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Cancers Jan 2022Cutaneous sweat gland tumors are a subset of adnexal neoplasms that derive or differentiate into the sweat apparatus. Their great diversity, rarity, and complex... (Review)
Review
Cutaneous sweat gland tumors are a subset of adnexal neoplasms that derive or differentiate into the sweat apparatus. Their great diversity, rarity, and complex terminology make their pathological diagnosis challenging. Recent findings have revealed a wide spectrum of oncogenic drivers, several of which are of diagnostic interest for pathologists. Most of these molecular alterations are represented by gene fusions, which are shared with other homologous neoplasms occurring in organs containing exocrine glands, such as salivary and breast glands, which show similarities to the sweat apparatus. This review aims to provide a synthesis of the most recent immunohistochemical and molecular markers used for the diagnosis of sweat gland tumors and to highlight their relationship with similar tumors in other organs. It will cover adenoid cystic carcinoma (, and fusion), cutaneous mixed tumor ( fusion), cylindroma and spiradenoma and their carcinomas thereof (NF-κB activation through inactivation or hotspot mutation), hidradenoma and hidradenocarcinoma ( fusion), myoepithelioma ( and fusion), poroma and porocarcinoma (, and fusion), secretory carcinoma (, fusion), tubular adenoma and syringo-cystadenoma papilliferum ( and activating mutations). Sweat gland tumors for which there are no known molecular abnormalities will also be briefly discussed, as well as potential future developments.
PubMed: 35158743
DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030476 -
World Journal of Surgical Oncology Feb 2019The giant multilocular prostatic cystadenoma is a very rare benign tumor of the prostate gland. It is composed of predominantly cystic enlarged prostatic glands in a...
BACKGROUND
The giant multilocular prostatic cystadenoma is a very rare benign tumor of the prostate gland. It is composed of predominantly cystic enlarged prostatic glands in a fibrous stroma and spreads extensively into the pelvis. Because of the large size at the time of diagnosis, it is not always possible to determine the exact point of origin for these multilocular cystic neoplasms. Thus, diagnosis before histological examination of a surgical specimen is often difficult. Here, we present a case involving one of the largest giant multilocular prostatic cystadenomas reported in the literature and discuss preoperative diagnoses and appropriate surgical approaches for this rare retroperitoneal tumor.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 50-year-old man presented with a 2-year history of abdominal distension and lower urinary symptoms. Enhanced CT showed a large retroperitoneal mass with multiple septations in the pelvis and lower abdomen, measuring 30 cm in size, surrounding the rectum and displacing the bladder, prostate, and seminal vesicle to the right anterior side. MRI showed multiple cysts with a simple fluid appearance on T2-weighted images and enhanced solid components on gadolinium-enhanced fat-saturated T1-weighted images, suggesting the retroperitoneal mass as leiomyoma with cystic degeneration or perivascular epithelioid cell tumor. Biopsy of the mass showed a spindle cell tumor with focal smooth muscle differentiation. Differential diagnosis comprising leiomyoma, low-grade leiomyosarcoma, and perivascular epithelioid cell tumor was made. Complete resection of the tumor with low anterior resection of the rectum was performed. The tumor was solid with multilocular cavities containing blackish-brown fluid and measured 33 × 23 × 10 cm. Histologically, the tumor was composed of variously sized dilated glandular structures lined by prostatic epithelia surrounded by fibromuscular stroma. The prostatic nature of the lesions was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining of the epithelium for prostate-specific antigen. Thus, pathological diagnosis was a giant multilocular prostatic cystadenoma.
CONCLUSIONS
We present our experiences with one of the largest giant multilocular prostatic cystadenomas. When a retroperitoneal huge lesion with locular cavities fills the pelvis in a male patient, the possibility of giant multilocular prostatic cystadenoma should be considered before planning for retroperitoneal tumor treatment.
