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Frontiers in Medicine 2022To investigate the development of refraction in anisometropic amblyopia who had been with patching therapy.
PURPOSE
To investigate the development of refraction in anisometropic amblyopia who had been with patching therapy.
METHODS
We retrospectively reviewed 37,528 medical records of the amblyopes who had been treated with patching therapy between July 2003 and January 2020 at the School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. We included unilateral anisometropic amblyopia with a follow-up length of not < 2 years. In total, 371 cases were enrolled and followed up for a mean of 4.76 ± 2.11 years. The subjects were then divided into different groups and periods according to their initial spherical equivalent (SE) refractive error and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of the amblyopic eye. Linear mixed-effects models were fitted to calculate the annual change of SE.
RESULTS
The annual changes in SE were -0.32 (-0.35 to -0.30) and -0.16 (-0.19 to -0.14) D/yr for the amblyopic eye and the fellow eye, respectively. The annual changes in SE of amblyopic eyes during the treatment period and the successfully treated period were -0.36 (-0.43 to -0.29; 95% CI) and -0.27 (-0.32 to -0.23; 95% CI) D/yr, respectively; the annual SE changes of the fellow eye during the treatment period and the successfully-treated period were -0.07 (-0.14 to -0.01; 95% CI) and -0.18 (-0.22 to -0.14; 95% CI) D/yr, respectively.
CONCLUSION
The amblyopic eye experienced a significantly greater degree of refractive error changes than the fellow eye and underwent a continuous refractive error reduction before and after 7 years old. After the patching therapy was terminated, emmetropization in the amblyopic eye remained synchronized, whereas the refractive error change was increased in the fellow eye.
PubMed: 36330057
DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.959085 -
PloS One 2022To analyze ocular biometric changes following unilateral cataract surgery in children.
PURPOSE
To analyze ocular biometric changes following unilateral cataract surgery in children.
METHODS
A total of 57 children aged under 13 years who underwent unilateral cataract surgery were analyzed. Groups were classified according to their age at surgery: group I (age <3), II (3≤ age <6), III (6≤ age <9), and IV (age ≥9). The myopic shift, axial growth, and corneal curvature changes were compared between the pseudophakic eyes and the fellow phakic eyes.
RESULTS
During 7.81 ± 4.39 years, the overall myopic shift (D) and the rate of myopic shift (D/year) were significantly higher at -3.25 ± 3.21 D and -0.45 ± 0.44 D/year in the pseudophakic eyes than -1.78 ± 2.10 D and -0.22 ± 0.29 D/year in the fellow phakic eyes (P = 0.01, 0.004). Group I (-1.14 ± 0.66 vs -0.02 ± 0.45 D/year) and group II (-0.63 ± 0.37 vs -0.31 ± 0.29 D/year) showed significantly higher rate of myopic shift in the pseudophakic eyes than in the phakic eyes. The rate of myopic shift in the pseudophakic eyes decreased in the older age groups (P = 0.001). There was no significant between-eye difference in the changes in axial length and keratometric values postoperatively.
CONCLUSION
Following unilateral cataract surgery, a significant postoperative myopic shift was noticed in the pseudophakic eyes compared to the fellow phakic eyes in groups under 6 years old. Postoperative myopic shift and the resultant anisometropia should be considered when selecting the optimal power of IOL in young children requiring unilateral cataract surgery.
Topics: Aged; Biometry; Cataract; Cataract Extraction; Child; Child, Preschool; Cornea; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Lens Implantation, Intraocular; Myopia; Refraction, Ocular
PubMed: 35930578
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272369 -
Contact Lens & Anterior Eye : the... Jun 2024Corneal techniques for enhancing near and intermediate vision to correct presbyopia include surgical and contact lens treatment modalities. Broad approaches used...
Corneal techniques for enhancing near and intermediate vision to correct presbyopia include surgical and contact lens treatment modalities. Broad approaches used independently or in combination include correcting one eye for distant and the other for near or intermediate vision, (termed monovision or mini-monovision depending on the degree of anisometropia) and/or extending the eye's depth of focus [1]. This report provides an overview of the evidence for the treatment profile, safety, and efficacy of the range of corneal techniques currently available for managing presbyopia. The visual needs and expectations of the patient, their ocular characteristics, and prior history of surgery are critical considerations for patient selection and preoperative evaluation. Contraindications to refractive surgery include unstable refraction, corneal abnormalities, inadequate corneal thickness for the proposed ablation depth, ocular and systemic co-morbidities, uncontrolled mental health issues and unrealistic patient expectations. Laser refractive options for monovision include surface/stromal ablation techniques and keratorefractive lenticule extraction. Alteration of spherical aberration and multifocal ablation profiles are the primary means for increasing ocular depth of focus, using surface and non-surface laser refractive techniques. Corneal inlays use either small aperture optics to increase depth of field or modify the anterior corneal curvature to induce corneal multifocality. Presbyopia correction by conductive keratoplasty involves application of radiofrequency energy to the mid-peripheral corneal stroma which leads to mid-peripheral corneal shrinkage, inducing central corneal steepening. Hyperopic orthokeratology lens fitting can induce spherical aberration and correct some level of presbyopia. Postoperative management, and consideration of potential complications, varies according to technique applied and the time to restore corneal stability, but a minimum of 3 months of follow-up is recommended after corneal refractive procedures. Ongoing follow-up is important in orthokeratology and longer-term follow-up may be required in the event of late complications following corneal inlay surgery.
