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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2022Coumarin possesses the aromatic group and showed plentiful activities, such as antioxidant, preventing asthma and antisepsis. In addition, coumarin derivatives usually...
Coumarin possesses the aromatic group and showed plentiful activities, such as antioxidant, preventing asthma and antisepsis. In addition, coumarin derivatives usually possess good solubility, low cytotoxicity and excellent cell permeability. In our study, we synthesized the compound bridge methylene tacrine (BMT), which has the classical pharmacophore structure of Tacrine (THA). Based on the principle of active substructure splicing, BMT was used as a lead compound and synthesized coumarin-BMT hybrids by introducing coumarin to BMT. In this work, 21 novel hybrids of BMT and coumarin were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity on AChE. All obtained compounds present preferable inhibition. Compound was the most active compound, with the value of K as 49.2 nM, which was higher than Galantamine (GAL) and lower than THA. The result of molecular docking showed that the highest binding free energy was -40.43 kcal/mol for compound , which was an identical trend with the calculated K.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Alzheimer Disease; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Coumarins; Molecular Docking Simulation; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tacrine
PubMed: 35408542
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072142 -
Cardiovascular Therapeutics 2021To observe the effect of nicorandil on septic rats and explore the possible mechanism of its myocardial protection, so as to provide theoretical basis for the treatment...
OBJECTIVE
To observe the effect of nicorandil on septic rats and explore the possible mechanism of its myocardial protection, so as to provide theoretical basis for the treatment of septic cardiomyopathy.
METHODS
Sixty male clean SD rats were selected as the research objects and randomly divided into 3 groups by random number method: sham operation group (sham group), cecal ligation and perforation group (CLP group), nicorandil treatment group (nicorandil+CLP group). After the operation, the nicorandil group was pumped with nicorandil diluent 1 ml/h (2 mg/kg/h) with a micropump for 6 hours. The sham group and CLP group were pumped with the same amount of normal saline 1 ml/h for a total of 6 hours. After 24 hours, the survival of the rats in each group was observed. The expression of troponin I (cTnI), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-), and interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the serum was detected. Then, the ventricle was harvested for the observation of the pathological changes of myocardium. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining were used to detect myocardial tissue apoptosis, and Western blot methods were used to detect protein expression changes in nuclear factor-B (NF-B) pathways.
RESULTS
24 hours after operation, the survival rate of the rats in the CLP group was 60%. There was a large amount of necrosis of myocardial cells and inflammatory cell infiltration. The survival rate of rats in the nicorandil+CLP group was 75%. Compared with the CLP group, the necrosis of myocardial cells was reduced, and there was still a small amount of inflammatory cell infiltration. In the CLP group, myocardial inflammation and apoptosis were significant, and NF-B pathway was activated. On the contrary, the NF-B pathway in the nicorandil+CLP group was inhibited, and the expression of inflammatory factors and apoptosis factors was inhibited.
CONCLUSION
Nicorandil can reduce the release of inflammatory factors in septic rats, improve the inflammatory response, reduce myocardial damage, and play a myocardial protective effect. Its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the activation of NF-B signaling pathway.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antisepsis; Apoptosis; Cardiomyopathies; Male; Nicorandil; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sepsis; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 34950238
DOI: 10.1155/2021/5822920 -
BMC Pediatrics Jul 2022Surgical site infections (SSIs) in children represent a common and serious postoperative complication. Surgical skin preparation is an essential preventive measure in...
BACKGROUND
Surgical site infections (SSIs) in children represent a common and serious postoperative complication. Surgical skin preparation is an essential preventive measure in every surgical procedure. The most commonly used antiseptic agents for surgical skin preparation are chlorhexidine gluconate and iodophors in alcohol-based solutions. In adult patients the use of chlorhexidine-containing antiseptic solutions for preoperative skin preparation has been advocated to reduce SSI rates. Our objective was to conduct a systematic literature review on use of antiseptic agents for surgical skin preparation in children less than 16 years of age.
