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Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 2020The purpose of the current study was to investigate the (analgesic, antidiarrheal, neurological, and cytotoxic) and (antioxidant, antimicrobial, thrombolytic and...
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the (analgesic, antidiarrheal, neurological, and cytotoxic) and (antioxidant, antimicrobial, thrombolytic and anthelmintic) activity of different fractions of methanolic extract of .
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The antioxidant property was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging assay, while antimicrobial activity was examined against three Gram (+) and one Gram (-) bacteria. Thrombolytic and anthelmintic activities were evaluated by using human blood serum and by recording paralysis and death time in earthworm, respectively. Cytotoxic activity was investigated in brine shrimp nauplii. Analgesic and antidiarrheal activities were evaluated in Swiss albino mice and neurological effect was evaluated by open field and Elevated plus-maze test (EPM).
RESULTS
All fractions (n-hexane, carbon tetrachloride and chloroform) possess significant (p<0.05) cytotoxic activity. In case of thrombolytic activity, the highest concentration of methanolic extract produced a remarkable percentage of clot lysis (46.12%). The concentration of 1000 μg/ml produced a significant antibacterial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative . Aqueous fraction at a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight, was found to show promising analgesic activity. In case of antidiarrheal and anthelmintic activity, plant extract showed dose-dependent activity. Methanolic extract and its fractions failed to produce any neurological effect in both methods.
CONCLUSION
The overall results of the study tend to suggest that the methanolic extract and its fractions have promising pharmacological activities.
PubMed: 32995323
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2020L. is a natural medicinal plant that has been widely used for its various pharmacological effects such as antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing. This...
L. is a natural medicinal plant that has been widely used for its various pharmacological effects such as antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing. This study aims to explore the antidiarrheal active ingredients of L. that can be used as quality markers to evaluate L. superfine powder (PSP). Molecular docking experiment was performed to identify the effective components of L., which were further evaluated by an established mouse diarrhea model. Na/K-ATPase and creatine kinase (CK) activities and the Na/K concentrations were determined. The gene expression of and was detected. PSP was prepared and evaluated in terms of the tap density and the angle of repose. The structures of PSPs of different sizes were measured by infrared spectra. The active ingredient contents of PSPs were determined by HPLC. The results indicated that the main antidiarrheal components of L. were luteolin and scutellarein that could increase the concentration of Na and K by upregulating the activity and gene level of CK and Na/K-ATPase. In addition, luteolin and scutellarein could also decrease the volume and weight of small intestinal contents to exert antidiarrheal activity. Moreover, as the PSP size decreased from 6.66 to 3.55 μm, the powder tended to be amorphous and homogenized and of good fluidity, the content of active compounds gradually increased, and the main structure of the molecule remained steady. The optimum particle size of PSP with the highest content of active components was 3.55 μm, and the lowest effective dose for antidiarrhea was 2,000 mg/kg. Therefore, the antidiarrheal active ingredients of PSP were identified as luteolin and scutellarein that exert antidiarrheal activity by binding with Na/K-ATPase. PSP was successfully prepared and could be used as a new dosage form for the diarrhea treatment.
PubMed: 33542689
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.612478 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2022(L.) Correa (Bael) fruit, a member of the Rutaceae family, is a major cultivated fruit plant in tropical and subtropical regions in countries of southeast Asia. Bael... (Review)
Review
(L.) Correa (Bael) fruit, a member of the Rutaceae family, is a major cultivated fruit plant in tropical and subtropical regions in countries of southeast Asia. Bael fruit has been a major topic for studies in recent years mainly due to its high nutritional (carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, and vitamins) value and presence of various phytochemicals, which attributed to its high medicinal value. These phytochemicals include various compounds, e.g., alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids (protocatechuic acid, gallic, and ellagic acid). The fruit extract of bael has been also an important study area for its pharmacological activities, including antidiarrheal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, radioprotective, anticancer, antiulcer properties. The current review mainly highlighted the nutritional and pharmacological activities of bael fruit. The nutritional profile and phytochemical profile were discussed in the review, along with their concentration in the fruit. Moreover, the experiments carried out in vivo and in vitro of bael fruit extracts with respect to their pharmacological activities were also discussed in the article. The recent literature based on nutritional and pharmacological values of bael fruit showed its high potential as a food and pharmaceutical product. Despite having high nutritional and pharmacological value, research related to molecular mechanisms of bael fruit is still limited, and clinical trials are needed to ensure its safety as a product in the food and pharma industries.
Topics: Aegle; Alkaloids; Antidiarrheals; Antioxidants; Carbohydrates; Dietary Supplements; Ellagic Acid; Flavonoids; Fruit; Hypoglycemic Agents; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Rutaceae; Vitamins
PubMed: 36142805
DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810889 -
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) May 2022Apart from the nutritional value, L. has also been used in the traditional medicine of Iran, Pakistan, and India. Its seeds are used by herbalists to treat...
