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Allergy Jun 2021In past 10 years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have gained scientific attention due to their importance in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases and their potential as... (Review)
Review
In past 10 years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have gained scientific attention due to their importance in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases and their potential as biomarkers in liquid biopsies. They act as master post-transcriptional regulators that control most cellular processes. As one miRNA can target several mRNAs, often within the same pathway, dysregulated expression of miRNAs may alter particular cellular responses and contribute, or lead, to the development of various diseases. In this review, we give an overview of the current research on miRNAs in allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. Specifically, we discuss how individual miRNAs function in the regulation of immune responses in epithelial cells and specialized immune cells in response to different environmental factors and respiratory viruses. In addition, we review insights obtained from experiments with murine models of allergic airway and skin inflammation and offer an overview of studies focusing on miRNA discovery using profiling techniques and bioinformatic modeling of the network effect of multiple miRNAs. In conclusion, we highlight the importance of research into miRNA function in allergy and asthma to improve our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of this heterogeneous group of diseases.
Topics: Animals; Asthma; Dermatitis, Atopic; Mice; MicroRNAs; Respiratory System; Rhinitis, Allergic
PubMed: 33128813
DOI: 10.1111/all.14646 -
Journal of Investigational Allergology... Apr 2024The allergic march comprises the sequential appearance of a series of allergic comorbidities. However, variability in the onset and progression of allergic diseases... (Review)
Review
The allergic march comprises the sequential appearance of a series of allergic comorbidities. However, variability in the onset and progression of allergic diseases generates a heterogeneous scenario that does not follow a linear and single trajectory. Almost half of the pediatric population presents at least 1 allergy symptom. However, only 4%-6% present multimorbidity, with several allergic diseases co-occurring. It has recently been shown that although they share etiological mechanisms and risk factors, allergic diseases arise independently. In most cases, progression is not consecutive, or at least not the same in all patients. TH2-mediated inflammation, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and genetic predisposition play a fundamental role in the etiology of allergic diseases, on which the interaction with the exposome acts decisively. Therefore, studying diseases from an omics point of view is essential when attempting to describe the various trajectories of allergic progression and to propose effective interventions to prevent multimorbidity. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of the current perception of the allergic march, including clinical observations, omics data, risk factors, and measures aimed at modifying its course or even preventing its onset.
Topics: Child; Humans; Dermatitis, Atopic; Asthma; Rhinitis, Allergic; Comorbidity; Risk Factors
PubMed: 38113128
DOI: 10.18176/jiaci.0983 -
The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics 2020Local allergic rhinitis (LAR) is a differentiated rhinitis phenotype defined by perennial or seasonal rhinitis symptoms without systemic atopy. The diagnosis can be made... (Review)
Review
Local allergic rhinitis (LAR) is a differentiated rhinitis phenotype defined by perennial or seasonal rhinitis symptoms without systemic atopy. The diagnosis can be made by a positive response to the nasal allergen challenge (NAC) (the gold standard for diagnosis) in the absence of skin prick test and/or serum allergenspecific immunoglobulin E. Clinical and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that LAR affects individuals from different countries, races, and age ranges. Several studies have shown that the onset of nasal symptoms occurs during childhood in a significant proportion of LAR individuals. Evidence of LAR has been growing, especially in pediatric and Asian populations. A review of the literature reveals that most LAR studies of pediatric populations have appeared in the last three years. The prevalence of LAR in children ranges from 3.7% to 66.6%, and similar to what has been observed in adults, prevalence is higher in Western countries. Publications have shown that LAR in children can be either seasonal or perennial, and diagnosis of LAR confirmed by NAC have been reported with numerous allergens (house dust mites, pollens, molds, and dander). These findings illustrate that LAR is an important differential diagnosis in children with presumed non-allergic rhinitis, and a through review of the very recent literature can contribute to the clinical identification and diagnosis of LAR in children with no evidence of systemic atopy, as well as update readers` knowledge of the topic.