PubMed: 38851946
DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2024.102190 -
International Journal of Ophthalmology 2023To investigate the differences in retinal refraction difference values (RDVs) of adult patients with myopic anisometropia compared with those without myopic...
AIM
To investigate the differences in retinal refraction difference values (RDVs) of adult patients with myopic anisometropia compared with those without myopic anisometropia, and to investigate the relationship between ocular biometric measurements and relative peripheral refraction.
METHODS
This clinical observation study included 130 patients with myopia (-0.25 to -10.00 D) between October 2022 and January 2023 aged between 18 and 40y. The patients were divided into anisometropia (=63; difference in binocular anisometropia ≥1.00 D) and non-anisometropia (=67; difference in binocular anisometropia <1.00 D) groups accordingly. Ocular biometric measurements were performed by optical biometrics and corneal topography to assess the steep keratometry (Ks), flap keratometry (Kf), axial length (AL), corneal astigmatism (CYL; Ks-Kf), surface regularity index (SRI), surface asymmetry index (SAI), and central corneal thickness (CCT). The RDV was measured at five retinal areas from the fovea to 53 degrees (RDV-0-10, RDV-10-20, RDV-20-30, RDV-30-40, and RDV-40-53), the total RDV (TRDV) of 53 degrees, and four regions, including RDV-superior, RDV-inferior, RDV-temporal, and RDV-nasal. An analysis of Spearman correlation was carried out to examine the correlation between RDV and the spherical equivalent (SE) and ocular biological parameters.
RESULTS
Within RDV-20-53, both groups showed relative hyperopic defocus, and the increase in RDV corresponds to the increase in eccentricity. In the myopic anisometropia group, the TRDV, RDV-20-53, RDV-superior, and more myopic eyes had significantly higher RDV-temporal values than less myopic eyes. (<0.05). In the non-anisometropia group, there was no significant difference in the RDV between the more and less myopic eyes at different eccentricities (>0.05). There was a negative correlation between SE and TRDV (=-0.205, =0.001), RDV-20-53 (=-0.281, -0.183, -0.176, <0.05), RDV-superior (=-0.251, <0.001), and RDV-temporal (=-0.230, <0.001), a negative correlation between CYL and RDV-10-30 (=-0.147, -0.180, <0.05), and a negative correlation between SRI and RDV-0-20 (=-0.190, -0.170, <0.05). AL had a positive correlation with RDV-20-30 (=0.164, =0.008) and RDV-temporal (=0.160, =0.010).
CONCLUSION
More myopic eyes in patients with myopic anisometropia show more peripheral hyperopic defocus. Diopter and corneal morphology may affect peripheral retinal defocus.
PubMed: 38111932
DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2023.12.22 -
Beyoglu Eye Journal 2021This study was an assessment of factors related to the development and maintenance of binocular sensory function after successful alignment of accommodative esotropia...
OBJECTIVES
This study was an assessment of factors related to the development and maintenance of binocular sensory function after successful alignment of accommodative esotropia (AE).
METHODS
A total of 107 patients aged <12 years with ≥6 months follow-up were included in the study. The variables of age at onset of deviation, duration of deviation before treatment, the amount of uncorrected distance and near deviation, hyperopia, anisometropia, and accommodative convergence to accommodation ratio (AC/A) were evaluated.
RESULTS
The study patients had a mean age of 4.9±2.5 years and a mean length of follow-up of 34.3±28 months. Anisometropia was identified in 26.1% of the participants. Anisometropic patients had a greater degree of hyperopia (mean: 5.02±2.07 D) than the patients without (p>0.05). Amblyopia was seen in 25% of the patients with anisometropia, and in 19% of those without (p<0.05). The binocular visual function of the 2 groups was not significantly different (p>0.05). The age at onset of deviation and the duration of deviation did not affect the final outcome (p>0.05 for all). The degree of initial uncorrected distance deviation had a significant effect on the development of amblyopia, fusion, and contoured stereopsis (p<0.05 for all), while the degree of near deviation without correction had a significant effect only on contoured stereopsis.