Topics: Biopsy; Cystadenoma; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Leiomyoma; Leiomyosarcoma; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Neoplasms; Prostate; Prostatectomy; Prostatic Neoplasms; Retroperitoneal Space; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Treatment Outcome; Tumor Burden
PubMed: 30808350
DOI: 10.1186/s12957-019-1579-7 -
International Journal of Surgery Case... 2016Cystadenoma of apocrine origin is a tumour of the sweat gland that is benign in nature. Classification of this pathology is based upon histological characteristics plus...
INTRODUCTION
Cystadenoma of apocrine origin is a tumour of the sweat gland that is benign in nature. Classification of this pathology is based upon histological characteristics plus histochemical analysis. Prevalence of cystadenoma has been suggested to be quite rare, in the region of 1 in 1000 of subcutaneous biopsies observed.
PRESENTATION OF CASE
We present a case of a 40 year old man referred by his GP with a suboccipital lump, present for some years. On examination the lump was approximately 4-5cm in diameter and an unusual punctum was present. The patient proceeded to an excision of the lesion and the gross specimen showed characteristics of a multiloculated cyst, measuring some 5cm×3.5cm. Histopathology of the tumour revealed an apocrine cystadenoma; there were no features suggestive of malignancy.
DISCUSSION
Previous classification of cystadenoma via histological and immunohistochemical method; has revealed only two distinct entities and the term hydrocystoma was often used in place of cystadenoma. More recent studies have suggested that a third type can be identified via immunohistochemical analysis. This third type; apocrine hydrocystoma, reveals that those previously defined as eccrine in origin may also be related to the apocrine ducts.
CONCLUSION
Apocrine cystadenoma remains a benign pathology and treatment should be focussed on excision, without need for further intervention. Apocrine cystadenoma remains a relatively rare pathology, though one which should not recur if adequate treatment is given.
PubMed: 26670411
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2015.11.017 -
Head and Neck Pathology Dec 2020Salivary gland neoplasms of the buccal mucosa are relatively rare and often present with an unusual histopathologic profile when compared with other intraoral locations....
Salivary gland neoplasms of the buccal mucosa are relatively rare and often present with an unusual histopathologic profile when compared with other intraoral locations. We present a series of minor salivary gland neoplasms of the buccal mucosa and discuss demographics, clinical presentation, and histologic findings. An IRB approved retrospective search of University of Florida Oral Pathology Biopsy Service archive from 1994 to 2018 for all salivary gland neoplasms of the buccal mucosa was undertaken. Data related to age, gender, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and category of neoplasm recorded. Review for consensus of diagnosis and immunohistochemical (IHC) testing on current diagnostic standards was performed and diagnoses updated based on results. Of 66 cases identified majority were females (72.7%) and age mean was 63 years. Benign tumors were 56.06% and 43.94% malignant, with Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) being commonest (26/66, 39.4%), followed by canalicular adenoma (CLA) (14/66, 21.2%), ductal papilloma (DP) (10/66, 15.2%), cystadenoma (CA) (8/66, 12.1%), basal cell adenoma (BCA) (4/66, 6.1%), and 1(1.5%) each for pleomorphic adenoma (PA), secretory carcinoma (SC), adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified (ACNOS). This study with respect to demographics and percentage of benign and malignant buccal mucosal salivary gland neoplasms is in conformity with the literature. It underscores the fact that both benign and malignant salivary gland neoplasms should be included in the differential diagnosis of submucosal buccal masses. Future larger multicenter studies with detailed treatment and outcomes data may aid and assist in further understanding the behavior, diverse histomorphology and prognosis of these neoplasms.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Mucosa; Retrospective Studies; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Salivary Glands, Minor
PubMed: 32506376
DOI: 10.1007/s12105-020-01190-8 -
Journal of Comparative Pathology Nov 2023This retrospective study documents the occurrence of single and multiple cutaneous apocrine gland tumours (CATs) on the dorsal midline of 16 captive African wild dogs...
