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Critical Reviews in Food Science and... Jul 2016To assess the prevalence and mean intensity of anisakids in seafood caught in the Mediterranean Sea, focusing on fish species at risk of being raw-consumed. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Prevalence and Mean Intensity of Anisakidae Parasite in Seafood Caught in the Mediterranean Sea Focusing on Fish Species at Risk of Being Raw-consumed. A Meta Analysis and Systematic Review.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the prevalence and mean intensity of anisakids in seafood caught in the Mediterranean Sea, focusing on fish species at risk of being raw-consumed.
DESIGN
Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published from 1960-2012.
STUDY SELECTION
Main criteria for the inclusion of studies were as follows: Findings of anisakid larvae, in both muscles and viscera; fish species for human consumption caught in the Mediterranean Sea; prevalence and mean intensity data for each species; and sample size equal to or more than 40 fishes.
RESULTS
Twelve studies were identified. Among these, four studies considered the following three fish species that are often consumed raw or preserved lightly, or not cooked thoroughly: anchovy, pilchard, and Atlantic mackerel.
DATA SYNTHESIS
All pooled analyses were based on the random-effect model. Anisakids prevalence in fish muscle was 0.64% (P < 0.0001), in viscera it was 1.34% (P < 0.0001), and overall prevalence was 0.95% (P < 0.0001). Mean intensity in muscle was 2.31 (P = 0.0083), in viscera it was 1.55 (P = 0.0174), and overall it was 1.81 (P < 0.0005). Heterogeneity indices (I(2)) were significantly high with the exception of viscera mean intensity.
CONCLUSIONS
Anchovy, pilchard, and Atlantic mackerel have a low prevalence and mean intensity of anisakidae larvae in both viscera and muscles. Mean Intensity was also low.
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Fishes; Food Handling; Hot Temperature; Humans; Larva; Mediterranean Sea; Muscles; Seafood; Species Specificity; Viscera
PubMed: 25807208
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.755947 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2022s. s. is a parasitic nematode of marine mammals and causative agent of anisakiasis in humans. The cuticle and intestine of the larvae are the tissues most responsible...
Tandem Mass Tagging (TMT) Reveals Tissue-Specific Proteome of L4 Larvae of s. s.: Enzymes of Energy and/or Carbohydrate Metabolism as Potential Drug Targets in Anisakiasis.
s. s. is a parasitic nematode of marine mammals and causative agent of anisakiasis in humans. The cuticle and intestine of the larvae are the tissues most responsible for direct and indirect contact, respectively, of the parasite with the host. At the L4 larval stage, tissues, such as the cuticle and intestine, are fully developed and functional, in contrast to the L3 stage. As such, this work provides for the first time the tissue-specific proteome of s. s. larvae in the L4 stage. Statistical analysis (FC ≥ 2; -value ≤ 0.01) showed that 107 proteins were differentially regulated (DRPs) between the cuticle and the rest of the larval body. In the comparison between the intestine and the rest of the larval body at the L4 stage, 123 proteins were identified as DRPs. Comparison of the individual tissues examined revealed a total of 272 DRPs, with 133 proteins more abundant in the cuticle and 139 proteins more abundant in the intestine. Detailed functional analysis of the identified proteins was performed using bioinformatics tools. Glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were the most enriched metabolic pathways by cuticular and intestinal proteins, respectively, in the L4 stage of s. s. The presence of two proteins, folliculin (FLCN) and oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH), was confirmed by Western blot, and their tertiary structure was predicted and compared with other species. In addition, host-pathogen interactions were identified, and potential new allergens were predicted. The result of this manuscript shows the largest number of protein identifications to our knowledge using proteomics tools for different tissues of L4 larvae of s. s. The identified tissue-specific proteins could serve as targets for new drugs against anisakiasis.
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Humans; Larva; Mammals; Proteome
PubMed: 35457153
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084336 -
Journal of General and Family Medicine Jul 2019Gastric anisakiasis might present as a submucosal tumor-like lesion in esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Cautious search is needed when it is suspected in order to avoid...
