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Toxins Jan 2023The occurrence of tropane alkaloids (TAs), toxic plant metabolites, in food in Europe was studied to identify those TAs in food most relevant for human health.... (Review)
Review
The occurrence of tropane alkaloids (TAs), toxic plant metabolites, in food in Europe was studied to identify those TAs in food most relevant for human health. Information was extracted from the literature and the 2016 study from the European Food Safety Authority. Calystegines were identified as being inherent TAs in foods common in Europe, such as (potato), (eggplant, aubergine), (bell pepper) and (broccoli, Brussels sprouts). In addition, some low-molecular-weight tropanes and Convolvulaceae-type TAs were found inherent to bell pepper. On the other hand, atropine, scopolamine, convolvine, pseudotropine and tropine were identified as emerging TAs resulting from the presence of associated weeds in food. The most relevant food products in this respect are unprocessed and processed cereal-based foods for infants, young children or adults, dry (herbal) teas and canned or frozen vegetables. Overall, the occurrence data on both inherent as well as on associated TAs in foods are still scarce, highlighting the need for monitoring data. It also indicates the urge for food safety authorities to work with farmers, plant breeders and food business operators to prevent the spreading of invasive weeds and to increase awareness.
Topics: Child; Humans; Child, Preschool; Alkaloids; Tropanes; Atropine; Scopolamine; Solanum tuberosum; Food Contamination
PubMed: 36828413
DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020098 -
Deutsches Arzteblatt International Mar 2017
Topics: Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Atropine; Cholinergic Antagonists; Delirium; Drug Overdose; Female; Humans; Iatrogenic Disease; Young Adult
PubMed: 28377011
DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2017.0167 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Nov 2023The muscarinic cholinergic antagonist atropine is the most widely used pharmacological treatment for the visual disorder myopia (short-sightedness), the leading cause of...
The muscarinic cholinergic antagonist atropine is the most widely used pharmacological treatment for the visual disorder myopia (short-sightedness), the leading cause of low-vision worldwide. This study sought to better define the mechanism by which atropine inhibits myopic growth. Although classified as a muscarinic-cholinergic antagonist, atropine has been found to bind and modulate the activity of several non-cholinergic systems (e.g., serotonin). Thus, this study investigated whether the serotonergic system could underly atropine's anti-myopic effects. Using a chick model of myopia, we report that atropine's growth-inhibitory effects can be attenuated by pharmacological stimulation of the serotonin system. This may suggest that atropine can slow the development of myopia through inhibiting serotonergic receptor activity. We also observed that pharmacological antagonism of serotonergic receptors inhibits the development of experimental myopia in a dose-dependent manner, further demonstrating that modulation of serotonergic receptor activity can alter ocular growth rates. Finally, we found that neither experimental myopia, nor atropine treatment, induced a significant change in retinal serotonergic output (i.e., synthesis, transport, release and catabolism). This may suggest that, although myopic growth can be inhibited through modulation of serotonergic receptor activity (by atropine or serotonergic antagonists), this does not require a change in serotonin levels. These findings regarding a serotonergic mechanism for atropine may have significant ramifications for the treatment of human myopia. This includes assessing the use of atropine in patients who are also undergoing treatment to upregulate serotonergic signaling (e.g., serotonergic anti-depressants).
