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Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2021The recent experience with SARS-COV-2 has raised our alarm about the cross-species transmissibility of coronaviruses and the emergence of new coronaviruses. Knowledge of... (Review)
Review
The recent experience with SARS-COV-2 has raised our alarm about the cross-species transmissibility of coronaviruses and the emergence of new coronaviruses. Knowledge of this family of viruses needs to be constantly updated. Porcine (PDCoV), a newly emerging member of the genus in the family , is a swine enteropathogen that causes diarrhea in pigs and may lead to death in severe cases. Since PDCoV diarrhea first broke out in the United States in early 2014, PDCoV has been detected in many countries, such as South Korea, Japan and China. More importantly, PDCoV can also infect species other than pigs, and infections have even been reported in children, highlighting its potential for cross-species transmission. A thorough and systematic knowledge of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of PDCoV will not only help us control PDCoV infection, but also enable us to discover the common cellular pathways and key factors of coronaviruses. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the prevalence, pathogenicity and infection dynamics, pathogenesis and immune evasion strategies of PDCoV. The existing anti-PDCoV strategies and corresponding mechanisms of PDCoV infection are also introduced, aiming to provide suggestions for the prevention and treatment of PDCoV and zoonotic diseases.
PubMed: 35097055
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.811187 -
Virus Research Dec 2022Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) and porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) are the main porcine enteric coronaviruses that cause severe diarrhoea in piglets, posing...
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) and porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) are the main porcine enteric coronaviruses that cause severe diarrhoea in piglets, posing huge threat to the swine industry. Our previous study verified that the co-infection of PDCoV and PEDV is common in natural swine infections and obviously enhances the disease severity in piglets. However, the effects of co-infection of PDCoV and PEDV on intestinal microbial community are unknown. In current study, the microbial composition and diversity in the colon of piglets were analyzed. Our results showed that both of PDCoV and PEDV were mainly distributed in the small intestines and caused severe damage of ileum but not colon in the co-inoculated piglets. Furthermore, we observed that PDCoV and PEDV co-infection alters the gut microbiota composition at the phylum, family and genus levels. The abundance of Mitsuokella and Collinsella at genus level were significantly increased in PDCoV-PEDV co-infection piglets. Spearman's correlation analysis further suggested that there existed strong positive correlation between Mitsuokella and TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 secretion, these two factors may together aggravating the small intestine pathological lesions. These results proved there existed obvious correlation between the disease severity caused by PDCoV-PEDV co-infection and intestinal microbial community.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Coinfection; Swine Diseases; Coronavirus Infections
PubMed: 36198372
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198954 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2024Swine enteric coronaviruses (SECoVs), including porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and...
Swine enteric coronaviruses (SECoVs), including porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), have caused high mortality in piglets and, therefore, pose serious threats to the pork industry. Coronaviruses exhibit a trend of interspecies transmission, and understanding the host range of SECoVs is crucial for improving our ability to predict and control future epidemics. Here, the replication of PDCoV, TGEV, and PEDV in cells from different host species was compared by measuring viral genomic RNA transcription and protein synthesis. We demonstrated that PDCoV had a higher efficiency in infecting human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549), Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells (MDBK), Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK), and chicken embryonic fibroblast cells (DF-1) than PEDV and TGEV. Moreover, trypsin can enhance the infectivity of PDCoV to MDCK cells that are nonsusceptible to TGEV. Additionally, structural analyses of the receptor ectodomain indicate that PDCoV S1 engages Aminopeptidase N (APN) via domain II, which is highly conserved among animal species of different vertebrates. Our findings provide a basis for understanding the interspecies transmission potential of these three porcine coronaviruses.
PubMed: 38392912
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020174 -
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic... May 2021Every day, thousands of samples from diverse populations of animals are submitted to veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs) for testing. Each VDL has its own...
Every day, thousands of samples from diverse populations of animals are submitted to veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs) for testing. Each VDL has its own laboratory information management system (LIMS), with processes and procedures to capture submission information, perform laboratory tests, define the boundaries of test results (i.e., positive or negative), and report results, in addition to internal business and accounting applications. Enormous quantities of data are accumulated and stored within VDL LIMSs. There is a need for platforms that allow VDLs to exchange and share portions of laboratory data using standardized, reliable, and sustainable information technology processes. Here we report concepts and applications for standardization and aggregation of data from swine submissions to multiple VDLs to detect and monitor porcine enteric coronaviruses by RT-PCR. Oral fluids, feces, and fecal swabs were the specimens submitted most frequently for enteric coronavirus testing. Statistical algorithms were used successfully to scan and monitor the overall and state-specific percentage of positive submissions. Major findings revealed a consistently recurrent seasonal pattern, with the highest percentage of positive submissions detected during December-February for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, porcine deltacoronavirus, and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). After 2014, very few submissions tested positive for TGEV. Monitoring VDL data proactively has the potential to signal and alert stakeholders early of significant changes from expected detection. We demonstrate the importance of, and applications for, data organized and aggregated by using LOINC and SNOMED CTs, as well as the use of customized messaging to allow inter-VDL exchange of information.
