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Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection... 2018The way of treating different types of infectious diseases is really important. Using genotyping method, we can determine the genetic relatedness between the organisms...
BACKGROUND
The way of treating different types of infectious diseases is really important. Using genotyping method, we can determine the genetic relatedness between the organisms with different resistance profile from different sources. The aim of this study was to determine antibiotic resistance and genotyping of uropathogenic (UPEC) strains using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).
METHOD
() strains were recovered from the patients with urinary tract infections (UTI) whom admitted in several major hospitals in Tehran. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done according to CLSI guideline. The present of some virulence factor have been detected using PCR assay. Genotyping of the strains was performed by PFGE and all PFGE profiles were subjected to data processing.
RESULT
In total, 60 strains were subjected to the study. Most of isolates were resistant to cefepime (100%) and cephalothin (74%) and susceptible to imipenem (100%), vancomycin (100%) and doxycycline (100%). Among the UPEC isolates the prevalence of fimbriae type I (), hemolysin () and aerobactin () genes were 89%, 60% and 90%, respectively. The PFGE differentiated strains into 33 different genetic clusters. Majority (30%) of them including PFGE type 11 generated 15 bands, while PFGE type 2 was the lowest (2%) prevalent group with 9 bands.
CONCLUSION
The result showed that the antibiotic resistance is escalating rapidly. UPEC strains causing infections are more likely to harbor certain virulence genes. Our finding also showed strains isolated under the study were belonged to the diverse clones.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Genotype; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Public Health Surveillance; Urinary Tract Infections; Uropathogenic Escherichia coli; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 30305891
DOI: 10.1186/s13756-018-0411-4 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023Bioindicator species are used to assess the damage and magnitude of possible impacts of anthropic origin on the environment, such as the reckless consumption of...
Bioindicator species are used to assess the damage and magnitude of possible impacts of anthropic origin on the environment, such as the reckless consumption of antimicrobials. has several characteristics that make it a suitable bioindicator of marine pollution and of the presence of pathogens that cause diseases in humans. This study aimed to investigate the green sea turtle as a reservoir of resistant bacteria, mainly because is the most frequent sea turtle species in Brazilian coastal regions and, consequently, under the intense impact of anthropic factors. Free-living green sea turtles ranging from 42.8 to 92 cm (average = 60.7 cm) were captured from Itaipú Beach, Brazil. Cloaca samples (characterizing the gastrointestinal tract) and neck samples (representing the transient microbiota) were collected. Bacterial species were identified, and their was resistance associated with the antimicrobials cephalothin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, tetracycline, and vancomycin. , , and were found resistant to cephalothin and and tetracycline-resistant isolates in cloaca samples. In neck samples, species resistant to tetracycline were sp., , and . This data reinforces that the green turtle is a bioindicator of antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
PubMed: 37627688
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081268 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Aug 2022To investigate the priming effects of sub-inhibitory concentrations of biocides on antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
AIMS
To investigate the priming effects of sub-inhibitory concentrations of biocides on antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of biocides via a gradient plate method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and antibiotic susceptibility were determined, and efflux pump inhibitors (thioridazine and chlorpromazine) were used to investigate antibiotic resistance mechanism(s). Escherichia coli displayed a twofold increase in MIC (32-64 mg l ) to H O which was stable after 15 passages, but lost after 6 weeks, and P. aeruginosa displayed a twofold increase in MIC (64-128 mg l ) to BZK which was also stable for 15 passages. There were no other tolerances observed to biocides in E. coli, P. aeruginosa or S. aureus; however, stable cross-resistance to antibiotics was observed in the absence of a stable increased tolerance to biocides. Sixfold increases in MIC to cephalothin and fourfold to ceftriaxone and ampicillin were observed in hydrogen peroxide primed E. coli. Chlorhexidine primed S. aureus showed a fourfold increase in MIC to oxacillin, and glutaraldehyde-primed P. aeruginosa showed fourfold (sulphatriad) and eightfold (ciprofloxacin) increases in MIC. Thioridazine increased the susceptibility of E. coli to cephalothin and cefoxitin by fourfold and twofold, respectively, and both thioridazine and chlorpromazine increased the susceptibility S. aureus to oxacillin by eightfold and fourfold, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings demonstrate that sub-inhibitory concentrations of biocides can prime bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics even in the absence of stable biocide tolerance and suggests activation of efflux mechanisms may be a contributory factor.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
This study demonstrates the effects of low-level exposure of biocides (priming) on antibiotic resistance even in the absence of obvious increased biocidal tolerance.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalothin; Chlorpromazine; Disinfectants; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxacillin; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus aureus; Thioridazine
PubMed: 35384175
DOI: 10.1111/jam.15564 -
Equine Veterinary Journal Nov 2021First-generation cephalosporins have good activity against gram-positive bacteria and are extensively used in horses. There are few reports of pharmacokinetics and...
