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Frontiers in Microbiology 2019The Campylobacterota, previously known as Epsilonproteobacteria, are a large group of Gram-negative mainly, spiral-shaped motile bacteria. Some members like the spp.... (Review)
Review
The Campylobacterota, previously known as Epsilonproteobacteria, are a large group of Gram-negative mainly, spiral-shaped motile bacteria. Some members like the spp. are free-living, while others such as spp. can only persist in strict association with a host organism as commensal or as pathogen. Species of this phylum colonize diverse habitats ranging from deep-sea thermal vents to the human stomach wall. Despite their divergent environments, they share common energy conservation mechanisms. The Campylobacterota have a large and remarkable repertoire of electron transport chain enzymes, given their small genomes. Although members of recognized families of transcriptional regulators are found in these genomes, sofar no orthologs known to be important for energy or redox metabolism such as ArcA, FNR or NarP are encoded in the genomes of the Campylobacterota. In this review, we discuss the strategies that members of Campylobacterota utilize to conserve energy and the corresponding regulatory mechanisms that regulate the branched electron transport chains in these bacteria.
PubMed: 31417516
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01719 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Aug 2015Even though dairy cows are known carriers of Arcobacter species and raw or minimally processed foods are recognized as the main sources of human Arcobacter infections in...
Even though dairy cows are known carriers of Arcobacter species and raw or minimally processed foods are recognized as the main sources of human Arcobacter infections in industrialized countries, data on Arcobacter excretion patterns in cows and in milk are scant. This study aimed to identify potentially pathogenic Arcobacter species in a dairy herd and to investigate the routes of Arcobacter transmission among animals and the potential sources of cattle infection and milk contamination. A strategy of sampling the same 50 dairy animals, feed, water, and milk every month for a 10-month period, as well as the sampling of quarter milk, animal teats, the milking environment, and animals living on the farm (pigeons and cats), was used to evaluate, by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), the characteristic patterns in animals, their living environment, and the raw milk they produced. Of the 463 samples collected, 105 (22.6%) were positive for Arcobacter spp. by culture examination. All the matrices except quarter milk and pigeon gut samples were positive, with prevalences ranging from 15 to 83% depending on the sample. Only three Arcobacter species, Arcobacter cryaerophilus (54.2%), A. butzleri (34.2%), and A. skirrowii (32.3%), were detected. PFGE analysis of 370 isolates from positive samples provided strong evidence of Arcobacter circulation in the herd: cattle likely acquire the microorganisms by orofecal transmission, either by direct contact or from the environment, or both. Water appears to be a major source of animal infection. Raw milk produced by the farm and collected from a bulk tank was frequently contaminated (80%) by A. butzleri; our PFGE findings excluded primary contamination of milk, whereas teats and milking machine surfaces could be sources of Arcobacter milk contamination.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Arcobacter; Carrier State; Cats; Cattle; Columbidae; DNA Fingerprinting; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Environmental Microbiology; Food Contamination; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Milk; Molecular Typing
PubMed: 26002896
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01035-15 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2019is an emerging pathogenic microorganism, whose taxonomy has been recently suggested to be emended to the comb. nov. Despite extensive taxonomic analysis, only few...
is an emerging pathogenic microorganism, whose taxonomy has been recently suggested to be emended to the comb. nov. Despite extensive taxonomic analysis, only few fragmented studies have investigated the occurrence and the prevalence of virulence and antibiotic resistance determinants of this species in strains isolated from shellfish. Herein we report for the first time the whole genome sequencing and genomic characterization of two strains isolated from shellfish, with particular reference to the antibiotic, heavy metals and virulence determinants. This study supported the taxonomic assignment of these strains to the species, and allowed us to identify antibiotic and metal resistance along with virulence determinants, also additional to those previously reported for the only two strains from different environments genomically characterized. Moreover, both strains showed resistance to β-lactams, vanocomycin, tetracycline and erythromycin and susceptibility to aminoglycosides and ciprofloxacin. Beside enlarging the availability of genomic data to perform comparative studies aimed at correlating phenotypic differences associated with ecological niche and geographic distribution with the genetic diversity of spp., this study reports the endowment of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance and virulence determinants of these shellfish-isolated strains. This leads to hypothesize a relatively high virulence of isolated from shellfish and prompt the need for a wider genomic analysis and for and studies of more strains isolated from this and other ecological niches, to unravel the mechanism of pathogenicity of this species, and the potential risk associated to their consumption.
