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Infectious Disease Clinics of North... Mar 2018Encephalitis is an uncommon but severe disease characterized by neurologic dysfunction with central nervous system inflammation. Children with encephalitis should... (Review)
Review
Encephalitis is an uncommon but severe disease characterized by neurologic dysfunction with central nervous system inflammation. Children with encephalitis should receive supportive care and empiric therapies for common and treatable causes while prioritizing diagnostic evaluation for common, treatable, and high-risk conditions. Even with an extensive diagnostic workup, an infectious cause is identified in less than half of cases, suggesting a role for postinfectious or noninfectious processes.
Topics: Arboviruses; Brain; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Encephalitis; Enterovirus; Female; Herpes Simplex; Humans; Male; Meningoencephalitis; Myelitis; United States
PubMed: 29224854
DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2017.10.007 -
The American Journal of Tropical... May 2023Japanese encephalitis (JE) is becoming an increasingly important issue among adults. The reasons for this are multifactorial. During the past decades, new areas of... (Review)
Review
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is becoming an increasingly important issue among adults. The reasons for this are multifactorial. During the past decades, new areas of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) transmission have occurred in several locations, most notably in a markedly expanded area of Australia during 2021-2022. When JEV enters new areas, cases in adults frequently occur. This is unlike the typical pattern in endemic areas where the burden of disease is in children because most adults are protected through natural immunity following earlier exposure to the virus. Even in endemic areas, JEV has become relatively more important in adults because improved JE control through childhood immunization programs has resulted in a substantial decrease in pediatric JE cases and thus more prominence of adult JE cases. Finally, increases in tourism to JE risk areas have resulted in more exposure of adult travelers, who are usually non-immune, to infection in JE risk areas. In this review we describe the increasing importance of JE in adults in some areas and then consider the comparative clinical presentation and severity of illness among children and adults.
Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Encephalitis, Japanese; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Australia; Immunity, Innate; Immunization Programs; Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines
PubMed: 37037440
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0036 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Mar 2019Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a member of the genus Flavivirus within the family Flaviviridae, causes fatal encephalitis with severe sequelae in humans. TBEV is... (Review)
Review
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a member of the genus Flavivirus within the family Flaviviridae, causes fatal encephalitis with severe sequelae in humans. TBEV is prevalent over a wide area of the Eurasian continent including Europe, Russia, Far-Eastern Asia, and Japan. While it was previously thought that TBEV was not endemic in Japan, the first confirmed case of serologically diagnosed TBE was reported in 1993 in the southern area of Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan. In addition, TBEV has been isolated from dogs, wild rodents and ticks in the area. Our epizootiological survey indicated that endemic foci of TBEV were maintained in Hokkaido and other areas of Honshu. TBEV can be divided into three subtypes based on phylogenetic analyses. The Japanese isolates were classified as the Far Eastern subtype, which causes severe neural disorders with a higher mortality rate up to 30%. However, how viral replication and pathogenicity contribute to the neurological manifestations remains unclear. Recent studies have revealed distinctive mechanisms of TBEV pathogenicity and viral genetic factors associated with virulence. This review discusses the recent findings regarding the epidemiology and pathogenesis of TBEV.
Topics: Animals; Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne; Encephalitis, Tick-Borne; Humans; Japan
PubMed: 30674746
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0373 -
Infectious Disease Clinics of North... Sep 2022Powassan virus is an increasingly recognized cause of severe encephalitis that is transmitted by Ixodes ticks. Given the nonspecific clinical, laboratory, and imaging... (Review)
Review
Powassan virus is an increasingly recognized cause of severe encephalitis that is transmitted by Ixodes ticks. Given the nonspecific clinical, laboratory, and imaging features of Powassan virus disease, providers should consider it in patients with compatible exposures and request appropriate testing.
Topics: Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne; Encephalitis, Tick-Borne; Humans
PubMed: 36116842
DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2022.03.003 -
BioMed Research International 2015
Topics: Animals; Disease Vectors; Humans; West Nile Fever; West Nile virus
PubMed: 25879027
DOI: 10.1155/2015/582045 -
Viruses Sep 2022The beginning decades of the 21st century have been marked by multiple emergence and re-emergence phenomena of viral diseases [...].