BACKGROUND
First-generation cephalosporins have good activity against gram-positive bacteria and are extensively used in horses. There are few reports of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) analysis of cephalosporins in horses.
OBJECTIVE
To optimise the dosages of the two first-generation cephalosporins cephalothin (CET) and cefazolin (CEZ) in horses using PK/PD concepts.
STUDY DESIGN
Experimental study with single administration.
METHODS
Drug plasma concentrations following a single intravenous (i.v.) administration of 22 mg/kg bodyweight (bwt) CET in 12 horses and of 10 mg/kg bwt CEZ in six horses were measured using LC-MS/MS. Data were modelled using a nonlinear mixed effect modelling followed by Monte Carlo simulations. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from horses were determined by the microbroth dilution method.
RESULTS
The percentages of CET and CEZ binding to serum proteins were 19.9% ± 8.4% and 15.2% ± 8.5% respectively. For both CET and CEZ, the MIC against S. zooepidemicus was 0.12 mg/L and against S. aureus was 0.5 mg/L. For CET, to achieve a probability of target attainment (PTA) of 90% for a PK/PD target of a free serum plasma concentration exceeding the MIC for 40% of the dosing interval, an empirical CET dosage regimen of 22 mg/kg bwt q8h and 22 mg/kg bwt q4h i.v. administration were required for S. zooepidemicus and S. aureus respectively. For CEZ, the corresponding dosage regimens were 10 mg/kg bwt q12h and 10 mg/kg bwt q8h.
MAIN LIMITATIONS
Small sample size only in healthy horses.
CONCLUSIONS
For CET, more frequent administration than that currently recommended (22 mg/kg bwt q6-12h) is required to empirically control S. aureus infection in horses. For CEZ, less frequent administration compared to the dosage regimen currently proposed (10-22 mg/kg bwt q6h) could control S. zooepidemicus and S. aureus infections in horses.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cefazolin; Cephalothin; Chromatography, Liquid; Horses; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Staphylococcus aureus; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 33341979
DOI: 10.1111/evj.13406 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Jul 2016A septic abortion refers to any abortion (spontaneous or induced) complicated by upper genital tract infection including endometritis or parametritis. The mainstay of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
A septic abortion refers to any abortion (spontaneous or induced) complicated by upper genital tract infection including endometritis or parametritis. The mainstay of treatment of septic abortion is antibiotic therapy alone or in combination with evacuation of retained products of conception. Regimens including broad-spectrum antibiotics are routinely recommended for treatment. However, there is no consensus on the most effective antibiotics alone or in combination to treat septic abortion. This review aimed to bridge this gap in knowledge to inform policy and practice.
OBJECTIVES
To review the effectiveness of various individual antibiotics or antibiotic regimens in the treatment of septic abortion.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, and POPLINE using the following keywords: 'Abortion', 'septic abortion', 'Antibiotics', 'Infected abortion', 'postabortion infection'. We also searched the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) and ClinicalTrials.gov for ongoing trials on 19 April, 2016.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We considered for inclusion randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs that compared antibiotic(s) to another antibiotic(s), irrespective of route of administration, dosage, and duration as well as studies comparing antibiotics alone with antibiotics in combination with other interventions such as dilation and curettage (D&C).
