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The New Phytologist Apr 2018Content Summary 414 I. Introduction 415 II. Ca importer and exporter in plants 415 III. The Ca decoding toolkit in plants 415 IV. Mechanisms of Ca signal decoding 417 V.... (Review)
Review
Content Summary 414 I. Introduction 415 II. Ca importer and exporter in plants 415 III. The Ca decoding toolkit in plants 415 IV. Mechanisms of Ca signal decoding 417 V. Immediate Ca signaling in the regulation of ion transport 418 VI. Ca signal integration into long-term ABA responses 419 VII Integration of Ca and hormone signaling through dynamic complex modulation of the CCaMK/CYCLOPS complex 420 VIII Ca signaling in mitochondria and chloroplasts 422 IX A view beyond recent advances in Ca imaging 423 X Modeling approaches in Ca signaling 424 XI Conclusions: Ca signaling a still young blooming field of plant research 424 Acknowledgements 425 ORCID 425 References 425 SUMMARY: Temporally and spatially defined changes in Ca concentration in distinct compartments of cells represent a universal information code in plants. Recently, it has become evident that Ca signals not only govern intracellular regulation but also appear to contribute to long distance or even organismic signal propagation and physiological response regulation. Ca signals are shaped by an intimate interplay of channels and transporters, and during past years important contributing individual components have been identified and characterized. Ca signals are translated by an elaborate toolkit of Ca -binding proteins, many of which function as Ca sensors, into defined downstream responses. Intriguing progress has been achieved in identifying specific modules that interconnect Ca decoding proteins and protein kinases with downstream target effectors, and in characterizing molecular details of these processes. In this review, we reflect on recent major advances in our understanding of Ca signaling and cover emerging concepts and existing open questions that should be informative also for scientists that are currently entering this field of ever-increasing breath and impact.
Topics: Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Ion Transport; Membrane Transport Proteins; Plant Growth Regulators; Plants
PubMed: 29332310
DOI: 10.1111/nph.14966 -
The Journal of General Physiology Aug 2023We celebrate this year the 50th anniversary of the first electrophysiological recordings of the gating currents from voltage-dependent ion channels done in 1973. This... (Review)
Review
We celebrate this year the 50th anniversary of the first electrophysiological recordings of the gating currents from voltage-dependent ion channels done in 1973. This retrospective tries to illustrate the context knowledge on channel gating and the impact gating-current recording had then, and how it continued to clarify concepts, elaborate new ideas, and steer the scientific debate in these 50 years. The notion of gating particles and gating currents was first put forward by Hodgkin and Huxley in 1952 as a necessary assumption for interpreting the voltage dependence of the Na and K conductances of the action potential. 20 years later, gating currents were actually recorded, and over the following decades have represented the most direct means of tracing the movement of the gating charges and gaining insights into the mechanisms of channel gating. Most work in the early years was focused on the gating currents from the Na and K channels as found in the squid giant axon. With channel cloning and expression on heterologous systems, other channels as well as voltage-dependent enzymes were investigated. Other approaches were also introduced (cysteine mutagenesis and labeling, site-directed fluorometry, cryo-EM crystallography, and molecular dynamics [MD] modeling) to provide an integrated and coherent view of voltage-dependent gating in biological macromolecules. The layout of this retrospective reflects the past 50 years of investigations on gating currents, first addressing studies done on Na and K channels and then on other voltage-gated channels and non-channel structures. The review closes with a brief overview of how the gating-charge/voltage-sensor movements are translated into pore opening and the pathologies associated with mutations targeting the structures involved with the gating currents.
Topics: Ion Channel Gating; Ion Channels; Ion Transport; Mutation; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 37410612
DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202313380 -
Journal of the American Society of... May 2018
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Chlorides; Ion Transport; Malpighian Tubules; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 29650535
DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2018030318 -
Breast Cancer Research : BCR Nov 2023The development of therapies that can suppress invasion and prevent metastasis, 'anti-metastatic drugs', is an important area of unmet therapeutic need. The new results... (Review)
Review
The development of therapies that can suppress invasion and prevent metastasis, 'anti-metastatic drugs', is an important area of unmet therapeutic need. The new results of a recent open-label, multicentre randomised trial published in J Clin Oncol showed a significant disease-free survival (DFS) benefit for breast cancer patients receiving presurgical, peritumoral injection of lidocaine, an amide local anaesthetic, which blocks voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs). VGSCs are expressed on electrically excitable cells, including neurons and cardiomyocytes, where they sustain rapid membrane depolarisation during action potential firing. As a result of this key biophysical function, VGSCs are important drug targets for excitability-related disorders, including epilepsy, neuropathic pain, affective disorders and cardiac arrhythmia. A growing body of preclinical evidence highlights VGSCs as key protagonists in regulating altered sodium influx in breast cancer cells, thus driving invasion and metastasis. Furthermore, prescription of certain VGSC-inhibiting medications has been associated with reduced cancer incidence and improved survival in several observational studies. Thus, VGSC-inhibiting drugs already in clinical use may be ideal candidates for repurposing as possible anti-metastatic therapies. While these results are promising, further work is required to establish whether other VGSC inhibitors may afford superior metastasis suppression. Finally, increasing preclinical evidence suggests that several other ion channels are also key drivers of cancer hallmarks; thus, there are undoubtedly further opportunities to harness ion transport inhibition that should also be explored.