Topics: Humans; Serotonin; Myopia; Muscarinic Antagonists; Atropine; Retina
PubMed: 37742601
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115542 -
Comparison of sugammadex and neostigmine-atropine on intraocular pressure and postoperative effects.The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical... Feb 2016During surgery, changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) can be observed resulting from several factors, such as airway manipulations and drugs used. We aimed to... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial
During surgery, changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) can be observed resulting from several factors, such as airway manipulations and drugs used. We aimed to investigate the effects of sugammadex and neostigmine on IOP, hemodynamic parameters, and complications after extubation. Our study comprised 60 patients, aged 18-65 years, with a risk status of the American Society of Anesthesiologists I-II who underwent arthroscopic surgery under general anesthesia. The patients were randomly assigned into two groups. At the end of the surgery, the neuromuscular block was reversed using neostigmine (50 μg/kg) plus atropine (15 μg/kg) in Group 1, and sugammadex (4 mg/kg) in Group 2. Neuromuscular blockade was monitored using acceleromyography and a train-of-four mode of stimulation. IOP was measured before induction and at 30 seconds, 2 minutes, and 10 minutes after extubation. A Tono-Pen XL applanation tonometer was used to measure IOP. This showed that elevation in IOP of patients reversed using sugammadex was similar to that recorded in patients reversed using neostigmine-atropine. When heart rate was compared, there was a significant difference between basal values and those obtained at 30 seconds and 10 minutes after extubation in the neostigmine-atropine group. Extubation time (time from withdrawal of anesthetic gas to extubation) was significantly shorter in the sugammadex group (p = 0.003) than in the neostigmine-atropine group. The postextubation IOP values of the sugammadex group were similar to the neostigmine-atropine group. Extubation time (time from withdrawal of anesthetic gas to extubation) was significantly shorter in the sugammadex group (p = 0.003) than in the neostigmine-atropine group.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Atropine; Female; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Male; Middle Aged; Neostigmine; Neuromuscular Agents; Neuromuscular Junction; Postoperative Period; Sugammadex; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult; gamma-Cyclodextrins
PubMed: 26944326
DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2016.01.009 -
JAMA Ophthalmology May 2015
Topics: Amblyopia; Atropine; Bandages; Humans; Mydriatics; Sensory Deprivation
PubMed: 25695639
DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.6131 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2021A fast method for the determination of tropane alkaloids, using a portable CE instrument with a capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector (CE-CD) was...
A fast method for the determination of tropane alkaloids, using a portable CE instrument with a capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector (CE-CD) was developed and validated for determination of atropine and scopolamine in seeds from family plants. Separation was obtained within 5 min, using an optimized background electrolyte consisting of 0.5 M acetic acid with 0.25% () β-CD. The limit of detection and quantification was 0.5 µg/mL and 1.5 µg/mL, respectively, for both atropine and scopolamine. The developed method was validated with the following parameters-precision (CV): 1.07-2.08%, accuracy of the assay (recovery, RE): 101.0-102.7% and matrix effect (ME): 92.99-94.23%. Moreover, the optimized CE-CD method was applied to the analysis of plant extracts and pharmaceuticals, proving its applicability and accuracy.
Topics: Atropine; Electrophoresis, Capillary; Limit of Detection; Scopolamine; Solanaceae; Solanaceous Alkaloids
PubMed: 34641293
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195749 -
Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang... Dec 2018Myopia (short-sightedness) exhibits high prevalence in East Asia. Methods to mitigate myopia progression are important in preventing the vision-threatening complications... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Myopia (short-sightedness) exhibits high prevalence in East Asia. Methods to mitigate myopia progression are important in preventing the vision-threatening complications associated with high myopia. In this review, we examine the regional epidemiology of myopia and provide updated evidence regarding interventions to slow myopia progression in children.
METHODS
We performed a literature search using PubMed from the date of inception through 25 June 2018. Studies involving myopia epidemiology and control of myopia progression were selected; only studies published in English were reviewed. Preference was given to prospective studies, as well as those conducted in Hong Kong or East Asia.
RESULTS
Atropine eye drops and pirenzepine eye gel are highly effective for controlling myopia progression in children. Orthokeratology, peripheral defocus contact lenses, bifocal or progressive addition spectacles, and increased involvement in outdoor activities are also effective for controlling myopia progression; however, myopia undercorrection and single vision contact lenses are ineffective.
CONCLUSION
Although various methods are effective for controlling myopia progression in children, no curative remedy exists for myopia. Health care professionals should be aware of the available methods, as well as their risks and benefits. Treatment should be individualised and based on the preferences of the patient's family, after full discussion of the risks and benefits of each modality.
Topics: Administration, Ophthalmic; Atropine; Child; Contact Lenses; Disease Progression; Eyeglasses; Asia, Eastern; Hong Kong; Humans; Muscarinic Antagonists; Myopia; Pirenzepine; Prevalence
PubMed: 30530867
DOI: 10.12809/hkmj187513 -
JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan... Mar 2023The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 0.01% Atropine eye drops on diopter and optic axis in adolescents and children with myopia. A total of 164... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 0.01% Atropine eye drops on diopter and optic axis in adolescents and children with myopia. A total of 164 children with myopia were randomly divided into two groups, Group A and Group B with 82 patients in each group, according to the digital table method. Group A was treated with 0.01% Atropine eye drops, while Group B was treated with single vision lenses. Before the treatment, there was no significant difference in diopter and axial length between the two groups (P=0.624 and P=0.123). After 12 months of treatment, the diopter and axial length of Group A were lower than those of Group B (P < 0.001 and P = 0.005). There were no obvious adverse reactions during corrective therapy in the two groups. The results show that compared with single vision lenses, 0.01% Atropine is more effective in correcting myopia, and may control the increase of optic axis in adolescents and children with myopia, in a better way, with high safety..