Possible Mechanisms Underlying the Antispasmodic, Bronchodilator, and Antidiarrheal Activities of Polarity-Based Extracts of L. Seeds in In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Studies.
Apart from the nutritional value, L. has also been used in the traditional medicine of Iran, Pakistan, and India. Its seeds are used by herbalists to treat gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urinary problems. However, more investigations are required to explain its mechanisms for treating GI, respiratory, and urinary diseases. Accordingly, the aim of the present work was to investigate the antispasmodic, bronchodilator, and antidiarrheal activities of seeds extracts and the underlying mechanisms of action. For this purpose, sequential extracts of seeds were prepared in -hexane, dichloromethane, ethanol, and water. Bioactive compounds in seed extracts were identified and quantified by utilizing LC ESI-MS/MS and HPLC. Moreover, network pharmacology and molecular docking were employed to examine the antispasmodic and bronchodilator effects of the bioactive substances in the extracts. In vitro and in vivo experiments were also conducted to validate the mechanistic insights gained from the in silico analysis. Results indicated the presence of kaempferol with a concentration of 813.74 µg/g (highest concentration) in the seed extract of , followed by quercetin (713.83 µg/g), narcissin (681.87 µg/g), and orientin (676.19 µg/g). In silico investigations demonstrated that the bioactive chemicals in seeds inhibited the expression of the target genes involved in smooth muscle contraction and calcium-mediated signaling. Sequential seed extracts of caused a dose-dependent relaxant response for spasmolytic reaction and resulted in a relaxation of K (80 mM) spastic contraction. In animal models, seed extracts exhibited partial or complete antiperistalsis, antidiarrheal, and antisecretory actions. By modulating the contractile response through calcium-mediated signaling target proteins, seeds generated bronchodilator, antispasmodic, and antidiarrheal therapeutic effects.
PubMed: 35631468
DOI: 10.3390/ph15050641 -
BMC Complementary and Alternative... Nov 2019Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. (Asphodelaceae) has traditional reputability in treatment of diarrhea and constipation but no scientific study has been reported for its...
BACKGROUND
Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. (Asphodelaceae) has traditional reputability in treatment of diarrhea and constipation but no scientific study has been reported for its gastrointestinal effects. Present study was conducted to evaluate antidiarrheal and laxative activities of the plant.
METHODS
Aqueous-ethanol crude extract of Asphodelus tenuifolius (At.Cr) was subjected to phytochemical screening and liquid-liquid fractionation. In vivo studies of charcoal meal intestinal transit test, antidiarrheal activity against castor oil induced diarrhea and laxative activity were performed in mice. In vitro experiments were conducted upon rabbit jejunum preparations using standard tissue bath techniques.
RESULTS
Phytochemical screening indicated presence of alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and phenols in At.Cr. In charcoal meal intestinal transit test, At.Cr increased (p < 0.001) intestinal motility at 100 mg/kg dose, but decreased (p < 0.001) it at 500 mg/kg dose, when compared to the control group. At.Cr (300-700 mg/kg) provided protection from castor oil induced diarrhea in mice, which was significant (p < 0.001) at 500 and 700 mg/kg doses, as compared to the saline treated control group. At.Cr (50 and 100 mg/kg) enhanced total and wet feces counts in normal mice, as compared to saline treated control. In jejunum preparations, At.Cr inhibited spontaneous, K (80 mM) and K (25 mM) mediated contractions, similar to verapamil. Pre-incubation of jejunum preparations with At.Cr resulted in rightward nonparallel shift in Ca concentration response curves, similar to verapamil. The spasmolytic activity was concentrated in ethylacetate fraction. Aqueous fraction exhibited spasmogenicity upon spontaneous contractions, which was blocked in presence of verapamil, but remained unaffected by other tested antagonists.
CONCLUSION
The Asphodelus tenuifolius crude extract possesses gut modulatory activity, which may normalize gut functions in diarrhea and constipation. The spasmolytic activity of the extract was found to be mediated through Ca channel blocking action. The spasmogenic activity, found partitioned in aqueous fraction, possibly involves Ca influx through voltage gated Ca channels. The study supports ethnic uses of the plant in diarrhea and constipation.
Topics: Animals; Antidiarrheals; Asparagales; Constipation; Diarrhea; Female; Gastrointestinal Motility; Ileum; Laxatives; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Rabbits
PubMed: 31711473
DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2740-0 -
The Primary Care Companion For CNS... Aug 2022
Topics: Humans; Opioid-Related Disorders; Opium; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Vomiting
PubMed: 36027590
DOI: 10.4088/PCC.21cr03123 -
Sports Health 2018Because sports participation at all levels often requires international travel, coaches, athletic trainers, and team physicians must effectively protect athletes from...
