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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2017The ability of some crops to accumulate selenium (Se) is crucial for human nutrition and health. Selenium has been identified as a cofactor of the enzyme glutathione... (Review)
Review
The ability of some crops to accumulate selenium (Se) is crucial for human nutrition and health. Selenium has been identified as a cofactor of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, which is a catalyzer in the reduction of peroxides that can damage cells and tissues, and can act as an antioxidant. Plants are the first link in the food chain, which ends with humans. Increasing the Se quantity in plant products, including leafy and fruity vegetables, and fruit crops, without exceeding the toxic threshold, is thus a good way to increase animal and human Se intake, with positive effects on long-term health. In many Se-enriched plants, most Se is in its major organic form. Given that this form is more available to humans and more efficient in increasing the selenium content than inorganic forms, the consumption of Se-enriched plants appears to be beneficial. An antioxidant effect of Se has been detected in Se-enriched vegetables and fruit crops due to an improved antioxidative status and to a reduced biosynthesis of ethylene, which is the hormone with a primary role in plant senescence and fruit ripening. This thus highlights the possible positive effect of Se in preserving a longer shelf-life and longer-lasting quality.
Topics: Antioxidants; Crops, Agricultural; Food, Fortified; Fruit; Glutathione Peroxidase; Humans; Selenium; Selenium Compounds
PubMed: 28587216
DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060933 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2020A large number of diverse mechanisms that lead to cytoprotection have been described to date. Perhaps, not surprisingly, the role of mitochondria in these phenomena is... (Review)
Review
A large number of diverse mechanisms that lead to cytoprotection have been described to date. Perhaps, not surprisingly, the role of mitochondria in these phenomena is notable. In addition to being metabolic centers, due to their role in cell catabolism, ATP synthesis, and biosynthesis these organelles are triggers and/or end-effectors of a large number of signaling pathways. Their role in the regulation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, calcium homeostasis, and reactive oxygen species signaling is well documented. In this review, we aim to characterize the prospects of influencing cytoprotective mitochondrial signaling routes by natural substances of plant origin, namely, flavonoids (e.g., flavanones, flavones, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanidins, and isoflavones). Flavonoids are a family of widely distributed plant secondary metabolites known for their beneficial effects on human health and are widely applied in traditional medicine. Their pharmacological characteristics include antioxidative, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antidiabetic properties. Here, we focus on presenting mitochondria-mediated cytoprotection against various insults. Thus, the role of flavonoids as antioxidants and modulators of antioxidant cellular response, apoptosis, mitochondrial biogenesis, autophagy, and fission and fusion is reported. Finally, an emerging field of flavonoid-mediated changes in the activity of mitochondrial ion channels and their role in cytoprotection is outlined.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Cytoprotection; Flavonoids; Humans; Mitochondria; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 32635481
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133060 -
Antioxidants & Redox Signaling Oct 2023The essential roles of thiol compounds as redox signaling mediators and protectors have been established. Recently, the roles of persulfides and polysulfides as... (Review)
Review
The essential roles of thiol compounds as redox signaling mediators and protectors have been established. Recently, the roles of persulfides and polysulfides as mediators involved in numerous physiological processes have been revealed. Recently, it became possible to detect and measure persulfides and polysulfides in human fluids and tissues and their physiological functions, including cellular signaling and protection against oxidative stress, have been reported, but the underlying mechanisms and dynamics remain elusive. Physiological functions of thiol compounds have been studied, focusing primarily on two-electron redox reactions. In contrast, the contribution of one-electron redox mechanisms, that is, free radical-mediated oxidation and antioxidation, has received much less attention. Considering the important effects of free radical-mediated oxidation of biological molecules on pathophysiology, the antioxidant functions of thiol compounds as free radical scavengers are challenging issues. The antioxidant actions and dynamics of thiols, hydropersulfides, and hydropolysulfides as free radical scavenging antioxidants and their physiological significance remain to be established. 39, 728-743.
