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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2023The European conger, , is a benthic marine fish species with a geographical distribution extending through the northeastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Despite being...
The European conger, , is a benthic marine fish species with a geographical distribution extending through the northeastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Despite being extensively distributed and widely appreciated by Spanish consumers, studies regarding parasite presence in this fish are scarce. In the present work, a hundred and eight specimens from the Mediterranean coast of northeastern Spain (Catalan waters) were surveyed for the presence of nematode parasites. Several species were morphologically identified: third-stage larvae of type I (sensu Berland, 1961) ( = 131), third-stage larvae of type II (sensu Berland, 1961) ( = 18), third- and fourth-stage larvae and adults of spp. ( = 48), adults of sp. ( = 391), and adults of ( = 69). Moreover, some fish and decapode species were also observed as part of the host's diet, with the most detected preys being , , sp., and . This represents the first survey of nematode parasites infecting from the northeastern Spanish Mediterranean waters. Among the parasite species detected, the presence of species should be highlighted as the ingestion of parasitized with these larvae could potentially lead to anisakiasis in consumers.
PubMed: 38003791
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111326 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2017Anisakiasis is an emerging zoonosis caused by the fish parasitic nematode Anisakis. Spain appears to have the highest reported incidence in Europe and marinated...
Anisakiasis is an emerging zoonosis caused by the fish parasitic nematode Anisakis. Spain appears to have the highest reported incidence in Europe and marinated anchovies are recognised as the main food vehicle. Using data on fishery landings, fish infection rates and consumption habits of the Spanish population from questionnaires, we developed a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) model for the anchovy value chain. Spaniards were estimated to consume on average 0.66 Anisakis per untreated (non-frozen) raw or marinated anchovy meal. A dose-response relationship was generated and the probability of anisakiasis was calculated to be 9.56 × 10 per meal, and the number of annual anisakiasis cases requiring medical attention was predicted between 7,700 and 8,320. Monte Carlo simulations estimated post-mortem migration of Anisakis from viscera to flesh increases the disease burden by >1000% whilst an education campaign to freeze anchovy before consumption may reduce cases by 80%. However, most of the questionnaire respondents who ate untreated meals knew how to prevent Anisakis infection. The QRA suggests that previously reported figures of 500 anisakiasis per year in Europe is a considerable underestimate. The QRA tool can be used by policy makers and informs industry, health professionals and consumers about this underdiagnosed zoonosis.
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Europe; Fishes; Food Safety; Global Health; Humans; Models, Statistical; Population Surveillance; Prevalence; Risk; Spain; Zoonoses
PubMed: 28287609
DOI: 10.1038/srep43699 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Jan 2020We undertook the first study systematically evaluating the risk of Anisakis-sensitization in Croatian fish-processing workers and potential genetic susceptibility to...
We undertook the first study systematically evaluating the risk of Anisakis-sensitization in Croatian fish-processing workers and potential genetic susceptibility to anisakiasis. Anti-Anisakis IgE seroprevalence and risk factors for 600 employees of Croatian fish processing facilities and 466 blood donor controls, were assessed by indirect ELISA targeted with: recombinant Ani s 1 and Ani s 7 allergens, an Anisakis crude extract, the commercial ImmunoCAP kit, and questionnaires. Genetic susceptibility to anisakiasis was evaluated by genotypisation of human leukocytes alleles (HLA). Anti-Anisakis seropositive and a fraction of negative subjects were also assessed by ELISA and Western Blot (WB) for IgG seroprevalence to Trichinella spp. Overall, the observed anti-Anisakis seroprevalence inferred by indirect ELISA was significantly higher in fish processing workers (1.8%, 95% CI 0.9-3.3%) compared to the controls (0%, 0-0.8%). Seven out of 11 Ani s 1 and Ani s 7-positives and none of selected 65 negative sera, tested positive on whole-Anisakis extract (ImmunoCAP), whereas Anisakis crude extract ELISA detected 3.9% (2.4-6.0%) seropositives in fish processing workers, three (14%) of which showed IgE reactivity to milk proteins. The highest risk associated with Anisakis-sensitization among workers was fishing in the free time, rather than any of attributes related to the occupational exposure. Although no association was observed between anti-Anisakis seropositivity and wearing gloves or protective goggles, the majority of workers (92%) wore protective gloves, minimizing the risk for Anisakis sensitization via skin contact. Six HLA alleles within DRB1 gene were significantly associated with seropositivity under dominant, allelic or recessive models. All sera confirmed negative for anti-Trichinella spp. IgG. The study exhaustively covered almost all marine fish processing workers in Croatia, reflecting real-time Anisakis sensitization status within the industry, already under the influence of wide array of allergens.
