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BMC Complementary and Alternative... Sep 2019Natural products play a significant role in human health in relation to the prevention and treatment of inflammatory conditions. One of the plants with great medicinal...
BACKGROUND
Natural products play a significant role in human health in relation to the prevention and treatment of inflammatory conditions. One of the plants with great medicinal potentials is Diospyros kaki which is mainly cultivated in Asian countries including Korea, Japan, and China. Astringent D. kaki is a wild species with an astringent taste until they are Ripened. kaki calyx is a traditional Korean medicine (TKM) made from the stalks of astringent D. kaki and is used in treating bed-wetting, vomiting, and hiccupping. The present study was designed to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory activities of astringent D. kaki stalks based on cultivar types and stages of maturity.
METHODS
The anti-inflammatory effects of the stalk extracts of local astringent D. kaki cultivar species were evaluated on RAW 264.7 cells. Cell viability was measured using a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) method. The anti-inflammatory effects were determined by measuring the nitric oxide (NO) concentration of the supernatant. Cellular signaling pathways were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reactions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Protein expression of iNOS and phospho-p65 was determined using western blot, and the nuclear localization of p65 was determined using confocal imaging in RAW 264.7 cells.
RESULTS
We found that the stage 1 (8-9 month) samples all showed a high percentage of tannic acid content and Gojongsi (Hamyang) stalks had the highest content. The stage 1 samples also showed the highest inhibition of NO production. Decreases in the expression of iNOS and phosphorylated p65, and in the nuclear localization of p65, were dose-dependent. All the extracts were nontoxic under 100 μg/ml concentration.
CONCLUSION
This study provides insight into the changes in tannic acid content in astringent D. kaki and their anti-inflammatory effects, in relation to their stage of maturity. These results are expected to be useful in the verification of the efficacy of oriental medicine and the timing of proper harvest for medical use.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Diospyros; Humans; Macrophages; Mice; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Plant Extracts; Plant Stems; RAW 264.7 Cells; Republic of Korea
PubMed: 31547810
DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2659-5 -
Indian Journal of Dental Research :... 2019Conventional complete dentures still remain a viable method of treatment for many patients in this era of fixed prosthesis like dental implants. All patients undergoing...
CONTEXT
Conventional complete dentures still remain a viable method of treatment for many patients in this era of fixed prosthesis like dental implants. All patients undergoing complete denture treatment need nonsurgical preprosthetic treatment for the preparation of healthy denture bearing mucosa as well-keratinized healthy mucosa is desirable for a complete denture.
AIMS
To evaluate and compare the keratinization before and after denture insertion at intervals of 1 week and 1 month.
SETTINGS AND DESIGN
The present study was conducted on 24 completely edentulous male subjects divided into control and study groups. Each patient in study group was asked to massage with astringent on the denture bearing mucosa over a 4-week period.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Exfoliative cytology was used to collect the surface cells from the palatal mucosa and buccal mucosa. The first smear was taken before the denture insertion. The second and third smears were taken after the stimulation treatment with astringent gel for each patient after 1 week and after 4 weeks. Each smear was stained with the Papanicolaou's technique. The number of basal cells, intermediate cells, and superficial cells were recorded to calculate the degree of keratinization.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED
Descriptive statistics, paired samples t-test, independent t-test, and repeated-measures analysis of variance.
RESULTS
The result showed statistically significant increase in the keratinization of palatal mucosa after 4 weeks of astringent therapy and no effect was noted in the keratinization of buccal mucosa.
CONCLUSIONS
Astringent has shown to increase keratinization of palatal mucosa, and so it can be used to increase the quality of the denture bearing mucosa; moreover, the astringent stimulation has no effect on the keratinization of buccal mucosa.
Topics: Astringents; Denture, Complete; Humans; Keratins; Male; Mouth Mucosa; Palate
PubMed: 31397406
DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_620_17 -
The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic... Jul 2021Tannins are considered an important phytochemical used in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals and are well-known for their astringent and antioxidant properties. is a plant...
BACKGROUND
Tannins are considered an important phytochemical used in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals and are well-known for their astringent and antioxidant properties. is a plant that grows in the Southern part of Thailand. Its fruits have an astringent taste, which might correlate with the presence of tannins.