Gastric anisakiasis might present as a submucosal tumor-like lesion in esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Cautious search is needed when it is suspected in order to avoid misdiagnosis and unnecessary invasive procedures.
PubMed: 31312584
DOI: 10.1002/jgf2.248 -
BMC Gastroenterology Jul 2023Gastric anisakiasis typically causes severe abdominal symptoms; however, we incidentally detected asymptomatic gastric anisakiasis cases during...
BACKGROUND
Gastric anisakiasis typically causes severe abdominal symptoms; however, we incidentally detected asymptomatic gastric anisakiasis cases during esophagogastroduodenoscopy. The factors associated with developing acute abdominal symptoms induced by gastric anisakiasis remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the clinical factors associated with abdominal symptoms of gastric anisakiasis by comparing symptomatic and asymptomatic cases.
METHODS
This was a retrospective cohort study involving 264 patients diagnosed with gastric anisakiasis at nine hospitals in Japan between October 2015 and October 2021. We analyzed patients' medical records and endoscopic images and compared the clinical factors between the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups.
RESULTS
One hundred sixty-five patients (77.8%) were diagnosed with abdominal symptoms, whereas 47 (22.2%) were asymptomatic. Older age, male sex, diabetes mellitus, gastric mucosal atrophy, and gastric mucosal atrophy of the Anisakis penetrating area were significantly more common in the asymptomatic group than in the symptomatic group. Multivariate analysis revealed that age (p = 0.007), sex (p = 0.017), and presence or absence of mucosal atrophy (p = 0.033) were independent factors for the occurrence of acute abdominal symptoms. In addition, cases that were Helicobacter pylori naïve, with an elevation of white blood cells, or without an elevation of eosinophils were more common in the symptomatic group than in the asymptomatic group.
CONCLUSIONS
Age, sex, and presence or absence of gastric mucosal atrophy were the clinical factors associated with the occurrence of acute abdominal symptoms. Older and male patients and those with gastric mucosal atrophy were less likely to show abdominal symptoms. The mechanisms of the occurrence of symptoms induced by gastric anisakiasis remain unclear; however, our results will help clarify this issue in the future.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Male; Anisakiasis; Retrospective Studies; Stomach Diseases; Anisakis; Atrophy
PubMed: 37464307
DOI: 10.1186/s12876-023-02880-7 -
World Journal of Gastrointestinal... Mar 2018We report a case of a 59-year-old woman who was diagnosed with gastric and small intestinal anisakiasis, which was successfully treated with endoscopic extraction and...
We report a case of a 59-year-old woman who was diagnosed with gastric and small intestinal anisakiasis, which was successfully treated with endoscopic extraction and Gastrografin therapy. She was admitted to our hospital with epigastric pain and vomiting one day after eating raw fish. She exhibited tenderness in the epigastrium without obvious rebound tenderness or guarding. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated segmental edema of the intestinal wall with proximal dilatation and a small number of ascites. Because enteric anisakiasis was suspected based on the patient's history of recent raw fish consumption and abdominal CT, we performed gastroscopy and confirmed that nine larvae were attached to the gastric mucosa. All of the larvae were extracted endoscopy, and the patient was diagnosed with gastric and enteric anisakiasis. Additionally, in the hospital, we performed ileography twice using Gastrografin, which led to shortened hospital stay. Based on the clinical results of this case, we suggest that Gastrografin therapy is a safe, convenient, and useful method to extract enteric larvae.
PubMed: 29564036
DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v10.i3.69 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2018Anisakiasis is a zoonotic disease caused by accidental ingestion of live spp. third-stage larvae present in raw or undercooked seafood. Symptoms of this emerging...