Topics: Animals; Anisakis; Antibodies, Helminth; Antigens, Helminth; Croatia; Eye Protective Devices; Fishes; Food Handling; Gloves, Protective; Helminth Proteins; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Occupational Exposure; Risk Factors; Trichinella
PubMed: 31986138
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008038 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Jul 2020Anisakis spp. are nematode parasites found in a wide range of marine organisms. Human beings may accidentally become infected, showing the symptoms of anisakiasis and...
BACKGROUND
Anisakis spp. are nematode parasites found in a wide range of marine organisms. Human beings may accidentally become infected, showing the symptoms of anisakiasis and allergic responses. There has been evidence of increased intestinal permeability in A. simplex-sensitized subjects and that specific IgE titres increase in some allergic patients when fishery products are re-introduced into their diet. The aims of this work were to study the effect of A. simplex crude extract on the intestinal integrity and permeability by using Caco-2 cell monolayer. To analyse the capacity of Ani s 4 allergen to cross the epithelial barrier.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
Cellular bioenergetics, transepithelial electrical resistance, viability, permeability, reactive oxygen species generation and immunofluorescent staining of tight junction proteins were analysed. A. simplex crude extract compromises the Caco-2 cell monolayer integrity in a dose-dependent manner. This effect is detected at 1 hour of culture and integrity is recovered after 24 hours of culture. The epithelial barrier disruption is accompanied by an increase in paracellular permeability and reactive oxygen species production and by a delocalization of occludin and zonula occludens-1. Finally, Ani s 4, a thermostable and resistant to digestion allergen with cystatin activity, is able to cross the epithelial barrier in Caco-2 monolayer and reach a cumulative mean percentage of 22.7% of total concentration in the basolateral side after 24 hours of culture.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE
Our results demonstrate that A. simplex induces an early and reversible alteration of integrity and permeability of Caco-2 cell monolayer and that an underlying mechanism of this effect would involve the oxidative stress and disruption of epithelial tight junctions. Additionally, it has been shown that Ani s 4 allergen is able to cross the epithelial barrier. These findings could explain the increased intestinal permeability observed in Anisakis-sensitized patients, the changes over time in IgE sensitization to A. simplex allergens, and the specific IgE persistence in Anisakis allergy.
Topics: Animals; Anisakis; Caco-2 Cells; Cell Survival; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Mitochondria; Occludin; Oxidative Stress; Oxygen Consumption; Protein Transport; Reactive Oxygen Species; Tissue Extracts; Zonula Occludens-1 Protein
PubMed: 32628665
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008462 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023is a sibling species within the (s.l.) complex requiring marine homeothermic (mainly cetaceans) and heterothermic (crustaceans, fish, and cephalopods) organisms to...
INTRODUCTION
is a sibling species within the (s.l.) complex requiring marine homeothermic (mainly cetaceans) and heterothermic (crustaceans, fish, and cephalopods) organisms to complete its life cycle. It is also a zoonotic species, able to accidentally infect humans (anisakiasis). To investigate the molecular signals involved in this host-parasite interaction and pathogenesis, the proteomic composition of the extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by the third-stage larvae (L3) of , was characterized.
METHODS
Genetically identified L3 of were maintained for 24 h at 37°C and EVs were isolated by serial centrifugation and ultracentrifugation of culture media. Proteomic analysis was performed by Shotgun Analysis.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
EVs showed spherical shaped structure (size 65-295 nm). Proteomic results were blasted against the specific transcriptomic database, and 153 unique proteins were identified. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis predicted several proteins belonging to distinct metabolic pathways. The similarity search employing selected parasitic nematodes database revealed that proteins associated with EVs might be involved in parasite survival and adaptation, as well as in pathogenic processes. Further, a possible link between the EVs proteins those of human and cetaceans' hosts, were predicted by using HPIDB database. The results, herein described, expand knowledge concerning the proteins possibly implied in the host-parasite interactions between this parasite and its natural and accidental hosts.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Anisakis; Larva; Parasites; Proteomics; Anisakiasis; Fish Diseases
PubMed: 37009516
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1079991 -
Journal of Rural Medicine : JRM 2016A 74-year-old man with diabetes underwent colonoscopy as routine screening for colon cancer. An larva was found incidentally during colonoscopy using the retroflexion...
A 74-year-old man with diabetes underwent colonoscopy as routine screening for colon cancer. An larva was found incidentally during colonoscopy using the retroflexion technique in the ascending colon, and was removed using a forceps. Asymptomatic colonic anisakiasis is very rare, and few reports have described diagnosis and treatment of anisakiasis during colonoscopy by the retroflexion technique in the ascending colon. We have reported this rare case along with a literature review.