OBJECTIVE
We sought to evaluate the efficacy of a hydrogel containing extract for controlling sebum.
METHODS
First, the extract of fruit was evaluated for its tannin content and astringent activity . Then it was formulated into a hydrogel in different concentrations. After, the safety and sebum-control efficacy of this hydrogel was tested in 10 healthy volunteers. The safety of this hydrogel was evaluated in volunteers using a closed patch test.
RESULTS
The results of the first part of the study indicated that extract contained 0.0359±0.0003mg of tannic acid equivalent per gram of extract, and its astringent activity was 87.45%±1.76%. When formulated into hydrogels of different concentrations, the results showed that the hydrogel containing 0.1% w/w had the highest stability profile. No irritation or allergy was observed. Separately, after usage twice per day for 28 consecutive days, the sebum content of the volunteers was decreased by -54.36%±13.71% relative to baseline.
CONCLUSION
The results from this study suggest that fruit extract might be an effective active ingredient for use by the cosmetic and cosmeceutical industry.
PubMed: 34840650
DOI: No ID Found -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2021In the production of red wines, the pressing of marcs and extended maceration techniques can increase the extraction of phenolic compounds, often imparting high...
In the production of red wines, the pressing of marcs and extended maceration techniques can increase the extraction of phenolic compounds, often imparting high bitterness and astringency to finished wines. Among various oenological products, mannoproteins have been shown to improve the mouthfeel of red wines. In this work, extended maceration (E), marc-pressed (P), and free-run (F) Sangiovese wines were aged for six months in contact with three different commercial mannoprotein-rich yeast extracts (MP, MS, and MF) at a concentration of 20 g/hL. Phenolic compounds were measured in treated and control wines, and sensory characteristics related to the astringency, aroma, and colour of the wines were studied. A multivariate analysis revealed that mannoproteins had a different effect depending on the anthocyanin/tannin (A/T) ratio of the wine. When tannins are strongly present (extended maceration wines with A/T = 0.2), the MP conferred mouthcoating and soft and velvety sensations, as well as colour stability to the wine. At A/T = 0.3, as in marc-pressed wines, both MF and MP improved the mouthfeel and colour of Sangiovese. However, in free-run wine, where the A/T ratio is 0.5, the formation of polymeric pigments was allowed by all treatments and correlated with silk, velvet, and mouthcoat subqualities. A decrease in bitterness was also obtained. Commercial mannoproteins may represent a way to improve the mouthfeel and colour of very tannic wines.
Topics: Color; Humans; Membrane Glycoproteins; Odorants; Sensation; Tannins; Taste; Wine
PubMed: 34299408
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144133 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2022Proanthocyanidins (PAs) derived from grape berries determine the astringency and bitterness of red wines. The two leucoanthocyanidin reductases (VviLAR1 and VviLAR2) are...
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) derived from grape berries determine the astringency and bitterness of red wines. The two leucoanthocyanidin reductases (VviLAR1 and VviLAR2) are crucial for PA accumulation in grapevine. Our previous studies show that the promoter of contains multiple proposed bHLH transcription factor binding sites, but the corresponding bHLH family regulators remain unknown. Here we identified and functionally characterized VvibHLH93 as a new bHLH transcription factor in PA pathway. Yeast one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that VvibHLH93 bound the E/G-box in promoter. And gene was mainly expressed in grape flowers, tendrils, stems and berries at PA active stages. Overexpression of suppressed PA accumulation in grape callus, which was linked to the repression of the transcript levels of two s. The gene expression analysis in transgenic grape callus and the dual-luciferase assay in tobacco leaves together revealed that VvibHLH93 targeted a broad set of structural genes and transcription factors in flavonoid pathway. This research enriches the regulatory mechanism of the two genes, and provides new insights into regulating PA content in grape berries.
