2020Anisakidosis is a zoonotic infection caused by members of the family Anisakidae. The presence of anisakid larvae in fish poses risk for humans and dissuade consumers...
Anisakidosis is a zoonotic infection caused by members of the family Anisakidae. The presence of anisakid larvae in fish poses risk for humans and dissuade consumers from purchasing infected products. Although fish constitute important component of Egyptian diet, the prevalence of anisakid larvae in marketed fish in Egypt is not well described. Furthermore, the species of anisakid larvae is not defined in most of the available studies due to the over reliance on morphological analyses. The aim of the current work was to assess the prevalence and intensity of anisakid larvae in three common marketed fish in Egypt (Atlantic herring, Mediterranean horse mackerel and Atlantic mackerel) and to determine the species of the isolated larvae using morphological and molecular methods. Light and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses revealed the details of the isolated larvae. However, partial sequencing of cytochrome oxidase subunite-1 () gene revealed that all larvae isolated from Atlantic herring and Mediterranean horse mackerel belonged to sensu stricto with prevalence of 87.1% and 83.3%, respectively, whereas Atlantic mackerel harbored with a prevalence of 42.8%. The Mediterranean horse mackerel demonstrated the highest larval mean intensity (n = 20 larvae/infected fish). This study highlights the importance of these fish as potential reservoirs for human anisakiasis in Egypt and possibly in other coastal countries.
PubMed: 32801505
DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01222-8