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World Journal of Gastroenterology Aug 2014Drug absorption represents an important factor affecting the efficacy of oral drug treatment. Gastric secretion and motility seem to be critical for drug absorption. A... (Review)
Review
Drug absorption represents an important factor affecting the efficacy of oral drug treatment. Gastric secretion and motility seem to be critical for drug absorption. A causal relationship between impaired absorption of orally administered drugs and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has been proposed. Associations have been reported between poor bioavailability of l-thyroxine and l-dopa and H. pylori infection. According to the Maastricht Florence Consensus Report on the management of H. pylori infection, H. pylori treatment improves the bioavailability of both these drugs, whereas the direct clinical benefits to patients still await to be established. Less strong seems the association between H. pylori infection and other drugs malabsorption, such as delavirdine and ketoconazole. The exact mechanisms forming the basis of the relationship between H. pylori infection and impaired drugs absorption and/or bioavailability are not fully elucidated. H. pylori infection may trigger a chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa, and impaired gastric acid secretion often follows. The reduction of acid secretion closely relates with the wideness and the severity of the damage and may affect drug absorption. This minireview focuses on the evidence of H. pylori infection associated with impaired drug absorption.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Antiparkinson Agents; Biological Availability; Gastric Absorption; Gastric Mucosa; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Risk Factors; Stomach; Thyroxine
PubMed: 25132749
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i30.10331 -
Drug Design, Development and Therapy 2021Pyridine-based ring systems are one of the most extensively used heterocycles in the field of drug design, primarily due to their profound effect on pharmacological... (Review)
Review
Pyridine-based ring systems are one of the most extensively used heterocycles in the field of drug design, primarily due to their profound effect on pharmacological activity, which has led to the discovery of numerous broad-spectrum therapeutic agents. In the US FDA database, there are 95 approved pharmaceuticals that stem from pyridine or dihydropyridine, including isoniazid and ethionamide (tuberculosis), delavirdine (HIV/AIDS), abiraterone acetate (prostate cancer), tacrine (Alzheimer's), ciclopirox (ringworm and athlete's foot), crizotinib (cancer), nifedipine (Raynaud's syndrome and premature birth), piroxicam (NSAID for arthritis), nilvadipine (hypertension), roflumilast (COPD), pyridostigmine (myasthenia gravis), and many more. Their remarkable therapeutic applications have encouraged researchers to prepare a larger number of biologically active compounds decorated with pyridine or dihydropyridine, expandeing the scope of finding a cure for other ailments. It is thus anticipated that myriad new pharmaceuticals containing the two heterocycles will be available in the forthcoming decade. This review examines the prospects of highly potent bioactive molecules to emphasize the advantages of using pyridine and dihydropyridine in drug design. We cover the most recent developments from 2010 to date, highlighting the ever-expanding role of both scaffolds in the field of medicinal chemistry and drug development.
Topics: Animals; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Dihydropyridines; Drug Design; Drug Development; Humans; Pyridines; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 34675489
DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S329547 -
Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B Jun 2020Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the primary infectious agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors... (Review)
Review
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the primary infectious agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are the cornerstone of HIV treatment. In the last 20 years, our medicinal chemistry group has made great strides in developing several distinct novel NNRTIs, including 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6-(phenylthio)thymine (HEPT), thio-dihydro-alkoxy-benzyl-oxopyrimidine (-DABO), diaryltriazine (DATA), diarylpyrimidine (DAPY) analogues, and their hybrid derivatives. Application of integrated modern medicinal strategies, including structure-based drug design, fragment-based optimization, scaffold/fragment hopping, molecular/fragment hybridization, and bioisosterism, led to the development of several highly potent analogues for further evaluations. In this paper, we review the development of NNRTIs in the last two decades using the above optimization strategies, including their structure-activity relationships, molecular modeling, and their binding modes with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Future directions and perspectives on the design and associated challenges are also discussed.