PubMed: 36092430
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1007895 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Dec 2016Pneumonia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children younger than five years of age. Most deaths occur during infancy and in low-income countries. Daily... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Pneumonia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children younger than five years of age. Most deaths occur during infancy and in low-income countries. Daily zinc supplements have been reported to prevent acute lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and reduce child mortality. This is an update of a review first published in 2010.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the effectiveness of zinc supplementation in the prevention of pneumonia in children aged two to 59 months.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched CENTRAL (Issue 21 October 2016), MEDLINE (1966 to October 2016), Embase (1974 to October 2016), LILACS (1982 to October 2016), CINAHL (1981 to October 2016), Web of Science (1985 to October 2016) and IMSEAR (1980 to October 2016).
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating zinc supplementation for the prevention of pneumonia in children aged from 2 months to 59 months.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data.
MAIN RESULTS
We did not identify any new studies for inclusion in this update. We included six studies that involved 5193 participants.Analysis showed that zinc supplementation reduced the incidence of pneumonia by 13% (fixed-effect risk ratio (RR) 0.87; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81 to 0.94, six studies, low-quality evidence) and prevalence of pneumonia by 41% (random-effects RR 0.59; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.99, one study, n = 609, low-quality evidence). On subgroup analysis, we found that zinc reduced the incidence of pneumonia defined by specific clinical criteria by 21% (i.e. confirmation by chest examination or chest radiograph) (fixed-effect RR 0.79; 95% CI 0.0.71 to 0.88, four studies, n = 3261), but had no effect on lower specificity pneumonia case definition (i.e. age-specific fast breathing with or without lower chest indrawing) (fixed-effect RR 0.95; 95% CI 0.86 to 1.06, four studies, n = 1932).
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Zinc supplementation in children is associated with a reduction in the incidence and prevalence of pneumonia.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Gluconates; Humans; Infant; Pneumonia; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Zinc Acetate; Zinc Compounds; Zinc Sulfate
PubMed: 27915460
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005978.pub3 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2023This study aimed to determine the effects of Zn sources, used with potato fiber (PF) or lignocellulose (LC), on electrolyte concentration and the mucus layer in the...
Comparison between Organic and Inorganic Zinc Forms and Their Combinations with Various Dietary Fibers in Respect of the Effects on Electrolyte Concentrations and Mucosa in the Large Intestine of Pigs.
This study aimed to determine the effects of Zn sources, used with potato fiber (PF) or lignocellulose (LC), on electrolyte concentration and the mucus layer in the large intestine of pigs. The experiment involved 24 barrows with an initial body weight of 10.8 ± 0.82 kg, divided into four groups fed the following diets: LC and ZnSO, LC and Zn glycinate (ZnGly), PF and ZnSO, or PF and ZnGly. Fiber supplements provided 10 g crude fiber/kg diet, while Zn additives introduced 120 mg Zn/kg diet. After four weeks of feeding, the pigs were sacrificed and digesta and tissue samples were taken from the cecum and colon. PF increased the water content and decreased the phosphorus concentration in the large intestine in comparison with LC. PF also increased calcium, iron, and chloride concentrations in the descending colon. Mucus layer thickness and histological parameters of the large intestine were not affected. ZnGly diets increased expression in the cecum as compared to the LC-ZnSO group. In the ascending colon, the PF-ZnGly diet increased expression, while both PF groups had greater expression in comparison with the LC-ZnSO group. In the transverse colon, the LC-ZnGly group and both PF groups had higher expression in comparison with the LC-ZnSO group, and both ZnGly groups had higher expression than ZnSO groups. PF and ZnGly increased and expression in the descending colon. PF and ZnGly may exert a beneficial effect on colon health in pigs by upregulating the expression of the and genes and are more effective than LC and ZnSO.
Topics: Swine; Animals; Zinc; Zinc Sulfate; Dietary Fiber; Dietary Supplements; Diet; Intestine, Large; Electrolytes; Mucous Membrane; Animal Feed
PubMed: 38069066
DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316743 -
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2022In the thermal-drying processing of astringent persimmon fruit, the tissue-specific changes in the key antioxidants have hardly been investigated, while they have been...