Topics: Allergens; Child; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Nasal Provocation Tests; Rhinitis, Allergic; Skin Tests
PubMed: 33108072
DOI: 10.24953/turkjped.2020.05.001 -
Cells Oct 2023Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived gas molecule which has been studied for its role as a signaling molecule in the vasculature and later, in a broader view, as a... (Review)
Review
Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived gas molecule which has been studied for its role as a signaling molecule in the vasculature and later, in a broader view, as a cellular messenger in many other biological processes such as immunity and inflammation, cell survival, apoptosis, and aging. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a convenient, easy-to-obtain, and non-invasive method for assessing active, mainly Th2-driven, airway inflammation, which is sensitive to treatment with standard anti-inflammatory therapy. Consequently, FeNO serves as a valued tool to aid the diagnosis and monitoring of several asthma phenotypes. More recently, FeNO has been evaluated in several other respiratory and/or immunological conditions, including allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with/without nasal polyps, atopic dermatitis, eosinophilic esophagitis, and food allergy. In this review, we aim to provide an extensive overview of the current state of knowledge about FeNO as a biomarker in type 2 inflammation, outlining past and recent data on the application of its measurement in patients affected by a broad variety of atopic/allergic disorders.
Topics: Humans; Nitric Oxide; Asthma; Inflammation; Rhinitis, Allergic; Biomarkers
PubMed: 37947596
DOI: 10.3390/cells12212518 -
International Archives of Allergy and... 2020In recent decades, the worldwide prevalence of allergic disease has increased considerably. The atopic march is a model aimed at explaining the apparent progression of... (Review)
Review
In recent decades, the worldwide prevalence of allergic disease has increased considerably. The atopic march is a model aimed at explaining the apparent progression of allergic diseases from atopic dermatitis (AD) to allergic asthma (AA) and to allergic rhinitis (AR). It hypothesizes that allergic disease begins, typically in children, with the development of AD, then AA, and finally progresses to AR. This theory has been widely studied in cross-sectional and long-term longitudinal studies and it has been found that as prevalence of AD declines, prevalence of AA increases. A similar relationship is reported between AA and AR. The legitimacy of the atopic march model is, however, currently debated. Epidemiological evidence and criticism of longitudinal studies point to an overstatement of the atopic march's prevalence and incorrect mechanisms, opening a discussion for alternative models to better explain the pathophysiological and epidemiological processes that promote this progression of allergic diseases. Albeit, risk factors for the development and progression of allergic disease, particularly AD, are critical in identifying disease progression. Investigating the role of age, severity, family history, phenotype, and genetic traits may give a better indication into the progression of allergic diseases. In addition, studies following patients from infancy into adulthood and a general increase in longitudinal studies would help broaden the knowledge of allergic disease progression and the atopic march.
Topics: Adult; Allergy and Immunology; Animals; Asthma; Child; Dermatitis, Atopic; Disease Progression; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Models, Immunological; Prevalence; Rhinitis, Allergic
PubMed: 31593946
DOI: 10.1159/000502958 -
Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai... Feb 2022The prevalence of allergic rhinitis(AR)is increasing year by year, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients and causes a heavy burden of social... (Review)
Review
The prevalence of allergic rhinitis(AR)is increasing year by year, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients and causes a heavy burden of social diseases. At present, the diagnosis methods focus on clinical manifestations and allergen detection, but there is no accurate detection method for early diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. With the rapid development of proteomics technology and its wide application in disease research, there is a rapid, sensitive and high-throughput technology platform for the diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis, which provides a platform for the early detection, therapeutic targets and prognosis of the disease. This article reviews the progress of AR in proteomics.
Topics: Allergens; Humans; Prevalence; Proteomics; Quality of Life; Rhinitis, Allergic
PubMed: 35172557
DOI: 10.13201/j.issn.2096-7993.2022.02.017 -
Revista Medica de Chile Sep 2018Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC) has a prevalence of 30% in industrialized countries. For an accurate diagnosis and treatment, it is crucial to identify the causative...
BACKGROUND
Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC) has a prevalence of 30% in industrialized countries. For an accurate diagnosis and treatment, it is crucial to identify the causative aeroallergen.
AIM
To evaluate aeroallergen sensitization in adults with ARC in the city of Temuco, Chile.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
A skin test against the main aeroallergens present in Temuco was carried out in patients aged 15 to 64 years with ARC diagnosed by medical examination and the Score For Allergic Rhinitis.