Anisakiasis is a zoonotic disease caused by accidental ingestion of live spp. third-stage larvae present in raw or undercooked seafood. Symptoms of this emerging infectious disease include mild-to-severe abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhea. Some patients experience significant allergic reactions. In order to better understand the onset of anisakiasis, we aimed to: (i) histopathologically describe severe inflammatory/hemorrhagic infection site lesions in Sprague-Dawley rats experimentally infected with larvae; and (ii) qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the transcriptomes of affected tissues using RNA-Seq. The experiment was performed on 35 male rats, sacrificed at 5 time points (6, 10, 18, 24, and 32 h post-infection). Gastric intubation was performed with 10 larvae ( = 5 infected rats per time point) or 1.5 ml of saline (external control = 2 rats). 16 pools, seven for muscle tissues and nine for stomach tissues, were created to obtain robust samples for estimation of gene expression changes depicting common signatures of affected versus unaffected tissues. Illumina NextSeq 500 was used for paired-end sequencing, while edgeR was used for count data and differential expression analyses. In total, there were 1372 (855 up and 517 down) differentially expressed (DE) genes in the -infected rat stomach tissues, and 1633 (1230 up and 403 down) DE genes in the muscle tissues. Elicited strong local proinflammatory reaction seems to favor the activation of the interleukin 17 signaling pathway and the development of the T helper 17-type response. The number of DE ribosomal genes in the -infected stomach tissue suggests that larvae might induce ribosomal stress in the early infection stage. However, the downstream pathways and post-infection responses require further study. Histopathology revealed severe inflammatory/hemorrhagic lesions caused by infection in the rat stomach and muscle tissues in the first 32 h. The lesion sites showed infiltration by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (predominantly neutrophils and occasional eosinophils), and to a lesser extent, macrophages. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying host responses to infection is important to elucidate many aspects of the onset of anisakiasis, a disease of growing public health concern.
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Computational Biology; Gastric Mucosa; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Regulatory Networks; Host-Parasite Interactions; Larva; Life Cycle Stages; Male; Rats; Zoonoses
PubMed: 30245697
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02055 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2022Spotted flounder ( L.) caught in the Gulf of Cadiz (area FAO 27 ICES IXa) were examined for larvae and to assess the possible risk of anisakiasis in humans through...
Spotted flounder ( L.) caught in the Gulf of Cadiz (area FAO 27 ICES IXa) were examined for larvae and to assess the possible risk of anisakiasis in humans through consumption of this fish. Larvae of the genera and were identified in the analysis of 128 purchased fish specimens. All larvae corresponded to type I. Molecular analysis showed the presence of , s.s., and recombinant genotype between the two. The prevalence of was 9.4% with a mean intensity of 1.42, while for the values were 12.5% and 1.06. The length and weight of the fish, but not Fulton's condition factor, varied significantly between infected and uninfected fish. The prevalence of increased with fish length, with no fish parasitized with measuring less than 15.5 cm (2-2.5 years old), which is probably related to the reported dietary change of these fish at around 2 years of age. Fish not parasitized with any of these nematodes showed positive allometric growth, while those parasitized only with showed negative allometric growth. When comparing both groups including only fish ≥ 15.5 cm (the smallest size of -infected fish), the difference is shown to be statistically significant ( = 0.01), suggesting that infection of spotted flounder negatively affects fish growth even when parasite intensity is low, which may have important economic repercussions. Finally, the low prevalence and, above all, intensity of in these fish, as well as the habit of consuming this fish fried in oil in our geographical area, means that the risk of acquiring anisakiasis through consumption of this fish is low.
PubMed: 36558766
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121432 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Aug 2021The sibling species (s.s.) and are parasites of marine mammals and fish worldwide and the main causative agents of human anisakiasis. In sympatric areas, a hybrid...