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently extracted data from included trials. We resolved disagreements through consultation with a third author. One review author entered extracted data into Review Manager 5.3, and a second review author cross-checked the entry for accuracy.
MAIN RESULTS
We included 3 small RCTs involving 233 women that were conducted over 3 decades ago.Clindamycin did not differ significantly from penicillin plus chloramphenicol in reducing fever in all women (mean difference (MD) -12.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) -25.12 to 0.52; women = 77; studies = 1). The evidence for this was of moderate quality. "Response to treatment was evaluated by the patient's 'fever index' expressed in degree-hour and defined as the total quantity of fever under the daily temperature curve with 99°F (37.2°C) as the baseline".There was no difference in duration of hospitalisation between clindamycin and penicillin plus chloramphenicol. The mean duration of hospital stay for women in each group was 5 days (MD 0.00, 95% CI -0.54 to 0.54; women = 77; studies = 1).One study evaluated the effect of penicillin plus chloramphenicol versus cephalothin plus kanamycin before and after D&C. Response to therapy was evaluated by "the time from start of antibiotics until fever lysis and time from D&C until patients become afebrile". Low-quality evidence suggested that the effect of penicillin plus chloramphenicol on fever did not differ from that of cephalothin plus kanamycin (MD -2.30, 95% CI -17.31 to 12.71; women = 56; studies = 1). There was no significant difference between penicillin plus chloramphenicol versus cephalothin plus kanamycin when D&C was performed during antibiotic therapy (MD -1.00, 95% CI -13.84 to 11.84; women = 56; studies = 1). The quality of evidence was low.A study with unclear risk of bias showed that the time for fever resolution (MD -5.03, 95% CI -5.77 to -4.29; women = 100; studies = 1) as well as time for resolution of leukocytosis (MD -4.88, 95% CI -5.98 to -3.78; women = 100; studies = 1) was significantly lower with tetracycline plus enzymes compared with intravenous penicillin G.Treatment failure and adverse events occurred infrequently, and the difference between groups was not statistically significant.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
We found no strong evidence that intravenous clindamycin alone was better than penicillin plus chloramphenicol for treating women with septic abortion. Similarly, available evidence did not suggest that penicillin plus chloramphenicol was better than cephalothin plus kanamycin for the treatment of women with septic abortion. Tetracyline enzyme antibiotic appeared to be more effective than intravenous penicillin G in reducing the time to fever defervescence, but this evidence was provided by only one study at low risk of bias.There is a need for high-quality RCTs providing reliable evidence for treatments of septic abortion with antibiotics that are currently in use. The three included studies were carried out over 30 years ago. There is also a need to include institutions in low-resource settings, such as sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and South Asia, with a high burden of abortion and health systems challenges.
Topics: Abortion, Septic; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Clindamycin; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Length of Stay; Penicillins; Pregnancy; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Tetracycline
PubMed: 27364644
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011528.pub2 -
Oman Medical Journal Jan 2021is associated with mild to severe infections, particularly in children and young adults. Proper antimicrobial treatment of infections is important to prevent... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
is associated with mild to severe infections, particularly in children and young adults. Proper antimicrobial treatment of infections is important to prevent post-streptococcal complications. Therefore, the purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance among Iranian children.
METHODS
We identified all published studies up to 20 March 2019 related to antibiotic resistance by searching Persian and English electronic databases. Search terms included , children, and Iran. Out of 1022 publications, 12 articles were eligible and included based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
RESULTS
Our analysis indicated the following prevalence pattern for antimicrobial resistance in Iran: 4.2% to penicillin, 38.3% to amoxicillin, 5.4% to erythromycin, 12.0% to azithromycin, 12.6% to clarithromycin, 12.4% to clindamycin, 15.3% to rifampicin, 8.1% to ceftriaxone, 17.6% to cefixime, 36.9% to ampicillin, 14.1% to vancomycin, 8.4% to chloramphenicol, 30.4% to tetracycline, 8.8% to cefotaxime, 82.8% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 39.6% to gentamicin, 11.9% to ofloxacin, 28.3% to carbenicillin, 3.1% to ciprofloxacin, 6.1% to imipenem, 18.2% to cephalothin, 57.6% to tobramycin, 49.3% to kanamycin, 79.0% to cloxacillin, 12.9% to cephalexin, 10.7% to cefazolin, and 89.5% to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest penicillin (in non-allergic children) and macrolides, lincosamides, and narrow-spectrum cephalosporins (in penicillin-allergic children) as the treatments of choice in Iran.
