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Tropical Medicine & International... Dec 2014Therapy against anisakiasis requires invasive techniques to extract L3 , and an effective drug against this nematode is needed. The aim of this study was to determine... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVES
Therapy against anisakiasis requires invasive techniques to extract L3 , and an effective drug against this nematode is needed. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of peppermint essential oil (EO) and its main components against the parasite in comparison to albendazole, a drug currently prescribed to treat anisakiasis.
METHODS
We conducted in vitro experiments and studied an experimental model simulating the human infection in Wistar rats. We used polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism to identify A. simplex s.s. and A. pegreffii and determine any differences in their pathogenicity and susceptibility to the treatments.
RESULTS
The in vitro and in vivo experiments both showed that the larvicidal activity of peppermint EO, menthol, menthone and menthyl acetate is higher than that of albendazole. Large stomach lesions were observed in 46.7% of the albendazole-treated rats, whereas no gastrointestinal lesions were detected in those treated with peppermint EO, menthol, menthyl acetate or menthone.
CONCLUSIONS
In this animal model, treatment with peppermint EO or its main components was more effective than was treatment with albendazole. Lesions were more frequently produced by A. simplex s.s. larvae than by A. pegreffii larvae.
Topics: Albendazole; Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Larva; Mentha piperita; Menthol; Oils, Volatile; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plant Oils; Rats, Wistar; Species Specificity; Stomach
PubMed: 25330410
DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12399 -
Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi Mar 2024is a fish-borne zoonotic parasite. Although this parasite has been known since the 19 century, publications on anisakiasis have increased in recent years. Despite this,...
OBJECTIVE
is a fish-borne zoonotic parasite. Although this parasite has been known since the 19 century, publications on anisakiasis have increased in recent years. Despite this, this subject has yet to be well studied by bibliometric analysis. This study was conducted to show the research points and trends of .
METHODS
The Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) was mined for articles on . The VOSviewer software visually evaluated countries, institutions, authors, references, and keywords in this field.
RESULTS
A total of 1362 publications were included in this bibliometric analysis. The included publications were published between 1970 and 2022 from 79 countries, mainly from Spain (n=456, 33.48%). The most prolific year was 2020 (n=74). The research area that attracted the most publications was parasitology (n=452), while the most productive author in this area was Cuellar C (n=53). , and were the most used three keywords.
CONCLUSION
The number of publications on anisakiasis has been increasing over time, suggesting that is becoming an increasingly important disease worldwide. Research cooperation should be established between researchers from developed and developing countries to determine effective control strategies for anisakiasis.
Topics: Animals; Anisakis; Anisakiasis; Bibliometrics; Software
PubMed: 38449368
DOI: 10.4274/tpd.galenos.2024.94830 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022Infective third-stage larvae (L3) of the marine nematode cause inflammation and clinical symptoms in humans, their accidental host, that subside and self-resolve in a...
Infective third-stage larvae (L3) of the marine nematode cause inflammation and clinical symptoms in humans, their accidental host, that subside and self-resolve in a couple of weeks after L3 die. To characterise the differences in an early immune response of a marine vs. terrestrial host, we stimulated peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) of fish (paratenic host) and rat (accidental, human-model host) with crude extract and analysed PBL transcriptomes 1 and 12 h post-stimulation. Fish and rat PBLs differentially expressed 712 and 493 transcripts, respectively, between 1 and 12 h post-stimulation (false discovery rate, FDR <0.001, logFC >2). While there was a difference in the highest upregulated transcripts between two time-points, the same Gene Ontologies, biological processes (intracellular signal transduction, DNA-dependent transcription, and DNA-regulated regulation of transcription), and molecular functions (ATP and metal ion binding) were enriched in the two hosts, showing an incrementing dynamic between 1 and 12 h. This suggests that the two distinct hosts employ qualitatively different transcript cascades only to achieve the same effect, at least during an early innate immunity response. Activation of later immunity elements and/or a combination of other host's intrinsic conditions may contribute to the death of L3 in the terrestrial host.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Rats; Anisakis; Anisakiasis; Fishes; Larva; Complex Mixtures; Fish Diseases
PubMed: 36590595
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1042679 -
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology... Jul 2018Human anisakiasis is a disease caused by an infestation of the third stage larvae of family anisakidae. The ingested larvae invade the gastrointestinal wall, causing...