PubMed: 32642405
DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.11.010 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2021We aimed to develop a physiological-based pharmacokinetic and dipepidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) occupancy model (PBPK-DO) characterized by two simultaneous simulations to...
Effect of CYP3A4 Inhibitors and Inducers on Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Saxagliptin and Active Metabolite M2 in Humans Using Physiological-Based Pharmacokinetic Combined DPP-4 Occupancy.
We aimed to develop a physiological-based pharmacokinetic and dipepidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) occupancy model (PBPK-DO) characterized by two simultaneous simulations to predict pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic changes of saxagliptin and metabolite M2 in humans when coadministered with CYP3A4 inhibitors or inducers. Ketoconazole, delavirdine, and rifampicin were selected as a CYP3A4 competitive inhibitor, a time-dependent inhibitor, and an inducer, respectively. Here, we have successfully simulated PK profiles and DPP-4 occupancy profiles of saxagliptin in humans using the PBPK-DO model. Additionally, under the circumstance of actually measured values, predicted results were good and in line with observations, and all fold errors were below 2. The prediction results demonstrated that the oral dose of saxagliptin should be reduced to 2.5 mg when coadministrated with ketoconazole. The predictions also showed that although PK profiles of saxagliptin showed significant changes with delavirdine (AUC 1.5-fold increase) or rifampicin (AUC: a decrease to 0.19-fold) compared to those without inhibitors or inducers, occupancies of DPP-4 by saxagliptin were nearly unchanged, that is, the administration dose of saxagliptin need not adjust when there is coadministration with delavirdine or rifampicin.
PubMed: 34737703
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.746594 -
Molecular Pharmacology Feb 2018Cytochrome P450 27A1 (CYP27A1) is a ubiquitous enzyme that hydroxylates cholesterol and other sterols. Complete CYP27A1 deficiency owing to genetic mutations is...
Cytochrome P450 27A1 (CYP27A1) is a ubiquitous enzyme that hydroxylates cholesterol and other sterols. Complete CYP27A1 deficiency owing to genetic mutations is detrimental to human health, whereas 50% of activity retention is not and does not affect the whole body cholesterol levels. CYP27A1 is considered a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer and age-related neurodegenerative diseases; however, CYP27A1 inhibition should be ≤50%. Herein, 131 pharmaceuticals were tested for their effect on CYP27A1-mediated cholesterol 27-hydroxylation by in vitro enzyme assay. Of them, 14 drugs inhibited CYP27A1 by ≥75% and were evaluated for in vitro binding to the enzyme active site and for inhibition constants. All drugs except one (dasatinib) elicited a spectral response in CYP27A1 and had values for cholesterol 27-hydroxylation either in the submicromolar (clevidipine, delavirdine, etravirine, felodipine, nicardipine, nilotinib, and sorafenib) or low micromolar range (abiratone, candesartan, celecoxib, dasatinib, nilvadipine, nimodipine, and regorafenib). Clevidipine, felodipine, nicardipine, nilvadipine, and nimodipine have the same 1,4-dihydropyridine scaffold and are indicated for hypertension. We used two of these antihypertensives (felodipine and nilvadipine) for administration to mice at a 1-mg/kg of body weight dose, daily, for 7 days. Mouse 27-hydroxycholesterol levels in the plasma, brain, and liver were reduced, whereas tissue levels of total cholesterol were unchanged. Structure-activity relationships within the 1,4-dihydropyridine scaffold were investigated, and features important for CY27A1 inhibition were identified. We confirmed our previous finding that CYP27A1 is a druggable enzyme and found additional drugs as well as the scaffold with potential for partial CYP27A1 inhibition in humans.
Topics: Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Cholestanetriol 26-Monooxygenase; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; Drug Discovery; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Felodipine; Female; Hydroxycholesterols; Mice, Inbred C57BL
PubMed: 29192124
DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.110742 -
British Journal of Pharmacology Mar 2015Rilpivirine and etravirine are second-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) indicated for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. The constitutive...