PubMed: 33585043
DOI: 10.5001/omj.2020.79 -
Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2022Cephalexin and cefadroxil are oral first-generation cephalosporins used to treat methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infections. Despite its shorter...
Cefadroxil Comparable to Cephalexin: Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations among Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Pediatric Musculoskeletal Infections.
Cephalexin and cefadroxil are oral first-generation cephalosporins used to treat methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infections. Despite its shorter half-life, cephalexin is more frequently prescribed, although cefadroxil is an appealing alternative, given its slower clearance and possibility for less frequent dosing. We report comparative MIC distributions for cefadroxil and cephalexin, as well as for oxacillin, cephalothin, ceftaroline, and cefazolin, for 48 unique clinical MSSA isolates from pediatric patients with musculoskeletal infections. Both cefadroxil and cephalexin had MIC values of 2 μg/mL and MIC values of 4 μg/mL. MICs for oxacillin, cephalothin, and ceftaroline were ≤0.25 μg/mL, and cefazolin's MIC was 0.5 μg/mL. While cefadroxil and cephalexin MICs are higher than those for other active agents, the distributions of MICs for cefadroxil and cephalexin are statistically equivalent, suggesting similar MSSA activities. Cefadroxil should be further considered an alternative agent to cephalexin, although additional work is needed to identify the optimal dose and frequency of these antibiotics for the treatment of serious MSSA infections. Cephalexin and cefadroxil are oral antibiotics that are used to treat serious infections due to the bacteria MSSA. While cephalexin is used more commonly, cefadroxil is excreted from the body more slowly; this generally allows patients to take cefadroxil less frequently than cephalexin. In this study, we compared the abilities of cefadroxil, cephalexin, and several other representative intravenous antibiotics to inhibit the growth of MSSA in the laboratory. Bacterial samples were obtained from children with bone, joint, and/or muscle infections caused by MSSA. We found that cefadroxil and cephalexin inhibited the growth of MSSA at similar concentrations, suggesting similar antibacterial potencies. The selected intravenous antistaphylococcal antibiotics generally inhibited bacterial growth with lower antibiotic concentrations. Based on these results, cefadroxil should be further considered an alternative oral antibiotic to cephalexin, although future research is needed to identify the optimal dose and frequency of these antibiotics for serious infections.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Cefadroxil; Cefazolin; Cephalexin; Cephalothin; Child; Humans; Methicillin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxacillin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 35730963
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01039-22 -
Veterinary World Mar 2022The emergence of antibiotic resistance is a major problem worldwide. Antibiotics are often used to prevent or treat infections in livestock. This study aimed to...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
The emergence of antibiotic resistance is a major problem worldwide. Antibiotics are often used to prevent or treat infections in livestock. This study aimed to investigate antibiotic resistance in enterococci in Gabonese livestock.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We collected 174 animal samples (46 laying hens, 24 swine, 62 cattle, and 42 sheep) from farms in four provinces of Gabon. Bacterial strains belonging to the genus were obtained using selective media and polymerase chain reaction targeting the gene. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar.