METHODS
A systematic review of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and CENTRAL was performed using both MeSH and free text terms and using the relevant Cochrane filter to identify full text randomized trials (RCTs) and comparative observational studies. Interventions of interest were the choice of main agent in antiseptic solutions (chlorhexidine/povidone-iodine/alcohol) compared with each other or with other antiseptic agents. Primary outcome was the reported rate of surgical site infections.
RESULTS
In total 8 studies were included in the review; 2 RCTs and 6 observational studies. Observational studies generally did not primarily investigate the association of different antiseptics with subsequent SSI. The identified randomised controlled trials included only 61 children in total, and were of low quality. Consequently, we did not conduct a formal meta-analysis. Since the publication of a comprehensive systematic review of perioperative measures for the prevention of SSI in 2016, no randomized controlled trials comparing antiseptic agents for surgical skin preparation in paediatric surgery have been conducted.
CONCLUSION
Robust evidence on the optimal skin antisepsis to reduce SSIs in children is lacking. Direct extrapolation of effects from trials involving adults is not appropriate as physiologic characteristics and risk factors for SSIs differ between adults and children. It is therefore essential to conduct high quality RCT investigating interventions to identify optimal measures to reduce SSI rates in children.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
Prospero registration ( CRD42020166193 ).
Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Child; Chlorhexidine; Humans; Povidone-Iodine; Preoperative Care; Surgical Wound Infection
PubMed: 35902844
DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03502-z -
The Journal of Hospital Infection Mar 2023Pathogens causing infections are in many cases transmitted via the hands of personnel. Thus, hand antisepsis has strong epidemiological evidence of infection prevention....
BACKGROUND
Pathogens causing infections are in many cases transmitted via the hands of personnel. Thus, hand antisepsis has strong epidemiological evidence of infection prevention. Depending on various factors, hand antisepsis adherence ranges between 9.1% and 85.2%.
AIM
To evaluate a new transponder system that reminded medical staff to use an alcohol-based hand rub based on indication by giving real-time feedback, to detect hand antisepsis adherence.
METHODS
The monitoring system consisted of three components: a portable transponder detecting alcohol-based hand rub and able to give feedback; a beacon recognizing entries to and exits from the patient's surroundings; and a sensor placed at the hand-rub dispensers to count the number of hand rubs. With these components, the system provided feedback when hand antisepsis was not conducted although it was necessary according to moments 1, 4, and 5 of hand antisepsis. Adherence was measured in two use-cases with five phases, starting with the baseline measurement followed by intervention periods and phases without intervention to test the sustainability of the feedback.
FINDINGS
Using the monitoring system, hand antisepsis adherence was increased by up to 104.5% in comparison to the baseline measurement. When the intervention ceased, however, hand antisepsis adherence decreased to less than or equal to the baseline measurement.
CONCLUSION
A short-term intervention alone is not sufficient to lead to a long-term change in hand antisepsis adherence. Rather, permanent feedback and/or the integration in a multi-modal intervention strategy are necessary.
Topics: Humans; Feedback; Hand Disinfection; Antisepsis; Hand; Ethanol; 2-Propanol; Critical Care; Guideline Adherence; Hand Hygiene
PubMed: 36646137
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2022.12.017 -
Critical Care Explorations Nov 2019This review will examine current definitions and trends in sepsis management as well pathophysiologic mechanisms in animal and ex vivo studies that correlate decreased... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
This review will examine current definitions and trends in sepsis management as well pathophysiologic mechanisms in animal and ex vivo studies that correlate decreased energy production with deranged inflammatory response during the septic process.
DATA SOURCES
The latest articles in the literature that focus on the role of immunometabolism and associated mechanisms in sepsis were selected.
STUDY SELECTION
The most relevant, original articles were included in the review.
DATA EXTRACTION
All pertinent data for sepsis definitions as well as changes in immunometabolic pathways during the septic process was reviewed and assessed for inclusion in this article.