Human anisakiasis is a disease caused by an infestation of the third stage larvae of family anisakidae. The ingested larvae invade the gastrointestinal wall, causing clinical symptoms that include abdomen pain, nausea, and vomiting. Although enteric anisakiasis is extremely rare, it can induce intestinal obstruction. We report a case in which emergency surgery was needed due to intestinal obstruction that coincided with symptoms related to anisakiasis, along with a brief literature review.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Intestinal Obstruction; Jejunum; Male; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 30049176
DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2018.72.1.33 -
Case Reports in Gastroenterology 2016The clinical characteristic of gastrointestinal anisakiasis is severe abdominal pain after eating raw fish. Intestinal anisakiasis is more uncommon than gastric...
The clinical characteristic of gastrointestinal anisakiasis is severe abdominal pain after eating raw fish. Intestinal anisakiasis is more uncommon than gastric anisakiasis. Most patients with intestinal anisakiasis need hospitalization because anisakiasis can cause intestinal obstruction, ileus, peritonitis or intestinal perforation. We report a case of intestinal anisakiasis. A 43-year-old woman presented with symptoms of intermittent abdominal pain 2 days after eating raw fish. Her brother had eaten the same food and had been suffering from gastric anisakiasis. Abdominal ultrasonography in this patient showed localized jejunal wall thickening with dilated lumen of proximal jejunum and ascites. According to the clinical course and examinations, she was diagnosed with intestinal anisakiasis. Administration of prednisolone 5 mg/day and olopatadine hydrochloride 10 mg/day improved her symptoms quickly without hospitalization. Prednisolone was administered for 10 days, and olopatadine hydrochloride was administered for a total of 6 weeks according to ultrasonographic findings. Six months after the treatment, the abdominal ultrasonography demonstrated normal findings. This case demonstrates that ultrasonography was quite useful for the diagnosis and surveillance of intestinal anisakiasis. Furthermore, treatment with corticosteroid and an antiallergic agent could be an option for patients with intestinal anisakiasis.
PubMed: 27403099
DOI: 10.1159/000442971 -
Veterinary Parasitology Nov 2023The in vitro life cycle of zoonotic helminths is an essential tool for -omic translational studies focused on disease control and treatment. Anisakiosis is an emerging...
The in vitro life cycle of zoonotic helminths is an essential tool for -omic translational studies focused on disease control and treatment. Anisakiosis is an emerging zoonosis contracted by the ingestion of raw or undercooked fish infected with the third stage larvae (L3) of two sibling species Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) and Anisakis pegreffii, the latter being the predominant species in the Mediterranean basin. Recently, in vitro culture of A. pegreffii has been developed to enable fast and large-scale production of fertile adults. However, the conditions for larval development from hatching to infective L3 were not fulfilled to complete the cycle. Herein, we used a Drosophila medium supplemented with chicken serum and adjusted different osmolarities to maintain the culture of L3 hatched from eggs for up to 17 weeks. The highest survival rate was observed in the medium with the highest osmolarities, which also allowed the highest larval exsheathment rate. Key morphological features of embryogenesis and postembryogenesis studied by transmission electron microscopy revealed that the excretory gland cell is differentiated already up to 48 h post-hatching. Extracellular vesicles and cell-free mitochondria are discharged between the two cuticle sheets of the second stage larvae (L2). Contemporarly cultivated, two populations of adult A. simplex s.s. and A. pegreffii reached an average production of 29,914.05 (± 27,629.36) and 24,370.96 (± 12,564.86) eggs/day/female, respectively. The chromosome spreads of A. pegreffii obtained from mature gonads suggests a diploid karyotype formula of 2n = 18. The development of a reliable protocol for the in vitro culture of a polyxenous nematode such as Anisakis spp. will serve to screen for much needed novel drug targets, but also to study the intricated and unknown ecological and physiological traits of these trophically transmitted marine nematodes.