CONTEXT
Because sports participation at all levels often requires international travel, coaches, athletic trainers, and team physicians must effectively protect athletes from gastrointestinal infections. Traveler's diarrhea is the most common travel-related illness and can significantly interfere with training and performance.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
A review of relevant publications was completed using PubMed and Google Scholar.
STUDY DESIGN
Clinical review.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level 5 Results: Enterotoxigenic and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli are the most common bacterial causes of traveler's diarrhea. Traveler's diarrhea generally occurs within 4 days of arrival, and symptoms tend to resolve within 5 days of onset. There are several prophylactic agents that physicians can recommend to athletes, including antibiotics, bismuth subsalicylate, and probiotics; however, each has its own unique limitations. Decision-making should be based on the athlete's destination, length of stay, and intent of travel.
CONCLUSION
Prophylaxis with antibiotics is highly effective; however, physicians should be hesitant to prescribe medication due to the side effects and risks for creating antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Antibiotics may be indicated for high-risk groups, such as those with a baseline disease or travelers who have little flexible time. Since most cases of traveler's diarrhea are caused by food and/or water contamination, all athletes should be educated on the appropriate food and water consumption safety measures prior to travel.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antidiarrheals; Bismuth; Campylobacter Infections; Cryptosporidiosis; Diarrhea; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Incidence; Organometallic Compounds; Probiotics; Salicylates; Sports; Travel-Related Illness
PubMed: 28952896
DOI: 10.1177/1941738117732733 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2022The use of synthetic materials and the attention towards environmental hazards and toxicity impose the development of green composites with natural origins. Clay is one... (Review)
Review
The use of synthetic materials and the attention towards environmental hazards and toxicity impose the development of green composites with natural origins. Clay is one of the candidates for this approach. Halloysite is a natural clay mineral, a member of the Kaolin group, with characteristic tubular morphology, usually named halloysite nanotubes (HNTs). The different surface chemistry of halloysite allows the selective modification of both the external surface and the inner lumen by supramolecular or covalent interactions. An interesting aspect of HNTs is related to the possibility of introducing different species that can be released more slowly compared to the pristine compound. Due to their unique hollow morphology and large cavity, HNTs can be employed as an optimal natural nanocarrier. This review discusses the structure, properties, and application of HNTs in the biological field, highlighting their high biocompatibility, and analyse the opportunity to use new HNT hybrids as drug carriers and delivery systems.
Topics: Clay; Drug Carriers; Kaolin; Minerals; Nanotubes
PubMed: 36232811
DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911518 -
Metabolism Open Sep 2022Natural products have been utilized by human beings for thousands of years to relieve a variety of ailments, including diarrhea. Conventional antidiarrheal drugs are...
BACKGROUND
Natural products have been utilized by human beings for thousands of years to relieve a variety of ailments, including diarrhea. Conventional antidiarrheal drugs are associated with multiple adverse effects and contraindications. Traditionally, crushing the root, mix with water and then drunk the juice is extensively used for treating diarrhea. However, no scientific research has been done yet to support its antidiarrheal efficacy and safety. Hence, the aim of the study was to evaluate the antidiarrheal activity and safety profile of the plant in mice.
METHODS
The hydro-methanolic extract was extracted through a cold maceration technique using 80% methanol. Castor oil-induced diarrheal, gastro-intestinal transit, and enteropooling models have been employed to assess the antidiarrheal activity of the test extract at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg.
RESULTS
The crude root extract caused no mortality at a single limit test dose of 2 g/kg throughout the first 24 h and for the rest of the 14 days. In a castor oil-induced diarrheal model, the hydro-methanolic extract markedly delayed the onset of diarrhea, reduced the weight of wet and total feces at 100 (<.05), 200 (<.01), and 400 mg/kg (<.001) test doses. Meanwhile, at 200 (<.01) and 400 mg/kg (<.001) doses, the plant extract considerably lowered the weight and volume of intestinal contents. In the gastro-intestinal transit model, however, a dramatic inhibition in the charcoal meal travel was noticed at 100 (<.05), 200 (<.01), and 400 mg/kg (<.001) test doses. The peak antidiarrheal index was exhibited at the highest dose of the test extract.
CONCLUSION
The study speculated that root extract possesses antidiarrheal activity, which could be owing to its inhibitory effect on both gastro-intestinal motility and fluid secretion.
PubMed: 35785136
DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2022.100197 -
Polish Archives of Internal Medicine Nov 2018New guidelines on the management of acute diarrhea in adults were promulgated in 2016. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the context of acute diarrhea... (Review)
Review
New guidelines on the management of acute diarrhea in adults were promulgated in 2016. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the context of acute diarrhea and how to generally approach a patient; to present some new areas in the field concerning diagnostics, particularly culture-independent testing, as well as some of the risks and benefits of treatment; and to discuss prevention, particularly in the traveler's diarrhea setting.
Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antidiarrheals; Diarrhea; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Travel
PubMed: 30398467
DOI: 10.20452/pamw.4363