DATA SYNTHESIS
Sepsis is a major cause of multiple organ dysfunction. It is the principal cause of death resulting from infection and one of the most expensive conditions treated in the United States. Despite current efforts to accurately define sepsis, novel treatments and highly trained providers, mortality rates for sepsis remain high, prompting a need for further investigation of underlying immunometabolic mechanisms to identify potential treatment targets. The definition of sepsis has shifted and changed in the past few decades due to poorly defined criteria, as well as unclear guidelines for providers with regards to management of severe sepsis and septic shock. The early identification of patients with a systemic inflammatory response that will progress to septic shock is critical since recent traditional therapeutic approaches, such as early goal-directed therapy, IV immunoglobulin, and anti-tumor necrosis factor-α antibodies have failed.
CONCLUSIONS
There are no effective anti-sepsis drug therapies due to complex inflammatory and metabolic interactions. Further studies regarding the interface between innate immunity and metabolism should be investigated to effectively address septic patient mortality rates.
PubMed: 32166242
DOI: 10.1097/CCE.0000000000000061 -
Journal of the American College of... Nov 2021Whole blood transfusion (WBT) began in 1667 as a treatment for mental illness, with predictably poor results. Its therapeutic utility and widespread use were initially...
Whole blood transfusion (WBT) began in 1667 as a treatment for mental illness, with predictably poor results. Its therapeutic utility and widespread use were initially limited by deficiencies in transfusion science and antisepsis. James Blundell, a British obstetrician, was recognized for the first allotransfusion in 1825. However, WBT did not become safe and therapeutic until the early 20 century, with the advent of reliable equipment, sterilization, and blood typing. The discovery of citrate preservation in World War I allowed a separation of donor from recipient and introduced the practice of blood banking. During World War II, Elliott and Strumia were the first to separate whole blood into blood component therapy (BCT), producing dried plasma as a resuscitative product for "traumatic shock." During the 1970s, infectious disease, blood fractionation, and financial opportunities further drove the change from WBT to BCT, with few supporting data. Following a period of high-volume crystalloid and BCT resuscitation well into the early 2000s, measures to avoid the resulting iatrogenic resuscitation injury were developed under the concept of damage control resuscitation. Modern transfusion strategies for hemorrhagic shock target balanced BCT to reapproximate whole blood. Contemporary research has expanded the role of WBT to therapy for the acute coagulopathy of trauma and the damaged endothelium. Many US trauma centers are now using WBT as a front-line treatment in tandem with BCT for patients suffering hemorrhagic shock. Looking ahead, it is likely that WBT will once again be the resuscitative fluid of choice for patients in hemorrhagic shock.
Topics: ABO Blood-Group System; Blood Banks; Blood Component Transfusion; Blood Preservation; Blood Transfusion; Crystalloid Solutions; History, 17th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Resuscitation; Shock, Hemorrhagic; Shock, Traumatic; Transfusion Reaction; World War I; World War II
PubMed: 34390843
DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2021.08.001 -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023The actuality of this research is determined by the intensification of new ways of processing woody biomass. This requires revealing the impact of various...
The actuality of this research is determined by the intensification of new ways of processing woody biomass. This requires revealing the impact of various physicochemical factors on the thermal degradation of wood biopolymers. Boron-nitrogen surface modifiers are used for wood antisepsis and we decided to check their effect on flammability. The aim of the research was to evaluate the flame retardant effect of boron-nitrogen surface modifiers of wood in an inert atmosphere (nitrogen was used). The evaluation was carried out by thermal analysis of modified and the control pine wood samples. The thermal analysis included thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and kinetic parameters of thermal degradation. It was found that the flame retardant effect of boron-nitrogen wood surface modifiers was not significantly pronounced in the nitrogen atmosphere. The mechanism of the flame retardant effect of boron-nitrogen compounds is reduced to "shielding" of the surface and increasing the proportion of carbonized residue. On the basis of correlation-regression analysis of kinetic parameters of wood thermodestruction in a nitrogen atmosphere, mathematical models of activation energy dependence on conversion were obtained and substantiated. The developed models can be further applied to calculate the predicted value of wood activation energy in the nitrogen atmosphere at any conversion value.