This retrospective study documents the occurrence of single and multiple cutaneous apocrine gland tumours (CATs) on the dorsal midline of 16 captive African wild dogs (AWDs, Lycaon pictus) derived from 161 submissions to diagnostic laboratories in South Africa, France and Germany between 1997 and 2022. Animals included in the study came from zoological institutions in South Africa (n = 2), France (n = 5) and Germany (n = 1) and ranged from 5 to 14 years of age. Fifteen affected animals were female (94%) and one was male. CATs presented as raised, hairless, multilobular, grey firm masses, consistently located along the dorsal midline. Apart from a single cutaneous apocrine adenoma and a cystadenoma occurring concurrently with two non-cystic adenocarcinomas, neoplasms were consistent with malignant cutaneous apocrine adenocarcinomas with lymphatic spread and visceral metastases. Advanced age and female sex were identified as risk factors. A genetic component or association with the increasing use of GnRH agonist contraceptives was suspected but could not be established. This study highlights the need for close clinical monitoring of AWDs over the age of 5 years for the development of CATs along the dorsal midline and supports early surgical intervention. More research is needed to determine the role of inbreeding, endocrine changes and husbandry factors that may play a role in the development of CATs on the dorsal midline of AWDs.
Topics: Animals; Male; Female; Apocrine Glands; Retrospective Studies; Canidae; South Africa; Adenocarcinoma
PubMed: 37967496
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2023.10.005 -
International Journal of Surgery Case... Jan 2024Apocrine cystadenomas are rare, benign tumors that might arise in the periocular region from glands of Moll. They characteristically demonstrate proliferative features...
INTRODUCTION
Apocrine cystadenomas are rare, benign tumors that might arise in the periocular region from glands of Moll. They characteristically demonstrate proliferative features on histopathological examination, which differentiate them from simple hidrocystomas.
PRESENTATION OF CASES
We retrospectively identified 4 consecutive cases of apocrine cystadenomas in male patients with a mean age of 48.5 years (range 20-62). One of the cases was a recurrent lesion. The Preoperative clinical diagnosis was mostly hidrocystoma. All patients agreed on complete surgical excision of their cystic lesions. Histopathological review of the excised cysts confirmed the diagnosis of apocrine cystadenoma based on the presence of proliferative features with no atypia or infiltrative behavior. Cases are summarized in Table 1 and the histopathological appearance is demonstrated in the included figure.
DISCUSSION
Apocrine cystadenoma is rare. It occurs in the areas of skin with hair follicles, such as the axilla, neck, and trunk, and may be mistaken for other skin lesions, such as nevi or syringomas. In the eyelid region, they are commonly missed and frequently diagnosed as simple hidrocystoma due to the presence of bluish hue such as in our series. Recurrence is rare but was found in one of our patients at initial presentation. Our series included unique locations of this lesion in the medial canthus in one patient and near the eyelid tarsus in another.
CONCLUSION
Ophthalmologist should be aware of the rare occurrence of this lesion in the periocular region. Further studies to explain the etiology of such proliferative nature in apocrine cysts would be interesting.
PubMed: 38086129
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2023.109085 -
Advances in Therapy Aug 2019A vast increase in knowledge of numerous aspects of malignant salivary gland tumours has emerged during the last decade and, for several reasons, this has not been the... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
A vast increase in knowledge of numerous aspects of malignant salivary gland tumours has emerged during the last decade and, for several reasons, this has not been the case in benign epithelial salivary gland tumours. We have performed a literature review to investigate whether an accurate histological diagnosis of the 11 different types of benign epithelial salivary gland tumours is correlated to any differences in their clinical behaviour.
METHODS
A search was performed for histological classifications, recurrence rates and risks for malignant transformation, treatment modalities, and prognosis of these tumours. The search was performed primarily through PubMed, Google Scholar, and all versions of WHO classifications since 1972, as well as numerous textbooks on salivary gland tumours/head and neck/pathology/oncology. A large number of archival salivary tumours were also reviewed histologically.
RESULTS
Pleomorphic adenomas carry a considerable risk (5-15%) for malignant transformation but, albeit to a much lesser degree, so do basal cell adenomas and Warthin tumours, while the other eight types virtually never develop into malignancy. Pleomorphic adenoma has a rather high risk for recurrence while recurrence occurs only occasionally in sialadenoma papilliferum, oncocytoma, canalicular adenoma, myoepithelioma and the membranous type of basal cell adenoma. Papillomas, lymphadenoma, sebaceous adenoma, cystadenoma, basal cell adenoma (solid, trabecular and tubular subtypes) very rarely, if ever, recur.