Topics: Animals; COVID-19 Testing; Coronaviridae; Coronaviridae Infections; Disease Outbreaks; Feces; Laboratories; Reference Standards; Seasons; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 33739188
DOI: 10.1177/10406387211002163 -
Advanced Science (Weinheim,... Dec 2022Outbreaks of coronaviruses (CoVs), especially severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), have posed serious threats to humans and animals, which...
Outbreaks of coronaviruses (CoVs), especially severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), have posed serious threats to humans and animals, which urgently calls for effective broad-spectrum antivirals. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) plays an essential role in viral RNA synthesis and is an ideal pan-coronaviral therapeutic target. Herein, based on cryo-electron microscopy and biochemical approaches, gossypol (GOS) is identified from 881 natural products to directly block SARS-CoV-2 RdRp, thus inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication in both cellular and mouse infection models. GOS also acts as a potent inhibitor against the SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern (VOC) and exerts same inhibitory effects toward mutated RdRps of VOCs as the RdRp of the original SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, that the RdRp inhibitor GOS has broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus activity against alphacoronaviruses (porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus), betacoronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2), gammacoronaviruses (avian infectious bronchitis virus), and deltacoronaviruses (porcine deltacoronavirus) is showed. The findings demonstrate that GOS may serve as a promising lead compound for combating the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and other coronavirus outbreaks.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mice; COVID-19; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Gossypol; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; Swine; COVID-19 Drug Treatment; Coronavirus Infections; Coronavirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase
PubMed: 36266926
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203499 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), a novel swine enteropathogenic coronavirus, challenges the global swine industry. Currently, there are no approaches preventing swine...
BACKGROUND
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), a novel swine enteropathogenic coronavirus, challenges the global swine industry. Currently, there are no approaches preventing swine from PDCoV infection.
METHODS
A new PDCoV strain named JS2211 was isolated. Next, the dimer receptor binding domain of PDCoV spike protein (RBD-dimer) was expressed using the prokaryotic expression system, and a novel nanoparticle containing RBD-dimer and ferritin (SC-Fe) was constructed using the SpyTag/SpyCatcher system. Finally, the immunoprotection of RBD-Fe nanoparticles was evaluated in mice.
RESULTS
The novel PDCoV strain was located in the clade of the late Chinese isolate strains and close to the United States strains. The RBD-Fe nanoparticles were successfully established. Immune responses of the homologous prime-boost regime showed that RBD-Fe nanoparticles efficiently elicited specific humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. Notably, high level PDCoV RBD-specific IgG and neutralizing antibody (NA) could be detected, and the histopathological results showed that PDCoV infection was dramatically reduced in mice immunized with RBD-Fe nanoparticles.
CONCLUSION
This study effectively developed a candidate nanoparticle with receptor binding domain of PDCoV spike protein that offers protection against PDCoV infection in mice.
Topics: Swine; Animals; Mice; Nanovaccines; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; Deltacoronavirus; Immunity; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 38550592
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1328266 -
One Health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) Jun 2022Coronaviruses have been responsible for major epidemic crises in 2003 with SARS-CoV-1, in 2012 with MERS-CoV and in 2019 with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), causing serious... (Review)
Review
Coronaviruses have been responsible for major epidemic crises in 2003 with SARS-CoV-1, in 2012 with MERS-CoV and in 2019 with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), causing serious atypical pneumonia in humans. We intend, with this systematic analysis and meta-analysis, to clarify the prevalence of the various strains of coronavirus in different animal species. For this purpose, we carried out an electronic survey using Pubmed's Veterinary Science search tool to conduct a systematic assessment of published studies reporting the prevalence of different strains of coronavirus in different animal species between 2015 and 2020. We conducted different analysis to assess sensitivity, publication bias, and heterogeneity, using random effect. The final meta-analysis included 42 studies for systematic review and 29 in the meta-analysis. For the geographic regions with a prevalence greater than or equal to 0.20 (Forest plot overall; prevalence = 0.20, < 0.01, Q = 10,476.22 and I2 = 100%), the most commonly detected viruses were: enteric coronavirus (ECoV), pigeon-dominant coronavirus, (PdCoV), Avian coronavirus M41, Avian coronavirus C46, Avian coronavirus A99, Avian coronavirus JMK, MERS-CoV, Bovine coronavirus, Ro-BatCoV GCCDC1, Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Deltacoronavirus, Gamacoronavirus and human coronaviruses (HCoVs). The wide presence of different strains of coronavirus in different animal species on all continents demonstrates the great biodiversity and ubiquity of these viruses. The most recent epidemiological crises caused by coronavirus demonstrates our unpreparedness to anticipate and mitigate emerging risks, as well as the need to implement new epidemiological surveillance programs for viruses. Combined with the need to create advanced training courses in One Health, this is paramount in order to ensure greater effectiveness in fighting the next pandemics.
