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Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Mar 2021Chemokine receptors and their corresponding ligands are key players of immunity by regulation of immune cell differentiation and migration. CXCR1 is a high-affinity...
BACKGROUND
Chemokine receptors and their corresponding ligands are key players of immunity by regulation of immune cell differentiation and migration. CXCR1 is a high-affinity receptor for CXCL8. Differential expression of CXCR1 is associated with a variety of human pathologies including cancer and inflammatory diseases. While various studies have highlighted the importance of CXCR1-mediated CXCL8-sensing for neutrophil trafficking and function, its role in B-cell responses remains unsolved. Therefore, our aim was to investigate innate and adaptive antibody responses in CXCR1-deficient mice.
METHODS
Cell populations of the spleen and the peritoneal cavity were identified and quantified via flow cytometry. To investigate thymus-independent (TI) and thymus-dependent (TD) antibody responses, mice were immunized intraperitoneally with TNP-Ficoll, Pneumovax23, and TNP-Chicken Gamma Globulin. Mice were bled before as well as 7 and 14 days after vaccination to collect serum. Serum antibody levels overtime were analyzed according to their specificity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. B-1 cell functionality was examined by IL-5/IL-5Rα-dependent stimulation of peritoneal and splenic cells in vitro. To analyze CXCR1/2-expression, CD19 splenocytes were enriched by magnetic-activated cell sorting before isolation of total RNA contents, followed by reverse transcription and real-time polymerase chain reaction.
RESULTS
The distribution of natural B-1 cell populations was disturbed in the absence of CXCR1, while their responsiveness towards TI antigens and in vitro stimulation remained functional. Besides, CXCR1-deficiency was accompanied by increased frequencies of follicular B-2 cells in the spleen. Interestingly, these mice produced elevated levels of antigen-specific IgG upon TD immunization and harbored a significantly enlarged proportion of CXCR5-expressing T helper (H) cells. CXCR1-expression was detectable in CD19 splenocytes derived from wild-type, but not CXCR1-deficient mice.
CONCLUSION
Our data demonstrate a previously unknown relevance of CXCR1 for the production of specific IgG in response to vaccination. These findings identify CXCR1 as a promising candidate for future studies on the regulation of adaptive antibody responses.
Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Antigens, T-Independent; Immunization; Immunoglobulin G; Mice; Vaccination
PubMed: 33226189
DOI: 10.1002/iid3.380 -
Immunology and Cell Biology Nov 2016Antibodies are involved in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases. Although the mechanisms underlying the antibody response to infection or vaccination are... (Review)
Review
Antibodies are involved in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases. Although the mechanisms underlying the antibody response to infection or vaccination are reasonably well understood, we still have a poor understanding of the nature of autoimmune antibody responses. The most well studied are the anti-nuclear antibody responses characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus and studies over the past decade or so have demonstrated a critical role for signaling by TLR7 and/or TLR9 in B cells to promote these responses. These Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can promote T-cell-independent extrafollicular antibody responses with a heavy-chain class switch and a low degree of somatic mutation, but they can also strongly boost the germinal center response that gives rise to high-affinity antibodies and long-lived plasma cells. TLRs have been shown to enhance affinity maturation in germinal center responses to produce high-affinity neutralizing antibodies in several virus infection models of mice. Although more data are needed, it appears that anti-nuclear antibodies in mouse models of lupus and in lupus patients can be generated by either pathway, provided there are genetic susceptibility alleles that compromise B-cell tolerance at one or another stage. Limited data in other autoimmune diseases suggest that the germinal center response may be the predominant pathway leading to autoantibodies in those diseases. A better understanding of the mechanisms of autoantibody production may ultimately be helpful in the development of targeted therapeutics for lupus or other autoimmune diseases.
Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Autoantibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; B-Lymphocytes; Germinal Center; Humans; Mice; Toll-Like Receptors
PubMed: 27562062
DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.78 -
Annals of Behavioral Medicine : a... Aug 2020Social support and social integration have been linked to lower rates of morbidity and mortality. However, the biological mechanisms responsible for such links need... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Social support and social integration have been linked to lower rates of morbidity and mortality. However, the biological mechanisms responsible for such links need greater attention. Vaccine paradigms provide an integrative window into immune system involvement in the protective influence of social support/integration.
PURPOSE
The main aim of this article was to conduct a meta-analytic review of the association between social support/social integration and antibody responses to vaccines. Exploratory analyses also examined effect sizes and confidence intervals as a function of several factors to inform future research.
METHOD
A literature search was conducted using the ancestry approach and with PsycInfo, Medline, and the Psychology and Behavioral Science Collection by crossing the exact keywords of social support or social integration with vaccine or antibodies. The review identified nine studies with a total of 672 participants.
RESULTS
The omnibus meta-analysis showed that social support/social integration was related to higher antibody levels following vaccination, but the average effect size was small and the lower bound of the confidence interval included zero (Zr = 0.06 [-.04, .15]). These results did not appear to differ much as a function of the operationalization of social relationships, participant age, or follow-up period, although effect sizes appeared larger for studies using a primary antigen.
CONCLUSIONS
These data provide some evidence that social support may be linked to antibody responses to vaccines. However, effect sizes are mostly small and zero overall effect cannot be ruled out. Future studies would benefit from larger sample sizes and greater consideration of methodological issues associated with secondary immune responses to antigen.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antibody Formation; Humans; Middle Aged; Social Integration; Social Support; Vaccination; Vaccines; Young Adult
PubMed: 32415849
DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaaa029 -
Clinics in Laboratory Medicine Mar 2022Humoral immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during acute infection and convalescence has been widely studied since March 2020. In... (Review)
Review
Humoral immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during acute infection and convalescence has been widely studied since March 2020. In this review, the authors summarize literature on humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 antigens with a focus on spike, nucleocapsid, and the receptor-binding domain as targets of antibody responses. They highlight serologic studies during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and discuss the clinical relevance of antibody levels in COVID-19 progression. Antibody responses in pediatric COVID-19 patients are also reviewed. Finally, the authors discuss antibody responses during convalescence and their role in protection from SARS-CoV-2 reinfection.
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Antibody Formation; COVID-19; Child; Humans; Immunity, Humoral; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 35153051
DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2021.10.002 -
African Health Sciences Jun 2016Antibodies are essential part of vertebrates' adaptive immune system; they can now be produced by transforming plants with antibody-coding genes from mammals/humans.... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Antibodies are essential part of vertebrates' adaptive immune system; they can now be produced by transforming plants with antibody-coding genes from mammals/humans. Although plants do not naturally make antibodies, the plant-derived antibodies (plantibodies) have been shown to function in the same way as mammalian antibodies.
METHODS
PubMed and Google search engines were used to download relevant publications on plantibodies in medical and veterinary fields; the papers were reviewed and findings qualitatively described.
RESULTS
The process of bioproduction of plantibodies offers several advantages over the conventional method of antibody production in mammalian cells with the cost of antibody production in plants being substantially lesser. Contrary to what is possible with animal-derived antibodies, the process of making plantibodies almost exclusively precludes transfer of pathogens to the end product. Additionally, plants not only produce a relatively high yield of antibodies in a comparatively faster time, they also serve as cost-effective bioreactors to produce antibodies of diverse specificities.
CONCLUSION
Plantibodies are safe, cost-effective and offer more advantages over animal-derived antibodies. Methods of producing them are described with a view to inspiring African scientists on the need to embrace and harness this rapidly evolving biotechnology in solving human and animal health challenges on the continent where the climate supports growth of diverse plants.
Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Health Status; Humans; Immunomodulation; Nigeria; Plantibodies
PubMed: 27605982
DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v16i2.35 -
Vaccine Sep 2017Preterm (PT) infants are at greater risk for severe influenza infection and experience decrements in long-term antibody responses to vaccines. This may related to...