Topics: Humans; Antioxidants; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Oxidation-Reduction; Free Radicals
PubMed: 37154744
DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0191 -
IUBMB Life Jan 2022Forkhead box, class O (FOXO) family proteins are widely expressed and highly conserved transcriptional regulators that modulate cellular fuel metabolism, stress...
Forkhead box, class O (FOXO) family proteins are widely expressed and highly conserved transcriptional regulators that modulate cellular fuel metabolism, stress resistance and cell death. FOXO target genes include genes encoding antioxidant proteins, thus likely contributing to the key role FOXOs play in the cellular response to oxidative stress and supporting the cellular strategies of antioxidant defense, that is, prevention (of the formation of reactive oxygen species), interception (of reactive species prior to their reaction with cellular components), repair (of damaged biomolecules), and adaptation (i.e., the stimulation of signaling pathways allowing for the expression of protective proteins). FOXOs themselves are regulated by redox processes at several levels, including expression of FOXO genes and enzymatic as well as nonenzymatic posttranslational modifications of FOXO proteins. The latter include modifications of FOXO cysteine residues. Here, an overview is provided on (i) the contribution of FOXO target genes to cellular antioxidative strategies, and (ii) on the impact of thiol homeostasis and thiol modification on FOXO activity.
Topics: Antioxidants; Forkhead Transcription Factors; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 34423888
DOI: 10.1002/iub.2542 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2016Hemorrhagic stroke is a common and severe neurological disorder and is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity, especially for intracerebral hemorrhage... (Review)
Review
Hemorrhagic stroke is a common and severe neurological disorder and is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity, especially for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Increasing evidence demonstrates that oxidative stress responses participate in the pathophysiological processes of secondary brain injury (SBI) following ICH. The mechanisms involved in interoperable systems include endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, neuronal apoptosis and necrosis, inflammation, and autophagy. In this review, we summarized some promising advances in the field of oxidative stress and ICH, including contained animal and human investigations. We also discussed the role of oxidative stress, systemic oxidative stress responses, and some research of potential therapeutic options aimed at reducing oxidative stress to protect the neuronal function after ICH, focusing on the challenges of translation between preclinical and clinical studies, and potential post-ICH antioxidative therapeutic approaches.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Autophagy; Biological Products; Brain Injuries; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress; Humans; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 27190572
DOI: 10.1155/2016/1203285 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2021Sarcoidosis is a rare, systemic inflammatory disease whose diagnosis and management can pose a challenge for clinicians and specialists. Scientific knowledge on the... (Review)
Review
Sarcoidosis is a rare, systemic inflammatory disease whose diagnosis and management can pose a challenge for clinicians and specialists. Scientific knowledge on the molecular pathways that drive its development is still lacking, with no standardized therapies available and insufficient strategies to predict patient outcome. In recent years, oxidative stress has been highlighted as an important factor in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis, involving several enzymes and molecules in the mechanism of the disease. This review presents current data on the role of oxidative stress in sarcoidosis and its interaction with inflammation, as well as the application of antioxidative therapy in the disease.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Humans; Lung; Oxidative Stress; Sarcoidosis
PubMed: 34769145
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111712 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2022Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is clinically characterized by a progressive increase in pulmonary artery pressure, followed by right ventricular hypertrophy and... (Review)
Review
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is clinically characterized by a progressive increase in pulmonary artery pressure, followed by right ventricular hypertrophy and subsequently right heart failure. The underlying mechanism of PAH includes endothelial dysfunction and intimal smooth muscle proliferation. Numerous studies have shown that oxidative stress is critical in the pathophysiology of PAH and involves changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen (RNS), and nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathways. Disrupted ROS and NO signaling pathways cause the proliferation of pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PAECs) and pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), resulting in DNA damage, metabolic abnormalities, and vascular remodeling. Antioxidant treatment has become a main area of research for the treatment of PAH. This review mainly introduces oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of PAH and antioxidative therapies and explains why targeting oxidative stress is a valid strategy for PAH treatment.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Cell Proliferation; Disease Models, Animal; Endothelial Cells; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle; Oxidative Stress; Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension; Pulmonary Artery; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 35744848
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123724 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2022Our research focused on the hypoglycemic capability and the possible mechanisms of extract and fractions from Polygoni Avicularis Herba (PAH) based on α-glucosidase,...