CONCLUSION
The degree of uncorrected distance and near deviation had a negative impact on binocular vision and stereopsis in AE. The presence of anisometropia, age at onset of deviation, duration of deviation before treatment, high hyperopia, and high AC/A did not pose a significant risk for impaired binocular function.
PubMed: 35005511
DOI: 10.14744/bej.2021.77598 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2023To investigate the prevalence of anisometropia and associated parameters among school-aged children in Nantong, China.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the prevalence of anisometropia and associated parameters among school-aged children in Nantong, China.
METHODS
This school-based, cross-sectional study examined students from primary schools, junior high schools, and senior high schools in an urban area of Nantong, China. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the specific correlations between anisometropia and related parameters. Non-cycloplegic autorefraction was assessed for each student. Anisometropia was defined as the spherical equivalent refraction (SE) difference ≥ 1.0 D between eyes.
RESULTS
A total of 9,501 participants were validated for analyses, of which 53.2% ( = 5,054) were male, and 46.8% ( = 4,447) were female. The mean of age was 13.32 ± 3.49 years, ranging from 7-19 years. The overall prevalence of anisometropia was 25.6%. Factors such as myopia, scoliosis screening positive, hyperopia, female sex, older age, and higher weight had a significantly higher risk of anisometropia ( < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
There was a high prevalence of anisometropia in school-age children. Some physical examination parameters are closely related to children's anisometropia, especially myopia and scoliosis. Preventing myopia and controlling its progression may be the most important ways to reduce the prevalence of anisometropia. Correcting scoliosis may be an important factor in controlling the prevalence of anisometropia, and maintaining good reading and writing posture may be helpful in controlling the prevalence of anisometropia.
Topics: Humans; Male; Child; Female; Adolescent; Anisometropia; Cross-Sectional Studies; Prevalence; Scoliosis; Myopia; China
PubMed: 37397717
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1190285 -
Frontiers in Medicine 2021To explore the associations between refractive errors and multiple eye health outcomes. This is an umbrella review based on systematic reviews with meta-analyses. In...
To explore the associations between refractive errors and multiple eye health outcomes. This is an umbrella review based on systematic reviews with meta-analyses. In our study, refractive errors included myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia. We reconducted the meta-analyses whose primary data were available in sufficient detail by random effect model. Heterogeneity was assessed by . The main outcomes included myopic macular degeneration (MMD), retinal detachment (RD), cataract, open-angle glaucoma (OAG), strabismus, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Myopia was associated with increased risk of MMD (relative risk = 102.11, 95% CI 52.6-198.22), RD (3.45, 1.08-11.00), nuclear cataract (2.15, 1.53-3.03), posterior subcapsular (PSC) cataract (1.74, 1.41-2.15), OAG (1.95, 1.74-2.19), exotropia (5.23, 2.26-12.09), but decreased risk of DR (0.83, 0.66-1.04), and early AMD (0.80, 0.67-0.94). From mild-to-high myopia, the association strengthened for MMD, RD, nuclear cataract, PSC cataract, OAG, and DR. Hyperopia was associated with an increased risk of early AMD (1.09, 1.01-1.18) and esotropia (22.94, 10.20-51.62). Astigmatism and anisometropia were associated with increased risk of both exotropia and esotropia. Myopia, especially high myopia, demonstrated the highest risk for eye health outcomes, such as MMD, RD, OAG, nuclear and PSC cataracts, and exotropia. However, myopia was associated with a lower risk of early AMD and DR. Individuals with hyperopia are more likely to suffer early AMD and esotropia. Astigmatism and anisometropia predispose to strabismus. A lot of research studies on the mechanism of the associations are needed. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=239744; identifier: 239744.
PubMed: 34805225
DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.759767 -
PloS One 2024Scoliosis is one of the most common surgical disorders of the pediatric spine. Refractive errors are commonly associated with vision impairment worldwide. However, it is...
BACKGROUND
Scoliosis is one of the most common surgical disorders of the pediatric spine. Refractive errors are commonly associated with vision impairment worldwide. However, it is currently unclear whether refractive error correlates directly with the development of scoliosis.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was performed in 2023, and a stratified cluster sampling technique was employed among school-aged students in Nantong City, China. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate specific correlations between scoliosis and related parameters; various types of refractive errors were also included in the study.