Topics: Humans; Female; Breast Neoplasms; Ion Transport; Disease-Free Survival; Sodium; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Multicenter Studies as Topic
PubMed: 37950273
DOI: 10.1186/s13058-023-01741-1 -
Glia Mar 2020Glial ion transporters are important in regulation of ionic homeostasis, cell volume, and cellular signal transduction under physiological conditions of the central... (Review)
Review
Glial ion transporters are important in regulation of ionic homeostasis, cell volume, and cellular signal transduction under physiological conditions of the central nervous system (CNS). In response to acute or chronic brain injuries, these ion transporters can be activated and differentially regulate glial functions, which has subsequent impact on brain injury or tissue repair and functional recovery. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge about major glial ion transporters, including Na /H exchangers (NHE), Na /Ca exchangers (NCX), Na -K -Cl cotransporters (NKCC), and Na -HCO cotransporters (NBC). In acute neurological diseases, such as ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI), these ion transporters are rapidly activated and play significant roles in regulation of the intra- and extracellular pH, Na , K , and Ca homeostasis, synaptic plasticity, and myelin formation. However, overstimulation of these ion transporters can contribute to glial apoptosis, demyelination, inflammation, and excitotoxicity. In chronic brain diseases, such as glioma, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS), glial ion transporters are involved in the glioma Warburg effect, glial activation, neuroinflammation, and neuronal damages. These findings suggest that glial ion transporters are involved in tissue structural and functional restoration, or brain injury and neurological disease development and progression. A better understanding of these ion transporters in acute and chronic neurological diseases will provide insights for their potential as therapeutic targets.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Brain Diseases; Homeostasis; Humans; Ion Transport; Neuroglia; Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers
PubMed: 31418931
DOI: 10.1002/glia.23699 -
Experimental Physiology Apr 2016What is the topic of this review? The present work reviews the roles of renal and intestinal dopamine and 5-HT in the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis.... (Review)
Review
What is the topic of this review? The present work reviews the roles of renal and intestinal dopamine and 5-HT in the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. The role of inflammatory agents at the intestinal level that affect fluid and electrolyte homeostasis is also addressed. What advances does it highlight? General mechanisms of epithelial cell ion transport in the gastrointestinal tract and kidney share considerable similarities, particularly with regard to basolateral Na(+) ,K(+-) ATPase as a driving force for the movement of numerous substrates across the cell membrane. The physiological importance of the renal actions of monoamines (dopamine, noradrenaline and 5-HT) mainly depends on the sources of the amines in the kidney and on their availability to activate the amine-specific receptors. Dopamine and 5-HT are also relatively abundant in the mucosal cell layer of the intestine, and recent evidence suggests their physiological relevance in regulating electrolyte transport. The gastrointestinal tract can be an important site for the loss of water and electrolytes, in the presence of intestinal inflammation. General mechanisms of epithelial cell ion transport in the gastrointestinal tract and kidney share considerable similarities with regard to basolateral Na(+) ,K(+) -ATPase as a driving force for the movement of numerous substrates across the cell membrane. The present work reviews the roles of renal and intestinal dopamine and 5-HT in the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. The role of inflammatory agents at the intestinal level that affect fluid and electrolyte homeostasis is also addressed.
Topics: Amines; Animals; Dopamine; Electrolytes; Epithelial Cells; Gastrointestinal Tract; Homeostasis; Humans; Inflammation; Ion Transport; Kidney; Neurotransmitter Agents; Serotonin; Sodium
PubMed: 26548358
DOI: 10.1113/EP085284 -
Biochemical Society Transactions Dec 2021The store-operated calcium (Ca2+) entry (SOCE) is the Ca2+ entry mechanism used by cells to replenish depleted Ca2+ store. The dysregulation of SOCE has been reported in... (Review)
Review
The store-operated calcium (Ca2+) entry (SOCE) is the Ca2+ entry mechanism used by cells to replenish depleted Ca2+ store. The dysregulation of SOCE has been reported in metastatic cancer. It is believed that SOCE promotes migration and invasion by remodeling the actin cytoskeleton and cell adhesion dynamics. There is recent evidence supporting that SOCE is critical for the spatial and the temporal coding of Ca2+ signals in the cell. In this review, we critically examined the spatiotemporal control of SOCE signaling and its implication in the specificity and robustness of signaling events downstream of SOCE, with a focus on the spatiotemporal SOCE signaling during cancer cell migration, invasion and metastasis. We further discuss the limitation of our current understanding of SOCE in cancer metastasis and potential approaches to overcome such limitation.