Topics: Animals; Anisakis; Larva; Fertility; Female; Anisakiasis
PubMed: 37837730
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110050 -
PloS One 2018Anisakiasis is a fish-borne zoonosis caused by the ingestion of marine food infected with Anisakis third-stage larvae, widespread marine parasitic nematodes....
BACKGROUND
Anisakiasis is a fish-borne zoonosis caused by the ingestion of marine food infected with Anisakis third-stage larvae, widespread marine parasitic nematodes. Gastrointestinal and/or allergic clinical signs and symptoms are not specific. While frequently reported in countries with large raw fish consumption as Japan, the global prevalence of anisakiasis may be severely underestimated due to limitations of available diagnostic tools and to diverse clinical manifestations. Recently, infective larvae were found in the same localization with gastrointestinal tumors. The occurrence of allergic exacerbation upon secondary exposure and the possible occupational exposure, highlight the need to increase scientific evidences on anisakiasis.
METHODS
We performed a retrospective descriptive study using analysis of Hospital Discharge Records (HDRs) from 2005 to 2015 in Italy, with particular attention to allergic manifestations. Descriptive statistics and multivariate analyses were performed using backward step-wise logistic regression models to assess spatial distribution and temporal trend as well as the variables independently associated with the allergic clinical signs and symptoms in Italian cases of anisakiasis.
RESULTS
HDRs reporting the ICD-9 code for anisakiasis were retrieved (370), with a higher number of cases reported from central and southern regions, with particular regard to populations inhabiting the coastal territories. Around 40% of patients presented allergic manifestations and half of them showed serious allergic reactions. The multivariate analyses showed an independent association between allergic manifestations and features as living in southern regions and female gender, while anaphylactic episodes was independently associated only with female gender.
CONCLUSION
The present study is the first attempt to a better understanding of the epidemiological picture of anisakiasis in Italy, mining official data. A common strategy on data collection, monitoring and reporting would favor a more accurate epidemiological scenario in Italy, since the report of the diseases is not mandatory.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anisakiasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Geography, Medical; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Infant; Italy; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Discharge; Retrospective Studies; Sex Factors; Time Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 30533066
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208772 -
Parasites & Vectors Feb 2023Anisakiasis is a foodborne disease caused by the third-stage larvae (L3) of two species belonging to the genus Anisakis: Anisakis pegreffii and Anisakis simplex sensu...
BACKGROUND
Anisakiasis is a foodborne disease caused by the third-stage larvae (L3) of two species belonging to the genus Anisakis: Anisakis pegreffii and Anisakis simplex sensu stricto. Both species have been the subject of different -omics studies undertaken in the past decade, but a reliable in vitro culture protocol that would enable a more versatile approach to functional studies has never been devised. In nature, A. pegreffii shows a polyxenous life-cycle. It reproduces in toothed whales (final host) and disseminates embryonated eggs via cetacean faeces in the water column. In the environment, a first- (L1) and second-stage larva (L2) develops inside the egg, and subsequently hatched L2 is ingested by a planktonic crustacean or small fish (intermediate host). In the crustacean pseudocoelom, the larva moults to the third stage (L3) and grows until the host is eaten by a fish or cephalopod (paratenic host). Infective L3 migrates into the visceral cavity of its paratenic host and remains in the state of paratenesis until a final host preys on the former. Once in the final host's gastric chambers, L3 attaches to mucosa, moults in the fourth stage (L4) and closes its life-cycle by becoming reproductively mature.
METHODS
Testing two commercially available media (RPMI 1640, Schneider's Drosophila) in combination with each of the six different heat-inactivated sera, namely foetal bovine, rabbit, chicken, donkey, porcine and human serum, we have obtained the first reliable, fast and simple in vitro cultivation protocol for A. pegreffii.