PubMed: 37834491
DOI: 10.3390/ma16196353 -
Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection... Jul 2022The approval of ethanol by the Biocidal Products Regulation has been under evaluation since 2007. This follows concern over alcohol uptake from ethanol-based hand rubs... (Review)
Review
Ethanol is indispensable for virucidal hand antisepsis: memorandum from the alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) Task Force, WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety, and the Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention (KRINKO), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
BACKGROUND
The approval of ethanol by the Biocidal Products Regulation has been under evaluation since 2007. This follows concern over alcohol uptake from ethanol-based hand rubs (EBHR). If ethanol is classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, or reprotoxic by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), then this would affect infection prevention and control practices.
AIM
A review was performed to prove that ethanol is toxicological uncritical and indispensable for hand antisepsis because of its unique activity against non-enveloped viruses and thus the resulting lack of alternatives. Therefore, the following main points are analyzed: The effectiveness of ethanol in hand hygiene, the evidence of ethanol at blood/tissue levels through hand hygiene in healthcare, and the evidence of toxicity of different blood/tissue ethanol levels and the non-comparability with alcoholic consumption and industrial exposure.
RESULTS
EBHR are essential for preventing infections caused by non-enveloped viruses, especially in healthcare, nursing homes, food industry and other areas. Propanols are effective against enveloped viruses as opposed to non-enveloped viruses but there are no other alternatives for virucidal hand antisepsis. Long-term ingestion of ethanol in the form of alcoholic beverages can cause tumours. However, lifetime exposure to ethanol from occupational exposure < 500 ppm does not significantly contribute to the cancer risk. Mutagenic effects were observed only at doses within the toxic range in animal studies. While reprotoxicity is linked with abuse of alcoholic beverages, there is no epidemiological evidence for this from EBHR use in healthcare facilities or from products containing ethanol in non-healthcare settings.
CONCLUSION
The body of evidence shows EBHRs have strong efficacy in killing non-enveloped viruses, whereas 1-propanol and 2-propanol do not kill non-enveloped viruses, that pose significant risk of infection. Ethanol absorbed through the skin during hand hygiene is similar to consumption of beverages with hidden ethanol content (< 0.5% v/v), such as apple juice or kefir. There is no risk of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity or reprotoxicity from repeated use of EBHR. Hence, the WHO Task Force strongly recommend retaining ethanol as an essential constituent in hand rubs for healthcare.
Topics: 2-Propanol; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antisepsis; Berlin; Ethanol; Germany; Hand Disinfection; Hand Hygiene; Hospitals; Patient Safety; World Health Organization
PubMed: 35794648
DOI: 10.1186/s13756-022-01134-7 -
Scientific Reports Jan 2023Surgical site infection (SSI) is the most common complication of surgery, increasing healthcare costs and hospital stay. Chlorhexidine (CHX) and povidone-iodine (PVI)... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Surgical site infection (SSI) is the most common complication of surgery, increasing healthcare costs and hospital stay. Chlorhexidine (CHX) and povidone-iodine (PVI) are used for skin antisepsis, minimising SSIs. There is concern that resistance to topical biocides may be emergeing, although the potential clinical implications remain unclear. The objective of this systematic review was to determine whether the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of topical preparations of CHX or PVI have changed over time, in microbes relevant to SSI. We included studies reporting the MBC of laboratory and clinical isolates of common microbes to CHX and PVI. We excluded studies using non-human samples and antimicrobial solvents or mixtures with other active substances. MBC was pooled in random effects meta-analyses and the change in MBC over time was explored using meta-regression. Seventy-nine studies were included, analysing 6218 microbes over 45 years. Most studies investigated CHX (93%), with insufficient data for meta-analysis of PVI. There was no change in the MBC of CHX to Staphylococci or Streptococci over time. Overall, we find no evidence of reduced susceptibility of common SSI-causing microbes to CHX over time. This provides reassurance and confidence in the worldwide guidance that CHX should remain the first-choice agent for surgical skin antisepsis.
Topics: Humans; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Povidone-Iodine; Chlorhexidine; Preoperative Care; Surgical Wound Infection
PubMed: 36611032
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26658-1