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Rilpivirine and etravirine are second-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) indicated for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) regulates the expression of genes involved in various biological processes, including the transport and biotransformation of drugs. We investigated the effect of rilpivirine and etravirine on the activity of the wild-type human CAR (hCAR-WT) and its hCAR-SV23 and hCAR-SV24 splice variants, and compared it with first-generation NNRTIs (efavirenz, nevirapine, and delavirdine).
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
Receptor activation, ligand-binding domain (LBD) transactivation, and co-activator recruitment were investigated in transiently transfected, NNRTI-treated HepG2 cells. Nuclear translocation of green fluorescent protein-tagged hCAR-WT and CYP2B6 gene expression were assessed in NNRTI-treated human hepatocytes.
KEY RESULTS
Rilpivirine and etravirine activated hCAR-WT, but not hCAR-SV23 or hCAR-SV24, and without transactivating the LBD or recruiting steroid receptor coactivators SRC-1, SRC-2, or SRC-3. Among the first-generation NNRTIs investigated, only efavirenz activated hCAR-WT, hCAR-SV23, and hCAR-SV24, but none of them transactivated the LBD of these receptors or substantively recruited SRC-1, SRC-2, or SRC-3. Rilpivirine, etravirine, and efavirenz triggered nuclear translocation of hCAR-WT and increased hCAR target gene (CYP2B6) expression.
CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS
NNRTIs activate hCAR-WT, hCAR-SV23, and hCAR-SV24 in a drug-specific and isoform-selective manner. The activation occurs by a mechanism that does not appear to involve binding to the LBD or recruitment of SRC-1, SRC-2, or SRC-3.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alternative Splicing; Constitutive Androstane Receptor; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Hep G2 Cells; Hepatocytes; Humans; Male; Molecular Structure; Nitriles; Pyridazines; Pyrimidines; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Rilpivirine; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Young Adult
PubMed: 25363652
DOI: 10.1111/bph.12997 -
American Journal of Physiology. Cell... Mar 2018Herein, we examined if acute or chronic resistance exercise affected markers of skeletal muscle long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1) retrotransposon activity. In...
Herein, we examined if acute or chronic resistance exercise affected markers of skeletal muscle long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1) retrotransposon activity. In study 1, 10 resistance-trained college-aged men performed three consecutive daily back squat sessions, and vastus lateralis biopsies were taken before (Pre), 2 h following session 1 (Post1), and 3 days following session 3 (Post2). In study 2, 13 untrained college-aged men performed a full-body resistance training program (3 days/wk), and vastus lateralis biopsies were taken before ( week 0) and ~72 h following training cessation ( week 12). In study 1, LINE-1 mRNA decreased 42-48% at Post1 and 2 ( P < 0.05), and reverse transcriptase (RT) activity trended downward at Post2 (-37%, P = 0.067). In study 2, LINE-1 mRNA trended downward at week 12 (-17%, P = 0.056) while LINE-1 promoter methylation increased (+142%, P = 0.041). Open reading frame (ORF)2p protein expression (-24%, P = 0.059) and RT activity (-26%, P = 0.063) also trended downward by week 12. Additionally, changes in RT activity versus satellite cell number were inversely associated ( r = -0.725, P = 0.008). Follow-up in vitro experiments demonstrated that 48-h treatments with lower doses (1 μM and 10 μM) of efavirenz and nevirapine (non-nucleoside RT inhibitors) increased myoblast proliferation ( P < 0.05). However, we observed a paradoxical decrease in myoblast proliferation with higher doses (50 μM) of efavirenz and delavirdine. This is the first report suggesting that resistance exercise downregulates markers of skeletal muscle LINE-1 activity. Given our discordant in vitro findings, future research is needed to thoroughly assess whether LINE-1-mediated RT activity enhances or blunts myoblast, or primary satellite cell, proliferative capacity.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Cell Proliferation; Down-Regulation; Endonucleases; Humans; Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements; Male; Mice; Muscle Contraction; Quadriceps Muscle; RNA, Messenger; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; Resistance Training; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle; Time Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 29351416
DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00192.2017