RESULTS
At least one aeroallergen sensitization was present in 234 (62.4%) out of 375 patients. Pollen-sensitized patients were positive mainly for Grasses (44.4%), Plantago (27.8%), Cynodon (26.1%), Sorrel (23.5%), Birch (14.9%), Nothofagus obliqua (13.3%) and Alder (11.1%). Dust mites were the most common non-pollinic sensitizing aeroallergens, including Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (70.1%) and Dermatophagoides farinae (62.8%).
CONCLUSIONS
According to our results, skin tests in the city of Temuco should include at least dust mites, pollens of Grasses, Plantago, Cynodon, Sorrel, Birch, Nothofagus obliqua and Alder, because these allergens account for 93% of ARC cases in this city.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Allergens; Chile; Conjunctivitis, Allergic; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Rhinitis, Allergic; Sensitivity and Specificity; Skin Tests; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult
PubMed: 30725019
DOI: 10.4067/s0034-98872018000900994 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2023Allergic diseases are accompanied by a variety of symptoms such as pruritus, coughing, sneezing, and watery eyes, which can result in severe physiological and even... (Review)
Review
Allergic diseases are accompanied by a variety of symptoms such as pruritus, coughing, sneezing, and watery eyes, which can result in severe physiological and even psychological impairments. The exact mechanisms of these conditions are not yet completely understood. However, recent studies demonstrated a high relevance of neurotrophins in allergic inflammation, as they induce cytokine release, mediate interaction between immune cells and neurons, and exhibit different expression levels in health and disease. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the current state of knowledge concerning the role of neurotrophins in atopic disorders such as atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, and allergic rhinitis.
Topics: Humans; Nerve Growth Factors; Neuroimmunomodulation; Dermatitis, Atopic; Asthma; Rhinitis, Allergic
PubMed: 37047077
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076105 -
Current Allergy and Asthma Reports Apr 2016Pollen allergens are one of the main causes of type I allergies affecting up to 30% of the population in industrialized countries. Climatic changes affect the duration... (Review)
Review
Pollen allergens are one of the main causes of type I allergies affecting up to 30% of the population in industrialized countries. Climatic changes affect the duration and intensity of pollen seasons and may together with pollution contribute to increased incidences of respiratory allergy and asthma. Allergenic grasses, trees, and weeds often present similar habitats and flowering periods compromising clinical anamnesis. Molecule-based approaches enable distinction between genuine sensitization and clinically mostly irrelevant IgE cross-reactivity due to, e. g., panallergens or carbohydrate determinants. In addition, sensitivity as well as specificity can be improved and lead to identification of the primary sensitizing source which is particularly beneficial regarding polysensitized patients. This review gives an overview on relevant pollen allergens and their usefulness in daily practice. Appropriate allergy diagnosis is directly influencing decisions for therapeutic interventions, and thus, reliable biomarkers are pivotal when considering allergen immunotherapy in the context of precision medicine.
Topics: Allergens; Desensitization, Immunologic; Humans; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Pollen; Rhinitis, Allergic
PubMed: 27002515
DOI: 10.1007/s11882-016-0603-z -
International Archives of Allergy and... 2019Over the last decades, an increasing appearance of allergies and atopic disorders, such as asthma, dermatitis, and rhinitis, has been observed. The mechanisms of these... (Review)
Review
Over the last decades, an increasing appearance of allergies and atopic disorders, such as asthma, dermatitis, and rhinitis, has been observed. The mechanisms of these disorders remain unclear, and therefore the development of novel therapies is limited. Current treatments are often symptomatic, nonspecific, or may have severe side effects. Further insights into the mechanisms of the underlying disease pathogenesis could reveal novel targets for treatment. In this review, we provide an update on recent basic and translational studies that offer novel insights and opportunities for the treatment of patients with atopic disorders.
Topics: Allergens; Asthma; Dermatitis, Atopic; Food Hypersensitivity; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Rhinitis, Allergic; Risk Factors
PubMed: 31694044
DOI: 10.1159/000504439