PubMed: 31057492
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00670 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2021This review maps the global research landscape of the public health implications of from the food-environment interphase using content analytics and integrated science... (Review)
Review
This review maps the global research landscape of the public health implications of from the food-environment interphase using content analytics and integrated science mapping. The search term "Arcobacter" was used to retrieve relevant articles published in Web of Science and Scopus between 1991 to 2019. The number of articles included in the review was 524, with 1304 authors, 172 journal sources, and a collaborative index of 2.55. The annual growth rate of the publications was 9.74%. The most contributing author in the field was Houf K., with 40 publications, 26 h-index, and 2020 total citations. The most productive country was the USA (13.33%). The majority of the articles were published in English (96%) and in the Journal of Food Protection (8.02%). The highest research outputs were in the field of Microbiology (264). The frequently occurred keywords were , poultry, shellfish, cattle, and chicken. This study revealed a fair increase in the growth rate of -related research-especially in the area of isolation and detection of the pathogen in foods and food environments, as well as the pathogenesis and genetic diversity of the pathogen. Research themes in the area of prevalence and epidemiology seem to be underexplored.
PubMed: 34359542
DOI: 10.3390/foods10071673 -
Microorganisms Dec 2022is an emergent gram-negative enteropathogenic bacterium widespread in different environments and hosts. During the colonization of the gastrointestinal tract, bacteria...
is an emergent gram-negative enteropathogenic bacterium widespread in different environments and hosts. During the colonization of the gastrointestinal tract, bacteria face a variety of environmental conditions to successfully establish infection in a new host. One of these challenges is the fluctuation of oxygen concentrations encountered not only throughout the host gastrointestinal tract and defences but also in the food industry. Oxygen fluctuations can lead to modulations in the virulence of the bacterium and possibly increase its pathogenic potential. In this sense, eight human isolates of were studied to evaluate the effects of microaerobic and aerobic atmospheric conditions in stressful host conditions, such as oxidative stress, acid survival, and human serum survival. In addition, the effects on the modulation of virulence traits, such as haemolytic activity, bacterial motility, biofilm formation ability, and adhesion and invasion of the Caco-2 cell line, were also investigated. Overall, aerobic conditions negatively affected the susceptibility to oxygen reactive species and biofilm formation ability but improved the isolates' haemolytic ability and motility while other traits showed an isolate-dependent response. In summary, this work demonstrates for the first time that oxygen levels can modulate the potential pathogenicity of , although the response to stressful conditions was very heterogeneous among different strains.
PubMed: 36557662
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122409 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) May 2023Due to the lack of knowledge about in the Chilean poultry industry, the objective of this research was to know the prevalence, resistance, and genotypes of , and in...
Due to the lack of knowledge about in the Chilean poultry industry, the objective of this research was to know the prevalence, resistance, and genotypes of , and in 382 samples of chicken meat purchased in Valdivia, Chile. The samples were analyzed using three isolation protocols. Resistance to four antibiotics was evaluated by phenotypic methods. Genomic analyses were performed on selected resistant strains to detect resistance determinants and their genotypes. A total of 59.2% of the samples were positive. (37.4%) was the most prevalent species, followed by (19.6%), (11.3%), (3.7%) and (1.3%). (14%) was detected by PCR in a subset of samples. was resistant to ciprofloxacin (37.3%) and tetracycline (20%), while and were resistant to ciprofloxacin (55.8% and 2.8%), erythromycin (16.3% and 0.7%) and tetracycline (4.7% and 2.8%), respectively. Molecular determinants were consistent with phenotypic resistance. The genotypes of (CC-21, CC-48, CC-49, CC-257, CC-353, CC-443, CC-446 and CC-658) and (CC-828) coincided with genotypes of Chilean clinical strains. These findings suggest that besides and , chicken meat could play a role in the transmission of other pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant
PubMed: 37237819
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050917 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Apr 2016Arcobacter butzleri has been linked to enteric disease in humans, but its pathogenicity and epidemiology remain poorly understood. The lack of suitable detection methods...
Arcobacter butzleri has been linked to enteric disease in humans, but its pathogenicity and epidemiology remain poorly understood. The lack of suitable detection methods is a major limitation. Using comparative genome analysis, we developed PCR primers for direct detection and quantification ofA. butzleri DNA in microbiologically complex matrices. These primers, along with existing molecular and culture-based methods, were used to detectA. butzleri and enteric pathogens in stools of diarrheic and nondiarrheic people (n= 1,596) living in southwestern Alberta, Canada, from May to November 2008. In addition, quantitative PCR was used to compare A. butzleridensities in diarrheic and nondiarrheic stools.Arcobacter butzleriwas detected more often by PCR (59.6%) than by isolation methods (0.8%). Comparison by PCR-based detection found no difference in the prevalence ofA. butzleri between diarrheic (56.7%) and nondiarrheic (45.5%) individuals. Rates of detection in diarrheic stools peaked in June (71.1%) and October (68.7%), but there was no statistically significant correlation between the presence ofA. butzleri and patient age, sex, or place of habitation. Densities ofA. butzleriDNA in diarrheic stools (1.6 ± 0.59 log10 copies mg(-1)) were higher (P= 0.007) than in nondiarrheic stools (1.3 ± 0.63 log10copies mg(-1)). Of the 892 diarrheic samples that were positive for A. butzleri, 74.1% were not positive for other bacterial and/or viral pathogens. The current study supports previous work suggesting that A. butzleri pathogenicity is strain specific and/or dependent on other factors, such as the level of host resistance.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alberta; Arcobacter; Bacterial Load; Child; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Feces; Female; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Young Adult
PubMed: 26865686
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.03202-15 -
Foodborne Pathogens and Disease May 2019and are important gastroenteric pathogens. is an emerging enteric pathogen. Data on the frequencies of these poultry-associated pathogens on meat products sold in...