CONCLUSIONS
A correct histopathological diagnosis of these tumours is necessary due to (1) preventing confusion with malignant salivary gland tumours; (2) only one (pleomorphic adenoma) has a considerable risk for malignant transformation, but all four histological types of basal cell adenoma can occasionally develop into malignancy, as does Warthin tumour; (3) sialadenoma papilliferum, oncocytoma, canalicular adenoma, myoepithelioma and Warthin tumour only occasionally recur; while (4) intraductal and inverted papilloma, lymphadenoma, sebaceous adenoma, cystadenoma, basal cell adenoma (apart from the membranous type) virtually never recur. No biomarker was found to be relevant for predicting recurrence or potential malignant development. Guidelines for appropriate treatment strategies are given.
Topics: Adenoma; Adenoma, Pleomorphic; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Salivary Glands
PubMed: 31209701
DOI: 10.1007/s12325-019-01007-3 -
Dermatology Online Journal Feb 2020Nevus sebaceus is a benign skin hamartoma of congenital onset that grows during puberty, and in adulthood can develop secondary benign and malignant neoplasms. The most... (Review)
Review
Nevus sebaceus with syringocystadenoma papilliferum, prurigo nodularis, apocrine cystadenoma, basaloid follicular proliferation, and sebaceoma: case report and review of nevus sebaceus-associated conditions.
Nevus sebaceus is a benign skin hamartoma of congenital onset that grows during puberty, and in adulthood can develop secondary benign and malignant neoplasms. The most common benign neoplasms occurring in nevus sebaceus are believed to be syringocystadenoma papilliferum, trichilemmoma, and trichoblastoma. A patient with nevus sebaceus developed not only syringocystadenoma papilliferum but also prurigo nodularis within her hamartomatous lesion; multiple biopsies were necessary to establish the diagnoses. Excision of the residual nevus sebaceus also revealed an apocrine cystadenoma, basaloid follicular proliferation, and sebaceoma. Also, it is important to select the appropriate biopsy site and size when evaluating a patient for secondary neoplasms within their nevus sebaceous. Indeed, more than one biopsy may be required if additional diagnoses are suspected.
Topics: Aged; Biopsy; Female; Humans; Neoplasms, Second Primary; Nevus, Sebaceous of Jadassohn; Prurigo; Sebaceous Gland Neoplasms; Skin Neoplasms; Tubular Sweat Gland Adenomas
PubMed: 32239888
DOI: No ID Found -
Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons... Jan 2021Parotid masses causing facial palsy are highly indicative of malignancy. A significant number of cases describing benign parotid disease causing facial palsy have been...
INTRODUCTION
Parotid masses causing facial palsy are highly indicative of malignancy. A significant number of cases describing benign parotid disease causing facial palsy have been reported.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We performed a systematic review of the literature to establish the aetiology, clinical features, investigations and management undertaken during these presentations to assess how these factors differed from malignant presentations and to establish an evidence-based algorithm for their management.
RESULTS
A total of 85 cases were identified from 78 articles. Cystadenolymphomas were the most common histopathological type ( = 0.034). Mean facial palsy recovery duration in neoplastic aetiology was longer than for infective aetiology ( = 0.033). A significant association existed between uncommon infective organisms and development of facial palsy ( = <0.0001).
CONCLUSION
Uncommon benign aetiologies are associated with facial palsy. Investigations and management should be guided by patients' clinical presentations, avoiding excessive treatment. Complete facial palsy recovery rates are high, although not immediate.
Topics: Algorithms; Cystadenoma; Diagnosis, Differential; Evidence-Based Medicine; Facial Paralysis; Humans; Lymphoma; Parotid Gland; Parotid Neoplasms
PubMed: 32969265
DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2020.0194