RESULTS
Enterococci were present in 160 of the samples (97%), distributed as follows: laying hens (100%, 41/41), swine (100%, 22/22), small ruminants (88%, 37/42), and cattle (100%, 60/60). Resistance to cephalothin/cephalexin, streptomycin, and rifampicin (RIF) was high, and resistance to vancomycin (VAN), erythromycin, and tetracycline was moderate. A high diversity of resistance was found in Haut-Ogooué and Estuaire provinces. Laying hens and swine showed moderate levels of resistance to ciprofloxacin and penicillin, while sheep and cattle had high levels of resistance to RIF. All species showed a high level of resistance to VAN. We found various patterns of multiple resistances in the isolates, and the multiple resistance indexes ranged from 0.2 to 0.8.
CONCLUSION
This study shows that livestock in Gabon can be considered potential reservoirs of resistance.
PubMed: 35497974
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.714-721 -
Biomedica : Revista Del Instituto... Oct 2021Introduction. The emergence of multiresistant enterobacteria producing extendedspectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) in outpatients with urinary tract infections represents a...
Introduction. The emergence of multiresistant enterobacteria producing extendedspectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) in outpatients with urinary tract infections represents a public health problem in Perú. Objectives. To characterize multiresistant enterobacteria isolated from patients diagnosed with urinary tract infection in two Peruvian jungle departments using molecular techniques. Materials and methods. We conducted a descriptive, observational, and retrospective study of 61 urine culture isolates from two departments in the Peruvian jungle during 2017-2018. Resistance profiles were identified using the MicroScan™ automated system and a conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the detection of blaCTX-M, blaTEM and blaSHV genes. Results. The most common positive ESBL enterobacteria for each department were Escherichia coli in Madre de Dios (10/40; 25%) and Ucayali (16/21; 76.2%). Gene blaCTX-M was the most prevalent in both departments (25/61; 41%), followed by blaTEM (15/61; 24.6%), and blaSHV (10/61; 16.4%). As for the antimicrobial susceptibility profile, we detected resistance levels of 72.6% for ampicillin, 82.3% for cephalothin, and 88.7% for nitrofurantoin. Conclusions. BLEE-producing multi-resistant enterobacteria strains in both departments were 57.4% and blaCTX-M was the most common gene.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Peru; Retrospective Studies; Urinary Tract Infections; beta-Lactamases
PubMed: 34669288
DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.5720 -
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic... Jan 2018The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) uses cephalothin as the class representative for testing veterinary isolates for susceptibility to other...
The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) uses cephalothin as the class representative for testing veterinary isolates for susceptibility to other first-generation cephalosporins, including cephalexin. We examined replacing cephalothin with cephalexin because cephalexin is used more often clinically. Bacterial isolates were obtained from dogs and cats from a national surveillance program. CLSI testing methods were used to determine the MIC for 4 cephalosporins used in veterinary medicine. Cephalexin clinical breakpoints for canine isolates were established by using published pharmacokinetic data and Monte Carlo simulations to calculate the probability of target attainment (PTA). For 1,112 Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates, the mode, MIC, and MIC were 1, 2, and 64 µg/mL, respectively, for cephalexin, and ≤0.06, 0.12, and 2 µg/mL for cephalothin. Susceptibility of S. pseudintermedius from 2011 to 2014 did not change for the 4 cephalosporins tested. Only 4.3% of the penicillin-binding protein 2a-positive S. pseudintermedius isolates had MIC values ≤2 µg/mL for cephalexin, but 66.3% of these isolates had MIC values ≤2 µg/mL for cephalothin. There were also discrepancies between cephalexin and cephalothin for other bacteria tested, but the largest difference was for S. pseudintermedius, with a MIC difference of 4 doubling dilutions. Cephalexin interpretive categories (breakpoints) of ≤2 μg/mL (susceptible), 4 μg/mL (intermediate), and ≥8 μg/mL (resistant) were established for isolates obtained from dogs. Cephalothin should not be used for susceptibility testing of cephalexin for veterinary bacterial pathogens, and canine-specific breakpoints should be used for testing susceptibility. Breakpoints determined using the methods described herein for the interpretive categories will be added to future CLSI tables to reflect this recommendation.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cats; Cephalexin; Dogs; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Staphylococcus
PubMed: 29145786
DOI: 10.1177/1040638717742434