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Cureus Jun 2018The venous drainage of the neck can be characterized into superficial or deep. Superficial drainage refers to the venous drainage of the subcutaneous tissues, which are... (Review)
Review
The venous drainage of the neck can be characterized into superficial or deep. Superficial drainage refers to the venous drainage of the subcutaneous tissues, which are drained by the anterior and external jugular veins (EJVs). The brain, face, and neck structures are mainly drained by the internal jugular vein (IJV). The superficial veins are found deep to the platysma muscle while the deep veins are found encased in the carotid sheath. The junction of the retromandibular vein and the posterior auricular vein usually form the EJV, which continues along to drain into the subclavian vein. The anterior jugular vein is usually formed by the submandibular veins, travels downward anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM), and drains either into the EJV or the subclavian vein. Other superficial veins of the neck to consider are the superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins. The superior thyroid and middle thyroid veins drain into the IJV whereas the inferior thyroid vein usually drains into the brachiocephalic veins.
PubMed: 30131919
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.2826 -
Jornal Vascular Brasileiro 2023The mastoid emissary vein connects the posterior auricular vein to the sigmoid sinus and varies in size, number, location, and course, resulting in clinical... (Review)
Review
The mastoid emissary vein connects the posterior auricular vein to the sigmoid sinus and varies in size, number, location, and course, resulting in clinical complications. This study was conducted in response to the vast clinical implications associated with this vein. The aim of this review is to highlight and describe the prevalence, varied morphology, and morphometry of the mastoid emissary vein, how these varied parameters cause clinical complications, and how these can be rectified and avoided. A literature survey was conducted using various databases and different terms related to mastoid emissary vein were used to search the literature. Pitfalls related to surgery in the vicinity of this vein and their remedies were elucidated. The literature search revealed that the prevalence, morphology, and morphometry of mastoid emissary veins vary immensely and are responsible for morbidity and mortality. Pre-operative identification of mastoid veins is thus essential and so multidetector computed tomography of the temporal bone should be scheduled before planning surgery.
PubMed: 37576721
DOI: 10.1590/1677-5449.202300362 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Mar 2023(1) : The external jugular vein (EJV) descends on the sternocleidomastoid muscle to drain deep into the subclavian vein. Anatomical variations of the EJV are relevant... (Review)
Review
(1) : The external jugular vein (EJV) descends on the sternocleidomastoid muscle to drain deep into the subclavian vein. Anatomical variations of the EJV are relevant for identification of the greater auricular nerve, flap design and preparation, or EJV cannulation. (2) : Different publications were comprehensively reviewed. Dissections and three-dimensional volume renderings of peculiar cases were used to sample the review. (3) : Different anatomical possibilities of the EJV were critically reviewed and documented: fenestrations and double fenestrations, true or false duplications, triplication, absence, aberrant origin or course, or bifurcation. Tributaries of the EJV, such as the facial and posterior external jugular veins, are discussed. The internal jugular vein termination of the EJV is also presented. (4) : Care should be taken when different morphological features of the EJV are encountered or reported.
Topics: Humans; Jugular Veins; Subclavian Vein; Face; Surgical Flaps
PubMed: 36984623
DOI: 10.3390/medicina59030622 -
Anatomy & Cell Biology Dec 2022Variations of external jugular vein are common. Here, we present a rare terminal bifurcation of the left external jugular vein. The left external jugular vein was formed...
Variations of external jugular vein are common. Here, we present a rare terminal bifurcation of the left external jugular vein. The left external jugular vein was formed by the union of entire retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein. One inch above the clavicle, it bifurcated into medial and lateral divisions. The medial division terminated into the internal jugular vein and the lateral division terminated into the subclavian vein. Medial division received a common vein formed by the union of anterior jugular vein and an anonymous vein lying under the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The lateral division received a common vein formed by the union of suprascapular and transverse cervical veins. The knowledge about this variation could be useful to head and neck surgeons, radiologists and plastic surgeons.
PubMed: 35989354
DOI: 10.5115/acb.22.084 -
Anatomy & Cell Biology Sep 2021The transverse cervical nerve arises from anterior rami of the second and third cervical spinal nerves via the cervical plexus. We present a case of a left duplicated...