RESULTS
Schneider's Drosophila insect media supplemented with 10% chicken serum allowed high reproducibility and survival of adult A. pegreffii. The maturity was reached already at the beginning of the third week in culture. From collected eggs, hatched L2 were maintained in culture for 2 weeks. The protocol also enabled the description of undocumented morphological and ultrastructural features of the parasite developmental stages.
CONCLUSIONS
Closing of the A. pegreffii life-cycle from L3 to reproducing adults is an important step from many research perspectives (e.g., vaccine and drug-target research, transgenesis, pathogenesis), but further effort is necessary to optimise the efficient moulting of L2 to infective L3.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Cattle; Rabbits; Swine; Anisakis; Reproducibility of Results; Anisakiasis; Ascaridoidea; Fishes; Larva; Cetacea; Fish Diseases
PubMed: 36732837
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05629-5 -
Genes Jun 2020The view of the nucleolus as a mere ribosomal factory has been recently expanded, highlighting its essential role in immune and stress-related signalling and...
The view of the nucleolus as a mere ribosomal factory has been recently expanded, highlighting its essential role in immune and stress-related signalling and orchestrating. It has been shown that the nucleolus structure, formed around nucleolus organiser regions (NORs) and attributed Cajal bodies, is prone to disassembly and reassembly correlated to various physiological and pathological stimuli. To evaluate the effect of parasite stimulus on the structure of the leukocyte nucleolus, we exposed rat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to the crude extract of the nematode (Anisakidae), and compared the observed changes to the effect of control (RPMI-1640 media), immunosuppressive (MPA) and immunostimulant treatment (bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and viral analogue polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C)) by confocal microscopy. Poly I:C triggered the most accentuated changes such as nucleolar fragmentation and structural unravelling, LPS induced nucleolus thickening reminiscent of cell activation, while MPA induced disassembly of dense fibrillar and granular components. crude extract triggered nucleolar segregation, expectedly more enhanced in treatment with a higher dose. This is the first evidence that leukocyte nucleoli already undergo structural changes 12 h post-parasitic stimuli, although these are likely to subside after successful cell activation.
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Cell Nucleolus; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Interstitial Cells of Cajal; Leukocytes; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Lipopolysaccharides; Nucleolus Organizer Region; Poly I-C
PubMed: 32585969
DOI: 10.3390/genes11060688 -
Food and Waterborne Parasitology Jun 2022Parasitic ascaridoid nematodes occur in a wide range of marine organisms across the globe. Some species of the anisakid family (Ascaridoidea: Anisakidae) can cause...
Parasitic ascaridoid nematodes occur in a wide range of marine organisms across the globe. Some species of the anisakid family (Ascaridoidea: Anisakidae) can cause gastrointestinal disease in humans (i. e. anisakidosis). Despite their importance as potentially hazardous parasites, the occurrence and infection characteristics of ascaridoids are still poorly known from many host species and geographical areas. This study investigated the diversity and infection levels of ascaridoid parasites in various commercial fish and squid host species off Bangladesh. Fish and squid specimens were visually inspected for nematodes using the UV-press method. Nematodes were assigned to genus level based on morphology and identified by sequence analyses of the entire ITS region and partial 28S rDNA and mtDNA genes. Third-stage larvae (L3) of occurred at low prevalence ( = 10% and 8%, respectively) in the viscera of and , while occurred in the viscera of ( = 1%) and the viscera and muscle of ( = 32%) and ( = 76%). sp. Type A L3 occurred in the mantle of the squid ( = 11%). and species, and were firstly identified in the Bay of Bengal. The potentially zoonotic was only found in fish viscera. and sp., both generally regarded as non-zoonotic, occurred at low prevalence in the muscle or mantle of fish or squid, respectively. Since consumption of raw or lightly processed seafood seems to be rare in Bangladesh, the risk of acquiring anisakidosis from consuming fishery products from off Bangladesh appears to be low. Due to its reddish appearance, the visual presence of larvae in fish flesh may represent a food quality issue.
PubMed: 35518125
DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00157