PubMed: 27928460
DOI: 10.2185/jrm.2914 -
Case Reports in Gastroenterology 2021A 35-year-old Japanese man with no significant medical history presented to the emergency department complaining of abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting 35 h after...
A 35-year-old Japanese man with no significant medical history presented to the emergency department complaining of abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting 35 h after ingesting raw horse mackerel, sardines, and tuna. Computed tomography of the abdomen with intravenous contrast revealed significant thickening of the terminal ileum with mild proximal dilatation and moderate ascites. On colonoscopy, an actively moving anisakis larva was discovered in the terminal ileum. The larva was removed with endoscopic forceps. The patient's symptoms resolved quickly following the procedure.
PubMed: 33613163
DOI: 10.1159/000509949 -
The Korean Journal of Parasitology Dec 2019Anisakiasis (anisakidosis) refers to a foodborne zoonosis caused by ingesting raw or undercooked marine fish or cephalopods infected with anisakid larvae. The present...
Anisakiasis (anisakidosis) refers to a foodborne zoonosis caused by ingesting raw or undercooked marine fish or cephalopods infected with anisakid larvae. The present study was performed to investigate the prevalence of anisakid larvae in anchovies (Engraulis japonica) purchased from 2 local markets in Gyeongsangnam-do, the Republic of Korea (=Korea), during 2018-2019. Anchovies were transported to our laboratory and examined by pepsin-HCl artificial digestion technique followed by microscopic observations and molecular analyses. The overall prevalence of anisakid larvae was 19.5% (39/200), from which a total of 51 larvae (av. 1.3 larvae/infected anchovy) were recovered. Sequencing of the larvae targeting the ITS region, including ITS1, 5.8S rRNA, and ITS2 genes confirmed the species of larvae as Anisakis pegreffii (54.9%; 28/51), Hysterothylacium sinense (23.5%; 12/51), and Hysterothylacium aduncum (21.5%; 11/51). The results suggested that anchovies could be a potential source of human anisakiasis in Korea.
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Female; Fish Diseases; Larva; Male; Phylogeny; Republic of Korea
PubMed: 31914524
DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.6.699 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2022sensu stricto (s.s.) L3 larvae are one of the major etiological factors of human anisakiasis, which is one of the most important foodborne parasitic diseases....
sensu stricto (s.s.) L3 larvae are one of the major etiological factors of human anisakiasis, which is one of the most important foodborne parasitic diseases. Nevertheless, to date, secretome proteins, with important functions in nematode pathogenicity and host-parasite interactions, have not been extensively explored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and characterize the excretory-secretory (ES) proteins of L3 larvae. ES proteins of were subjected to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, and the identified proteins were then analyzed using bioinformatics tools. A total of 158 proteins were detected. Detailed bioinformatic characterization of ES proteins was performed, including Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, identification of enzymes, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis, protein family classification, secretory pathway prediction, and detection of essential proteins. Furthermore, of all detected ES proteins, 1 was identified as an allergen, which was Ani s 4, and 18 were potential allergens, most of which were homologs of nematode and arthropod allergens. Nine potential pathogenicity-related proteins were predicted, which were predominantly homologs of chaperones. In addition, predicted host-parasite interactions between the ES proteins and both human and fish proteins were identified. In conclusion, this study represents the first global analysis of ES proteins. The findings provide a better understanding of survival and invasion strategies of L3 larvae.
PubMed: 35215189
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020246 -
Parasitology Research Sep 2021This study investigated the distribution of nematode larvae of Anisakidae and Raphidascarididae (genera Anisakis and Hysterothylacium) in Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus,...
This study investigated the distribution of nematode larvae of Anisakidae and Raphidascarididae (genera Anisakis and Hysterothylacium) in Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Ligurian and central-northern Tyrrhenian Seas. The relationship between the number of parasites and the length and weight parameters of the fish was assessed, and the possible effect of the parasites on the condition factor was evaluated. A total of 190 T. trachurus specimens were collected in July 2019. Parasites were found in 70 individuals. A total of 161 visible larvae were collected in the viscera. Morphological analysis revealed the presence of Anisakis spp. in 55 fish and Hysterothylacium spp. in 15 fish, while 5 fish showed coinfection with both genera. The specimens subjected to PCR (n = 67) showed that 85% of the Anisakis larvae analyzed belonged to the species A. pegreffii, while the remaining 15% belonged to hybrids of A. pegreffii-A. simplex (s.s.). A total of 58% (n = 7) of the Hysterothylacium larvae analyzed belonged to the species H. fabri, while 42% belonged to the species H. aduncum. Our results support the hypothesis that infection with these parasites does not affect the condition of the fish host analyzed, and that body size and depth are major drivers in determining infection levels with Anisakid and Raphidascaridid nematodes.
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Ascaridoidea; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Larva
PubMed: 34390382
DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07200-0