Topics: Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Humans; Ion Transport; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms
PubMed: 34854917
DOI: 10.1042/BST20210307 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.... Feb 2022Cellular membranes are fundamental building blocks regulating an extensive repertoire of biological functions. These structures contain lipids and membrane proteins that... (Review)
Review
Cellular membranes are fundamental building blocks regulating an extensive repertoire of biological functions. These structures contain lipids and membrane proteins that are known to laterally self-aggregate in the plane of the membrane, forming defined membrane nanoscale domains essential for protein activity. Membrane rafts are described as heterogeneous, dynamic, and short-lived cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane nanodomains (10-200 nm) induced by lipid-protein and lipid-lipid interactions. Those membrane nanodomains have been extensively characterized using model membranes and in silico methods. However, despite the development of advanced fluorescence microscopy techniques, undoubted nanoscale visualization by imaging techniques of membrane rafts in the membrane of unperturbed living cells is still uncompleted, increasing the skepticism about their existence. Here, we broadly review recent biochemical and microscopy techniques used to investigate membrane rafts in living cells and we enumerate persistent open questions to answer before unlocking the mystery of membrane rafts in living cells.
Topics: Cell Membrane; Humans; Ion Transport; Membrane Microdomains; Membrane Proteins; Sphingolipids
PubMed: 34748743
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183813 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2016The ubiquitously expressed serum and glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) is tightly regulated by osmotic and hormonal signals, including glucocorticoids and... (Review)
Review
The ubiquitously expressed serum and glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) is tightly regulated by osmotic and hormonal signals, including glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Recently, SGK1 has been implicated as a signal hub for the regulation of sodium transport. SGK1 modulates the activities of multiple ion channels and carriers, such as epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav1.5), sodium hydrogen exchangers 1 and 3 (NHE1 and NHE3), sodium-chloride symporter (NCC), and sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter 2 (NKCC2); as well as the sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase) and type A natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR-A). Accordingly, SGK1 is implicated in the physiology and pathophysiology of Na⁺ homeostasis. Here, we focus particularly on recent findings of SGK1's involvement in Na⁺ transport in renal sodium reabsorption, hormone-stimulated salt appetite and fluid balance and discuss the abnormal SGK1-mediated Na⁺ reabsorption in hypertension, heart disease, edema with diabetes, and embryo implantation failure.
Topics: Animals; Homeostasis; Humans; Immediate-Early Proteins; Ion Transport; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; Sodium
PubMed: 27517916
DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081307 -
Glia Oct 2016Sodium dynamics are essential for regulating functional processes in glial cells. Indeed, glial Na(+) signaling influences and regulates important glial activities, and... (Review)
Review
Sodium dynamics are essential for regulating functional processes in glial cells. Indeed, glial Na(+) signaling influences and regulates important glial activities, and plays a role in neuron-glia interaction under physiological conditions or in response to injury of the central nervous system (CNS). Emerging studies indicate that Na(+) pumps and Na(+) -dependent ion transporters in astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes regulate Na(+) homeostasis and play a fundamental role in modulating glial activities in neurological diseases. In this review, we first briefly introduced the emerging roles of each glial cell type in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and myelin diseases. Then, we discussed the current knowledge on the main roles played by the different glial Na(+) -dependent ion transporters, including Na(+) /K(+) ATPase, Na(+) /Ca(2+) exchangers, Na(+) /H(+) exchangers, Na(+) -K(+) -Cl(-) cotransporters, and Na(+) - HCO3- cotransporter in the pathophysiology of the diverse CNS diseases. We highlighted their contributions in cell survival, synaptic pathology, gliotransmission, pH homeostasis, and their role in glial activation, migration, gliosis, inflammation, and tissue repair processes. Therefore, this review summarizes the foundation work for targeting Na(+) -dependent ion transporters in glia as a novel strategy to control important glial activities associated with Na(+) dynamics in different neurological disorders. GLIA 2016;64:1677-1697.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Ion Transport; Membrane Transport Proteins; Nervous System Diseases; Neuroglia; Signal Transduction; Sodium
PubMed: 27458821
DOI: 10.1002/glia.23030