The transverse cervical nerve arises from anterior rami of the second and third cervical spinal nerves via the cervical plexus. We present a case of a left duplicated transverse cervical nerve with a duplicated external jugular vein in a 72-year-old female cadver. The transverse cervical nerve bifurcated into two branches, ., superficial and deep branches, lateral to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The superficial branch ran lateral to the duplicated external jugular vein and gave a cutaneous branch to the area below the great auricular nerve and cutaneous branches to the skin of the neck. The deep branch ran medial to the duplicated external jugular vein, joined the anterior branch of the superficial transverse cervical nerve and cervical branch of the facial nerve, and terminated into the skin. This case adds to the growing data on individual variability that should be considered when operating on the anterolateral neck.
PubMed: 34031273
DOI: 10.5115/acb.21.071 -
Archives of Craniofacial Surgery Jun 2021Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) which is a high-blood-flow lesion with connections between arteries and veins without an intervening capillary bed, is difficult to...
BACKGROUND
Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) which is a high-blood-flow lesion with connections between arteries and veins without an intervening capillary bed, is difficult to manage. The ear is the second most common site of extracranial AVM. However, studies regarding the management of this condition remain lacking. The purpose of this study was to share managing experiences in our center and to investigate the treatment effect through a retrospective analysis of cases.
METHODS
Among 265 patients with AVM treated in our vascular anomalies center between January 2008 and January 2021, 10 patients with auricular AVM were included in the study to investigate the lesion distribution, clinical stage, and treatment methods by performing a retrospective evaluation.
RESULTS
Among 10 patients, five patients had AVMs distributed in the upper half of the ear, one patient in the lower half of the ear, and four patients in whole ear, respectively. Seven patients had Schobinger stage II, and three had stage III. One patient received surgical treatment only, four patients received sclerotherapy only, and five patients received both surgical treatment and sclerotherapy. The posttreatment status was checked as controlled in two patients, improved in seven patients, persistent in one patient. There were no worsening patients.
CONCLUSION
Auricular AVM is a disease that is difficult to manage by one specific department, thus requiring a collaborative management effort from multidisciplinary team.
PubMed: 34225405
DOI: 10.7181/acfs.2021.00192 -
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences May 2019Explore the effect of compound lobelia oral liquid on acute pharyngitis rabbits model caused by ammonium hydroxide, evaluate its curative effect.
AIMS
Explore the effect of compound lobelia oral liquid on acute pharyngitis rabbits model caused by ammonium hydroxide, evaluate its curative effect.
METHODS
Acute pharyngitis rabbit model was prepared by ammonia spray at pharyngeal. After 1 h of the last administration, score the pharyngeal tissue symptoms of rabbits under the condition of naked eyes (score according to the score criteria). Then, take blood from the marginal auricular vein for routine blood tests and serum TNF-α level measure. Take pharyngeal tissue for HE staining, and observe its pathological changes under the microscope.
RESULTS
Compared with the blank group, the pharyngeal tissue symptom score and serum TNF-α level in the model group were significantly increased ( < 0.01). The results of blood routine showed that the number of white blood cells and lymphocytes in the model group increased significantly ( < 0.01), and neutrophilic granulocyte percentage decreased significantly ( < 0.01). The infiltration of inflammatory cells in the pharynx tissue was obvious and pathological changes were observed. Compared with the model group, large, middle and small doses of compound lobelia oral liquid group could reduce the scores of pharyngeal tissue symptoms in rabbits with acute pharyngitis induced by ammonia. The large and middle dose compound lobelia oral liquid group could significantly reduce serum TNF-α level and neutrophilic granulocyte percentage, significantly increase the number of white blood cells and lymphocytes ( < 0.01); The small dose compound lobelia oral liquid group could significantly reduce the number of white blood cells and lymphocytes ( < 0.01), there was an increasing tendency to neutrophils and a decreasing tendency to serum TNF-α, but no statistical significance. The large, middle and small doses of compound lobelia oral liquid group all could improve the pathological changes of pharyngeal tissue inflammatory infiltration.
CONCLUSION
Compound lobelia oral liquid has a good effect on rabbit acute pharyngitis model caused by ammonia.
PubMed: 31049008
DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.02.008