PubMed: 35399617
DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100383 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Jan 2021The recurrent appearance of novel coronaviruses (CoVs) and the mortality and morbidity caused by their outbreaks aroused a widespread response among the global science... (Review)
Review
The recurrent appearance of novel coronaviruses (CoVs) and the mortality and morbidity caused by their outbreaks aroused a widespread response among the global science community. Wild birds' high biodiversity, perching and migratory activity, ability to travel long distances and possession of a special adaptive immune system may make them alarming sources of zoonotic CoV-spreading vectors. This review gathers the available evidence on the global spread of CoVs in wild birds to date. The major wild birds associated with different types of CoVs are Anseriformes, Charadriiformes, Columbiformes, Pelecaniformes, Galliformes, Passeriformes, Psittaciformes, Accipitriformes, Ciconiiformes, Gruiformes and so on. However, the main type of CoVs found in wild birds is gammacoronavirus, followed by deltacoronavirus. Consequently, it is imperative to enable thorough research and continuous monitoring to fill the study gap in terms of understanding their role as zoonotic vectors and the frequent appearance of novel CoVs.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Bird Diseases; Birds; Coronavirus; Coronavirus Infections
PubMed: 32970935
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.360 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Aug 2020While porcine biological hazards have had the potential to be transmitted through feed and feed mills for decades, the emerging threat of foreign animal disease has... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
While porcine biological hazards have had the potential to be transmitted through feed and feed mills for decades, the emerging threat of foreign animal disease has elevated the concern that these may enter or be transmitted throughout the domestic swine herd via a feed vehicle.
OBJECTIVE
The goal of this review was to describe the current classification for emerging porcine biological pathogen transmission through the feed supply chain so resources can be best directed towards those of highest risk.
METHODS
By assessing the pathogen severity to pigs and the probability of pathogen transmission through feed, an overall risk can be established using a hazard analysis matrix.
RESULTS
There is negligible risk for feed-based transmission of a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, Trichinella spiralis, Toxoplasma gondii, Salmonella Choleraesuis, Salmonella spp. except Choleraesuis and I 4,[5],12:i:-, porcine deltacoronavirus, Senecavirus A, mammalian orthoreovirus 3, foot and mouth disease virus, classical swine fever virus or Chinese pseudorabies virus. However, the combined severity and probability of Salmonella enterica serotype I 4,[5],12:i:-, porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus and African swine fever virus warrant a moderate risk characterization for transmission through the US feed supply chain.
CONCLUSIONS
This risk can be maintained below critical status by minimizing the likelihood that a pathogen can enter the feed supply chain, such as by excluding high-risk ingredients from facilities, extending biosecurity to mills, and considering proactive mitigation strategies. In reality, all these actions may be necessary to prevent the detrimental transmission of porcine biological hazards into the US swine herd through the feed supply chain.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Sus scrofa; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 31854118
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.227 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Feb 2023Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that caused diarrhea and/or vomiting in neonatal piglets worldwide. Coronaviruses...
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that caused diarrhea and/or vomiting in neonatal piglets worldwide. Coronaviruses nucleocapsid (N) protein is the most conserved structural protein for viral replication and possesses good antigenicity. In this study, three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 3B4, 4D3, and 4E3 identified as subclass IgG2aκ were prepared using the lymphocytic hybridoma technology against PDCoV N protein. Furthermore, the B-cell epitope recognized by mAb 4D3 was mapped by dozens of overlapping truncated recombinant proteins based on the western blotting. The polypeptide QFRGNGVPLNSAIKPVE (EP-4D3) in the N-terminal of PDCoV N protein was identified as the minimal linear epitope for binding mAb 4D3. And the EP-4D3 epitope's amino acid sequence homology study revealed that PDCoV strains are substantially conserved, with the exception of the Alanine substitution Valine in the China lineage, the Early China lineage, and the Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos lineage. The epitope sequences shared high similarity (94.1%) with porcine coronavirus HKU15-155 (PorCoV HKU15), Asian leopard cats coronavirus (ALCCoV), sparrow coronavirus HKU17 (SpCoV HKU17), and sparrow deltacoronavirus. In contrast, the epitope sequences shared a very low homology (11.8 to 29.4%) with other porcine CoVs (PEDV, TGEV, PRCV, SADS-CoV, PHEV). Overall, the study will enrich the biological function of PDCoV N protein and provide foundational data for further development of diagnostic applications. KEY POINTS: • Three monoclonal antibodies against PDCoV N protein were prepared. • Discovery of a novel B-cell liner epitope (QFRGNGVPLNSAIKPVE) of PDCoV N protein. • The epitope EP-4D3 was conserved among PDCoV strains.
Topics: Swine; Animals; Deltacoronavirus; Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte; Nucleocapsid Proteins; Swine Diseases; Coronavirus; Coronavirus Infections; Antibodies, Monoclonal
PubMed: 36602561
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12348-5