BACKGROUND
Preterm (PT) infants are at greater risk for severe influenza infection and experience decrements in long-term antibody responses to vaccines. This may related to defects in antibody secreting cell (ASC) generation.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relationships among the frequencies of influenza-specific antibody secreting cells, ASC numbers and subsets, and antibody responses to influenza vaccines (IV) among PT and full-term (FT) infants.
DESIGN/METHODS
We enrolled 11 former PT (≤32weeks' gestation, ≤1500 g' birth weight) and 11FT infants, 6-17months of age, receiving their first influenza immunizations. Infants received two doses of inactivated trivalent (T)IV or quadrivalent (Q)IV during the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 influenza seasons, respectively, at 0 and 28days, and blood was drawn at 0, 10, 35, and 56days and 9months. Vaccine-specific antibody was measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) at 0 and 56days and 9months, vaccine-specific ASC numbers by enzyme linked immunospot (ELISPOT) at 10 and 35days, and ASC subsets by flow cytometry at 0, 10 and 35days.
RESULTS
PT infants had post-vaccine HAI titers to all 4 vaccine strains at least equal to FT infants at 56days and 9months after beginning immunization. Influenza-specific ASC ELISPOT responses at 35days were higher among PT than FT infants (median 100 v. 30 per 10 PBMC, p=0.04). ASC numbers at 35days were positively correlated with serum HAI titers at 56days (ρ=0.50-0.80). There were no statistical differences between PT and FT infants in the frequency of five ASC subsets and no specific ASC subset correlated with durability of serum antibody titers.
CONCLUSIONS
Influenza-specific ASC numbers in both FT and PT infants correlated with peak antibody titers, but ASC subsets did not correlate with durability of antibody response.
Topics: Antibody Formation; Antibody-Producing Cells; Child; Female; Flow Cytometry; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Influenza Vaccines; Male; Premature Birth; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 28807607
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.115 -
Physiology & Behavior Apr 2020This study addressed the impact of early and later life environmental enrichment, and their combination, on specific antibody responses and peripheral blood leukocyte...
This study addressed the impact of early and later life environmental enrichment, and their combination, on specific antibody responses and peripheral blood leukocyte subpopulations in pigs. Pigs were kept in either barren (B1) or enriched (E1) housing from birth, and half of the pigs switched to barren or enriched housing on day 47, resulting in four treatment combinations: B1B2, B1E2, E1B2, E1E2). Pigs were immunized with keyhole limpet hemocyanin-conjugated trinitrophenyl (KLH-TNP) on day 74 and 109 to induce primary and secondary antibody responses. Blood samples were taken weekly until day 130, and IgM and IgG antibody responses were measured. Leukocyte subpopulations were measured on day 74 and 130. Time course of the antibody responses was not affected by housing. Early life enrichment increased the IgG response to KLH, particularly the primary one. At day 74 the relative frequency of lymphocytes, DC and SLA-II expression on monocytes were higher in E1 pigs, whereas the percentage of granulocytes tended to be lower in E1 pigs at day 74. Early life enrichment increased the SLA-II expression on monocytes, the granulocyte to lymphocyte ratio, and tended to increase the percentage of granulocytes, but tended to decrease the percentage of monocytes at day 130. Later life enrichment reduced percentages of CD4+CD8α T cells before and after immunization and the SLA-II expression on monocytes at day 74, the percentage of granulocytes and the granulocyte to lymphocyte ratio at day 130. Notably, early and later life housing interacted in their effects on several immune parameters. KLH-IgM responses (both primary and secondary) were affected by the interaction between early and later life housing. IgM titers were higher for B1B2 than for E1E2, with the switched animals (B1E2 and E1B2) moving towards the titers of the animals kept in their later life environment from birth onwards. At day 130 the percentage of gamma delta T cells, CD8α cytotoxic T cells and DC were not different between pigs kept in B1B2 and E1E2, but there was a clear impact of the switch in housing conditions, particularly for the pigs that changed from barren to enriched housing. We also found effects of coping style (personality) and sex on some immune parameters. In conclusion, both early life and later life enrichment, and, notably a switch in housing conditions influenced specific antibodies and leukocyte subpopulations in pigs. The current study implies that the early life history of animals and the (mis)match with their current environment could thus be of major importance for their immune system. Further research is needed to investigate potential consequences for the pigs' health.
Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Housing, Animal; Immunoglobulin G; Leukocytes; Personality; Swine
PubMed: 31923451
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112799 -
American Journal of Transplantation :... Aug 2021Gärtner and Sester contextualize recent findings on natural and vaccine‐induced immunity towards influenza in transplant recipients including implications for other...
Gärtner and Sester contextualize recent findings on natural and vaccine‐induced immunity towards influenza in transplant recipients including implications for other vaccines. Hirzel et al.'s article is on page 2709.
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Antibody Formation; Humans; Influenza, Human; Vaccination
PubMed: 33638930
DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16554 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021In 2009, a novel influenza A/H1N1pdm09 emerged and caused a pandemic. This strain continued to circulate and was therefore included in the seasonal vaccines up to the... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
BACKGROUND
In 2009, a novel influenza A/H1N1pdm09 emerged and caused a pandemic. This strain continued to circulate and was therefore included in the seasonal vaccines up to the 2016/2017-season. This provided a unique opportunity to study the long-term antibody responses to H1N1pdm09 in healthcare workers (HCW) with a different vaccination history.
METHODS
HCW at Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway were immunized with the AS03-adjuvanted H1N1pdm09 vaccine in 2009 (N=55) and divided into groups according to their vaccination history; one vaccination (N=10), two vaccinations (N=15), three vaccinations (N=5), four vaccinations (N=15) and five vaccinations (N=10). HCW are recommended for influenza vaccination to protect both themselves and their patients, but it is voluntary in Norway. Blood samples were collected pre- and at 21 days, 3, 6, and 12 months after each vaccination, or annually from 2010 HCW without vaccination. ELISA, haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) assays were used to determine the antibody response.
RESULTS
Pandemic vaccination induced a significant increase in the H1N1-specific antibodies measured by ELISA, HI and MN. Seasonal vaccination boosted the antibody response, both in HCW with only the current vaccination and those with prior and current vaccination during 2010/11-2013/14. We observed a trend of increased antibody responses in HCW with only the current vaccination in 2013/14. A two- and three-year gap before vaccination in 2013/14 provided a more potent antibody response compared to annually vaccinated HCW.
CONCLUSIONS
Our long term follow up study elucidates the antibody response in HCW with different vaccination histories. Our findings contribute to our understanding of the impact of repeated vaccination upon antibody responses.
Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Viral; Antibody Formation; Binding Sites; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Personnel; Humans; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Male; Vaccination
PubMed: 34938285
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748281 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021CXCL13 signals through the G protein-coupled chemokine receptor CXCR5 to drive development of secondary lymphoid tissue as well as B cell and Tfh cell trafficking to... (Review)
Review
CXCL13 signals through the G protein-coupled chemokine receptor CXCR5 to drive development of secondary lymphoid tissue as well as B cell and Tfh cell trafficking to germinal centers (GC), which leads to the differentiation of B cells to plasma cells and memory B cells. CXCL13 has been proposed as a general plasma biomarker for GC activities. In HIV-1 infected individuals, plasma CXCL13 levels have been associated with the rate of disease progression to AIDS. Moreover, CXCL13 production has been reported to be increased in HIV-1-infected lymph nodes, which may drive increased downregulation of CXCR5. In this review, we address the role of CXCL13 in HIV-1 infected individuals with regard to GC formation, generation of broadly neutralizing antibodies after infection and vaccination, and AIDS-related B cell lymphoma.
Topics: AIDS Vaccines; Antibody Formation; Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies; Chemokine CXCL13; HIV Antibodies; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans
PubMed: 33732259
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.638872