Our research focused on the hypoglycemic capability and the possible mechanisms of extract and fractions from Polygoni Avicularis Herba (PAH) based on α-glucosidase, α-amylase inhibition assays, glucose uptake experiment, HPLC-MS analysis, and molecular docking experiment. In addition, DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays were used for determining the antioxidant capability. The results of total flavonoids and phenolics contents showed that ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) possessed the highest flavonoids and phenolics with values of 159.7 ± 2.5 mg rutin equivalents/g and 107.6 ± 2.0 mg galic acid equivalents/g, respectively. The results of in vitro hypoglycemic activity showed that all samples had effective α-glucosidase inhibition capacities, and EAF possessed the best inhibitory effect with IC50 value of 1.58 ± 0.24 μg/mL. In addition, n-butanol fraction (NBF) significantly promoted the glucose uptake rate of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. HPLC-MS analysis and molecular docking results proved the interactions between candidates and α-glucosidase. The results of antioxidation capacities showed that EAF possessed the best antioxidation abilities with DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. In summary, the hypoglycemic activity of PAH might be related to the inhibition of α-glucosidase (EAF > PEF > NBF) and the promotion of glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (NBF). Simultaneously, the antioxidation capacity of PAH might be related to the abundant contents of flavonoids and other phenolics (EAF > PEF > NBF).
Topics: Antioxidants; Flavonoids; Glucose; Hypoglycemic Agents; Molecular Docking Simulation; Phenols; Plant Extracts; alpha-Glucosidases
PubMed: 35684319
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113381 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2022Ginsenosides are a class of active components extracted from ginseng plants (such as , , and ). Ginsenosides have significant protective effects on the nervous system,... (Review)
Review
Ginsenosides are a class of active components extracted from ginseng plants (such as , , and ). Ginsenosides have significant protective effects on the nervous system, cardiovascular system, and immune system, so they have been widely used in the treatment of related diseases. Entry of a variety of endogenous or exogenous harmful substances into the body can lead to an imbalance between the antioxidant defense system and reactive oxygen species, thus producing toxic effects on a variety of tissues and cells. In addition, oxidative stress can alter multiple signaling pathways, including the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/-catenin, and NF-B pathways. With the deepening of research in this field, various ginsenoside monomers have been reported to exert antioxidant effects through multiple signaling pathways and thus have good application prospects. This article summarized the research advancements regarding the antioxidative effects and related mechanisms of ginsenosides, providing a theoretical basis for experimental research on and clinical treatment with ginsenosides.
Topics: Antioxidants; Ginsenosides; Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Oxidative Stress; Panax notoginseng; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
PubMed: 35498130
DOI: 10.1155/2022/9299574 -
Marine Drugs Nov 2019Marine-derived antioxidant polysaccharides have aroused extensive attention because of their potential nutritional and therapeutic benefits. However, the comprehensive... (Review)
Review
Marine-derived antioxidant polysaccharides have aroused extensive attention because of their potential nutritional and therapeutic benefits. However, the comprehensive comparison of identified marine-derived antioxidant polysaccharides is still inaccessible, which would facilitate the discovery of more efficient antioxidants from marine organisms. Thus, this review summarizes the sources, chemical composition, structural characteristics, and antioxidant capacity of marine antioxidant polysaccharides, as well as their protective in vivo effects mediated by antioxidative stress reported in the last few years (2013-2019), and especially highlights the dominant role of marine algae as antioxidant polysaccharide source. In addition, the relationships between the chemical composition and structural characteristics of marine antioxidant polysaccharides with their antioxidant capacity were also discussed. The antioxidant activity was found to be determined by multiple factors, including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, sulfate position and its degree.
Topics: Antioxidants; Aquatic Organisms; Humans; Monosaccharides; Polysaccharides; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfates
PubMed: 31795427
DOI: 10.3390/md17120674