In the thermal-drying processing of astringent persimmon fruit, the tissue-specific changes in the key antioxidants have hardly been investigated, while they have been well investigated in the flesh. We report here the different patterns of the antioxidant activities in the thermally processed flesh and peel of astringent persimmon, with analyses of the carotenoids, the condensed and hydrolysable tannins, and the total phenolics and flavonoids. The persimmon powders presented different colors on the basis of the drying temperatures: brown in 30 °C; light yellow in 60 °C; and dark brown in 90 °C, respectively. Non-maillard reaction and reduction of carotenoids caused the light-yellow color of 60 °C dried persimmon. Thermal drying reduced the antioxidant activities of the flesh in a temperature-dependent manner, with decreases in the carotenoids, the condensed and hydrolysable tannins, and the total phenolics and flavonoids, whereas it enhanced the antioxidant activities of the peel. The increase in the antioxidant activities in the peel were mainly the result of the increase in the total phenolics by the thermal effect, and especially in the content of the hydrolysable tannins, although the thermal processing decreased the other components. The heat-induced increase of antioxidant activity in the peel showed a strong significant correlation only with the contents of total phenolics ( = 0.9493) and total hydrolysable tannins ( = 0.9288), suggesting that the main antioxidant contributors differ from the flesh.
PubMed: 35326247
DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030597 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2023"chicozapote" is an autochthonous evergreen tree from the Southern regions of Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala. Currently, it is widely distributed and extensively grown... (Review)
Review
"chicozapote" is an autochthonous evergreen tree from the Southern regions of Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala. Currently, it is widely distributed and extensively grown in Mexico and Southeast Asia. Traditionally, different structures of the plant have been used for medical purposes; seeds have diuretic and purgative properties, aiding in digestive complications and eliminating bladder and kidney stones. Tree bark has antidiarrheal, antipyretic, antibiotic, and astringent properties. Fruits and leaves have been used to treat cold, cough, diarrhea, indigestion, fever, hemorrhages, wounds, and ulcers. Chicozapote fruit is yellow and brown, with an oval shape and rough peel, it is an excellent source of nutrients, such as sugars, proteins, amino acids, and minerals, and is rich in phytochemical components, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins. These bioactive compounds exert several biological activities, i.e., as an antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and anti-arthritic agents, to name a few. These beneficial properties assist in preventing chronic and degenerative diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, neurological, infectious, and cardiovascular diseases. The use of chicozapote is still limited to its fresh form, and its non-edible structures produce a lot of waste. Therefore, an alternative valorizing and preserving strategy is to use the fruit as a raw source to design functional foods and pharmacological products. Here, the nutritional and phytochemical profiles and the current view regarding methodologies and conditions, for the extraction and characterization of its bioactive compounds, are described, and focus is placed on their multiple biological effects and specific functional mechanisms.
PubMed: 37469550
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1194283 -
Ayu 2021(Linn.) Sweet (), generally called as "" is a plant of high medicinal importance. The plant possesses several beneficial effects such as cooling, laxative, digestive,...
BACKGROUND
(Linn.) Sweet (), generally called as "" is a plant of high medicinal importance. The plant possesses several beneficial effects such as cooling, laxative, digestive, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, astringent, diuretic, expectorant, antihelmintic, aphrodisiac, and demulcent which is widely used in the Ayurveda system of medicine.
AIM
The current study is aimed to establish the macroscopy, powder microscopy and physicochemical analysis of fruits.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The Pharmacognostical studies on fruits, including parameters such as morphological evaluation, powder microscopy, ash values, foreign organic matter, extractive value, phytochemical, fluorescence studies, and high-performance thin-layer chromatography fingerprint profile, are established in the current study.
RESULTS
Fruit powder microscopy has shown diagnostic characteristics such as stellate hairs of different sizes, testa, lignified endocarp, and palisade cells. The loss on drying value of fruit powder was 7.7% w/w. The total ash values of the drug were found to be 10.5% and acid insoluble ash 2.4% w/w with respect to the air-dried crude drug. Water-soluble and alcohol-soluble extractives were found to be 9.64% w/w and 9.04% w/w, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Phytochemical characterization of aqueous, alcoholic extracts of fruit revealed the presence of proteins, carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids. The powder microscopical and phytochemical studies observed in this study can serve as a valuable resource for the authentication of fruits.
PubMed: 37303858
DOI: 10.4103/ayu.AYU_264_20