and are important gastroenteric pathogens. is an emerging enteric pathogen. Data on the frequencies of these poultry-associated pathogens on meat products sold in sub-Saharan Africa are scarce. This study aimed to analyze the frequency of , , and antibiotic resistance and underlying mechanisms of resistance to fluoroquinolones in locally produced and imported poultry sold in urban Ghana. Chicken meat was collected and cultured on standard media. Bacterial strains were identified by biochemical methods and by mass spectrometry. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested by disk diffusion. Ciprofloxacin-resistant strains were assessed for molecular mechanisms of resistance. Among 200 samples, comprising 34% ( = 68) from the Ghanaian poultry industry and 66% ( = 132) from imports, 9% ( = 17) contained , 11% ( = 22) , and 26.5% ( = 53) . Higher overall contamination frequencies were found in local meat. Most common serovars identified were Kentucky (/ = 5/16; 31%) and Poona (/ = 4/16; 25%). were (/ = 10/19; 53%) and (/ = 9/19; 47%). Resistance to fluoroquinolones was high with 63% ( = 10), 75% ( = 15), and 52% ( = 25) in , , and , respectively. A link between Kentucky [sequence type (ST) 198] and a ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentration of 16 μg/mL was found. Poona-ST308 revealed transferable fluoroquinolone resistance genes. Markedly high frequencies of resistant , , and predominant in locally produced meat represent a probable transmission reservoir for human infections. These findings highlight the need for implementation of surveillance systems that focus on food hygiene, use of antibiotics in animal husbandry, and continuous monitoring of the quality of meat products from imports.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arcobacter; Campylobacter; Ciprofloxacin; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Fluoroquinolones; Food Microbiology; Ghana; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Meat Products; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Poultry; Salmonella enterica
PubMed: 30907631
DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2562 -
Clinical Medicine (London, England) Feb 2015Diarrhoea is probably the single most common medical complaint in returning travellers. The most common pathogens are entero-toxigenic Escherichia coli, Shigella,...
Diarrhoea is probably the single most common medical complaint in returning travellers. The most common pathogens are entero-toxigenic Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella and Campylobacter. Viruses, toxigenic Arcobacter and Bacteroides fragilis, as well as parasites such as Cryptosporidium sp, are increasingly recognised but are not tested for in most diagnostic laboratories. Blood in stools is a sign of invasive disease and should trigger exclusion of invasive amoebic disease. The use of empiric antibiotics may shorten illness but is complicated by the diversity of bacterial causes and emerging resistance.
Topics: Diarrhea; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Travel
PubMed: 25650209
DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.15-1-93 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Jan 2016The pathogenic potential of Arcobacter butzleri isolates on human (HT-29/B6) and porcine epithelial (IPEC-J2) cells was investigated by in vitro assays.
AIMS
The pathogenic potential of Arcobacter butzleri isolates on human (HT-29/B6) and porcine epithelial (IPEC-J2) cells was investigated by in vitro assays.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Five of six A. butzleri isolates were able to adhere and invade HT-29/B6 cells while only four isolates adhered and two invaded IPEC-J2 cells. Two non- or poorly invasive A. butzleri isolates were highly cytotoxic to differentiated HT-29/B6 cells but none to IPEC-J2 cells as determined by WST-assays. Epithelial integrity of cell monolayers, monitored by measurement of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), was decreased by all A. butzleri isolates in HT-29/B6 and IPEC-J2 cells to 30-15% and 90-50% respectively.
CONCLUSION
The A. butzleri strain-specific pathomechanisms observed with the human colon cell line HT-29/B6, like adhesion, invasion and cytotoxicity might all contribute to epithelial barrier dysfunction, which could explain a leak-flux type of diarrhoea in humans. In contrast, porcine cells seem to be less susceptible to A. butzleri.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
Arcobacter butzleri has enteric pathogenic potential, characterized by defined interactions with human epithelial cells and strain-specific pathomechanisms.
Topics: Animals; Arcobacter; Diarrhea; Epithelial Cells; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; HT29 Cells; Humans; Intestines; Swine; Swine Diseases; Virulence
PubMed: 26481610
DOI: 10.1111/jam.12979