Topics: Humans; Child; Adolescent; Atropine; Myopia; Ophthalmic Solutions; Eyeglasses; Refraction, Ocular; Disease Progression
PubMed: 36932775
DOI: 10.47391/JPMA.6241 -
BMC Cancer Oct 2023Cancer cells express immunosuppressive molecules, such as programmed death ligands (PD-L)1 and PD-L2, enabling evasion from the host's immune system. Cancer cells...
BACKGROUND
Cancer cells express immunosuppressive molecules, such as programmed death ligands (PD-L)1 and PD-L2, enabling evasion from the host's immune system. Cancer cells synthesize and secrete acetylcholine (ACh), acting as an autocrine or paracrine hormone to promote their proliferation, differentiation, and migration.
METHODS
We correlated the expression of PD-L1, PD-L2, cholinergic muscarinic receptor 3 (M3R), alpha 7 nicotinic receptor (α7nAChR), and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues with the stage of disease, gender, age, risk, and patient survival. The effects of a muscarinic receptor blocker, atropine, and a selective M3R blocker, 4-DAMP, on the expression of immunosuppressive and cholinergic markers were evaluated in human CRC (LIM-2405, HT-29) cells.
RESULTS
Increased expression of PD-L1, M3R, and ChAT at stages III-IV was associated with a high risk of CRC and poor survival outcomes independent of patients' gender and age. α7nAChR and PD-L2 were not changed at any CRC stages. Atropine and 4-DAMP suppressed the proliferation and migration of human CRC cells, induced apoptosis, and decreased PD-L1, PD-L2, and M3R expression in CRC cells via inhibition of EGFR and phosphorylation of ERK.
CONCLUSIONS
The expression of immunosuppressive and cholinergic markers may increase the risk of recurrence of CRC. These markers might be used in determining prognosis and treatment regimens for CRC patients. Blocking cholinergic signaling may be a potential therapeutic for CRC through anti-proliferation and anti-migration via inhibition of EGFR and phosphorylation of ERK. These effects allow the immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer cells.
Topics: Humans; alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor; Atropine; B7-H1 Antigen; Cholinergic Agents; Colorectal Neoplasms; ErbB Receptors; HT29 Cells; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors; Receptors, Muscarinic; Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 2 Protein
PubMed: 37828429
DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11410-3 -
Psychiatry and Clinical... Mar 2022Sublingual atropine is an effective treatment of clozapine-induced hypersalivation. This study aims to investigate the pharmacokinetics of atropine after sublingual and...
BACKGROUND
Sublingual atropine is an effective treatment of clozapine-induced hypersalivation. This study aims to investigate the pharmacokinetics of atropine after sublingual and oral administration and study the dose effect of atropine on saliva secretion.
METHODS
An interventional cross-over clinical trial where participants received 0.6 mg and 1.2 mg atropine sulfate sublingual solution and 0.6 mg oral tablet. Atropine plasma concentration was measured over 9 hours with validated LC-MS/MS method. Atropine effects on saliva secretion rate, visual acuity and accommodation, and vital signs were assessed.
RESULTS
Four clozapine-treated and three healthy participants were enrolled in the study. The area under the atropine plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) was highest after the 1.2 mg sublingual solution administration in comparison with 0.6 mg tablet or sublingual solution (8.58±1.66 µg.L.h vs. 4.65±1.29 vs. 2.98±0.73 µg.L.h, respectively). The C for the 0.6 mg and 1.2 mg sublingual solutions was 1.11±0.99 and 1.76±0.62 µg.L, and t was 2.18±0.59 and 1.9±0.71 h, respectively. In comparison with the 0.6 mg sublingual solution dose, the saliva secretion reduction was larger after the oral tablet administration (-40% (-59, -22%) vs. -69% (-80, -57)) and largest after the 1.2 mg sublingual solution administration (-79% (-93,-64)).
CONCLUSION
Both the sublingual and oral atropine are effective in reducing the saliva secretion however at a lower plasma concentration after sublingual administration, with a dose-dependent effect. Both have significantly reduced the blood pressure and pulse rate over 3 hours without significant changes in vision. No major safety concerns were reported.
PubMed: 38764898
DOI: 10.5152/pcp.2022.21221