RESULTS
The prevalence of scoliosis among school-aged students was 2.2% in Nantong city. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia were not correlated with the development of scoliosis (all, p≥0.05). Lower body mass index (BMI) [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.92; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.88-0.95; p<0.001], living in rural areas (aOR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.05-1.86; p = 0.020), and older age (aOR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.25-1.38; p<0.001) had significantly higher risks of scoliosis.
CONCLUSIONS
Refractive errors did not correlate with the development of scoliosis. However, BMI, living in rural areas and older age did correlate with the development of scoliosis.
Topics: Scoliosis; Humans; Male; Female; Cross-Sectional Studies; Refractive Errors; Child; Adolescent; China; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Body Mass Index; Logistic Models
PubMed: 38739623
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303324 -
Beyoglu Eye Journal 2021This study was performed to assess and analyze the retinal and choroidal thickness in amblyopic eyes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and enhanced...
OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to assess and analyze the retinal and choroidal thickness in amblyopic eyes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography.
METHODS
A total of 67 children with amblyopia and 31 age- and gender-matched healthy non-amblyopic control subjects were enrolled in the study. The 67 amblyopic children were divided into 3 groups: hypermetropic amblyopia (Group 1). microesotropia (Group 2). and myopic anisometropia (Group 3). All of the participants underwent a detailed ophthalmologic examination and orthoptic assessment. The subfoveal choroidal thickness was measured at 500-. 750-. 1000-. and 15000-micron intervals nasally and temporally. Central macular thickness was also measured in the subfoveal. parafoveal inferior. parafoveal superior. parafoveal nasal. and parafoveal temporal superior. inferior. nasal. and temporal quadrants. All of the parameters of the amblyopic eyes. fellow eyes. and control eyes were compared.
RESULTS
In all. 34 female and 33 male patients were studied. The mean age was 8.6±2.8 years (range: 5-12 years). Comparison of the choroidal thickness and macular thickness measurements between the amblyopic and non-amblyopic eye of the same patient within each group revealed no statistically significant differences. Comparison of the findings in the amblyopic eyes of Group 1 and Group 3 with the control group revealed that the choroidal thickness measurements were smaller in the amblyopic eyes in all quadrants. however. only the nasal quadrant measurements demonstrated a statistical significance. The subfoveal macular thickness value was also smaller in both groups when compared with the control eyes.
CONCLUSION
Our results indicated that amblyopia. whether anisometropic or microtropic. did not seem to significantly affect choroidal thickness.
PubMed: 35059581
DOI: 10.14744/bej.2021.52714 -
Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the... Jul 2022To simulate both lens-induced and screen-induced aniseikonia, and to assess its influence on stereopsis. Additionally, to determine if screen-based size differences...
PURPOSE
To simulate both lens-induced and screen-induced aniseikonia, and to assess its influence on stereopsis. Additionally, to determine if screen-based size differences could neutralise the effects of lens-induced aniseikonia.
METHOD
A four-circle (4-C) paradigm was developed, where one circle appears in front or behind the others because of crossed or uncrossed disparity. This stereotest was used for three investigations: (1) Comparison with the McGill modified random dot stereogram (RDS), with anisometropia introduced with +2 D spheres and cylinders, and with aniseikonia introduced with 6% overall and 6% meridional (×180, ×90) magnifiers before the right eye; (2) Comparison of lens-induced and screen-induced 6% overall and meridional magnifications and (3) Determining if lens and screen effects neutralised, by opposing 6% lens-induced magnification to the right eye with screen-inducements of either 6% left eye magnification or 6% right eye minification. A pilot study of the effect of masking versus not masking the surround was also conducted.
RESULTS
The 4-C test gave higher stereo-thresholds than the RDS test by 0.5 ± 0.2 log units across both anisometropic and aniseikonic conditions. However, variations in power, meridian and magnification affected the two tests similarly. The pilot study indicated that surround masking improved neutralisation of screen and lens effects. With masking, lens-induced and screen-induced magnifications increased stereo-thresholds similarly. With lens and screen effects opposed, for most participants stereo-thresholds returned to baseline for overall and ×180 magnifications, but not for ×90 magnification. Only three of seven participants showed good compensation for ×90 magnification.
CONCLUSIONS
Effects of lens-induced aniseikonia on stereopsis cannot always be successfully simulated with a screen-based method. The ability to neutralise refractive aniseikonia using a computer-based method, which is the basis of digital clinical measurement, was reasonably successful for overall and ×180 meridional aniseikonia, but not very successful for ×90 aniseikonia.
Topics: Aniseikonia; Depth Perception; Eyeglasses; Humans; Pilot Projects; Refraction, Ocular
PubMed: 35253250
DOI: 10.1111/opo.12973