The beginning decades of the 21st century have been marked by multiple emergence and re-emergence phenomena of viral diseases [...].
Topics: Humans; Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne; West Nile Fever; West Nile virus; Encephalitis, Tick-Borne; Antibodies, Viral
PubMed: 36298675
DOI: 10.3390/v14102120 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Mar 2023This is a case report of encephalitis and myeloradiculitis due to West Nile virus (WNV) with a fatal outcome in a 76-year-old male returning from a vacation in Serbia....
This is a case report of encephalitis and myeloradiculitis due to West Nile virus (WNV) with a fatal outcome in a 76-year-old male returning from a vacation in Serbia. In 2022 during transmission season, there was an outbreak of WNV infection in the southern part of Europe and the incidence is expected to increase globally in the future due to global warming. Currently, no antiviral treatments or vaccines against WNV are available for humans; hence, mosquito bite prevention is crucial in epidemic areas.
Topics: Male; Humans; Aged; West Nile Fever; West Nile virus; Europe; Disease Outbreaks; Epidemics
PubMed: 36999283
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Oct 2023The tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the arboviral etiological agent of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), considered to be one of the most important tick-borne viral... (Review)
Review
The tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the arboviral etiological agent of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), considered to be one of the most important tick-borne viral diseases in Europe and Asia. In recent years, an increase in the incidence of TBE as well as an increasing geographical range of the disease have been noted. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic and the imposition of restrictions that it necessitated, the incidence of TBE is rising in more than half of the European countries analyzed in recent studies. The virus is transmitted between ticks, animals, and humans. It seems that ticks and small mammals play a role in maintaining TBEV in nature. The disease can also affect dogs, horses, cattle, and small ruminants. Humans are incidental hosts, infected through the bite of an infected tick or by the alimentary route, through the consumption of unpasteurized milk or milk products from TBEV-infected animals. TBEV infections in humans may be asymptomatic, but the symptoms can range from mild flu-like to severe neurological. In Europe, cases of TBE are reported every year. While there is currently no effective treatment for TBE, immunization and protection against tick bites are critical in preventing this disease.
PubMed: 37892741
DOI: 10.3390/jcm12206603 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Oct 2023Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral tick-borne infection occurring in many parts of Europe and Asia as described in this review. Increasing TBE case numbers have... (Review)
Review
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral tick-borne infection occurring in many parts of Europe and Asia as described in this review. Increasing TBE case numbers have been reported over recent decades. In Denmark the infection is rare (1-14 annual cases). The rise in TBE in Denmark is mainly driven by microfoci outside of Bornholm, primarily North Zealand. Clinical illness has a bi-phasic presentation: "summer-flu" which may be followed by a neuroinfection. No specific treatment exists, and mortality is less-than 1%. A considerable percentage of patients may experience neurological sequelae. TBE is preventable through vaccination.
Topics: Humans; Encephalitis, Tick-Borne; Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne; Europe; Seasons; Vaccination
PubMed: 37921107
DOI: No ID Found -
Equine Veterinary Journal Jul 2018Equine populations worldwide are at increasing risk of infection by viruses transmitted by biting arthropods, including mosquitoes, biting midges (Culicoides), sandflies... (Review)
Review
Equine populations worldwide are at increasing risk of infection by viruses transmitted by biting arthropods, including mosquitoes, biting midges (Culicoides), sandflies and ticks. These include the flaviviruses (Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and Murray Valley encephalitis), alphaviruses (eastern, western and Venezuelan encephalitis) and the orbiviruses (African horse sickness and equine encephalosis). This review provides an overview of the challenges faced in the surveillance, prevention and control of the major equine arboviruses, particularly in the context of these viruses emerging in new regions of the world.
Topics: Animals; Global Health; Horse Diseases; Horses; RNA Virus Infections; RNA Viruses
PubMed: 29517814
DOI: 10.1111/evj.12829