The sibling species (s.s.) and are parasites of marine mammals and fish worldwide and the main causative agents of human anisakiasis. In sympatric areas, a hybrid genotype between the two species has been identified, mainly in third-stage larvae, but rarely in fourth-stage and adult forms. The aim of this study was to confirm the presence of hybrid genotypes in larvae parasitizing fish caught in sympatric and allopatric Spanish marine waters, the North-East Atlantic and West Mediterranean, respectively, and to study possible differences in the growth behaviour between genotypes. Of the 254 molecularly analysed larvae, 18 were identified as hybrids by PCR-RFLP analysis of the rDNA ITS region, 11 of which were subsequently confirmed by EF1 α-1 nDNA gene sequencing. These results therefore indicate an overestimation of hybrid genotypes when identification is based only on the ITS region. We also report the detection of a hybrid specimen in a host from the West Mediterranean, considered an allopatric zone. Additionally, fourth-stage larvae with a hybrid genotype were obtained in vitro for the first time, and no differences were observed in their growth behaviour compared to larvae with (s.s.) and genotypes.
PubMed: 34438915
DOI: 10.3390/ani11082458 -
Biomolecules Jul 2020third-stage larvae are the main source of hidden allergens in marine fish products. Some allergens are thermostable and, even highly processed, could cause...
third-stage larvae are the main source of hidden allergens in marine fish products. Some allergens are thermostable and, even highly processed, could cause hypersensitivity reactions. However, proteome has not been studied under autoclaving conditions of 121 °C for 60 min, which is an important process in the food industry. The aim of the study was the identification and characterization of allergens, potential allergens, and other proteins of heat-treated larvae. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to identify 470 proteins, including allergens-Ani s 1, Ani s 2, Ani s 3, Ani s 4, Ani s 5-and 13 potential allergens that were mainly homologs of spp., spp., and Acari allergens. Ani s 2, Ani s 3, Ani s 5, and three possible allergens were found among the top 25 most abundant proteins. The computational analysis allowed us to detect allergen epitopes, assign protein families, and domains as well as to annotate the localization of proteins. The predicted 3D models of proteins revealed similarities between potential allergens and homologous allergens. Despite the partial degradation of heated antigens, their immunoreactivity with anti- IgG antibodies was confirmed using a Western blot. In conclusion, identified epitopes of allergenic peptides highlighted that the occurrence of proteins in thermally processed fish products could be a potential allergic hazard. Further studies are necessary to confirm the IgE immunoreactivity and thermostability of identified proteins.
Topics: Allergens; Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Fish Products; Food Handling; Foodborne Diseases; Heat-Shock Response; Helminth Proteins; Hot Temperature; Humans; Larva; Proteomics; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 32708775
DOI: 10.3390/biom10071066 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024can cause Anisakiasis in humans if raw or undercooked fish is consumed. Symptoms of infection may include vomiting, acute abdominal symptoms, or allergies. In this...
can cause Anisakiasis in humans if raw or undercooked fish is consumed. Symptoms of infection may include vomiting, acute abdominal symptoms, or allergies. In this study, we collected 187 commercially available marine fish from the Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea. Among them, 79 were found positive containing 520 worms. The average prevalence rate was found 42% in this investigation. Ninety-two worms from different sea areas were selected and analyzed for identification, revealing the presence of five different species, which are , , , , and sp. In the meta-analysis, three databases: PubMed, CNKI, and BaiduXueshu were searched for surveys on the prevalence of in Chinese waters from January 2000 to December 2023. A total of 26 studies were included in this analysis of which 25 publications were retrieved from different databases and one being the present study. The pooled prevalence of was 45% among commercially available marine fish. Variances in the prevalence of were noted among the four seas, with the highest rates in the East China Sea and the Bohai Sea, reaching 53% [0.38; 0.68] and 49% [0.36; 0.62], respectively. The Prevalence of infection was significantly higher in astern parts such as Liaoning, Shanghai, and Zhejiang. Analysis of the host fish subgroups revealed that the orders of Anguilliformes, Scombriformes, and Gadiformes had high rates of infection. These findings suggest a significant prevalence of , posing an increasing risk of infection for individuals. This study provides impactful information for implementing preventative measures against .
PubMed: 38827146
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1399466