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The Angle Orthodontist May 2022To evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N)-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) coated stainless steel brackets activated with natural visible light and dental operating lights on...
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N)-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) coated stainless steel brackets activated with natural visible light and dental operating lights on Streptococcus mutans concentration in the plaque of orthodontic patients at 30 and 60 days.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 30 patients were recruited for this split-mouth study; 60 upper lateral incisor brackets constituted the study sample. A total of 30 brackets (15 right and 15 left) were coated with N-doped TiO2 using the (radio frequency) magnetron sputtering method. Plaque samples were collected at 30 days and 60 days after appliance placement. S mutans concentration was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction.
RESULTS
At both time intervals, the concentration of S mutans in the control group was greater than that in the study group (P = .005). In both the study and the control groups, the S mutans concentrations significantly increased from 30 to 60 days (P = .005).
CONCLUSIONS
N-doped TiO2, on exposure to natural visible light and dental operating light, was effective in reducing the plaque concentration of S mutans in orthodontic patients. The efficacy was better at 30 days than at 60 days after placing the orthodontic appliances.
Topics: Dental Plaque; Humans; Nitrogen; Nitrogen Dioxide; Orthodontic Brackets; Stainless Steel; Streptococcus mutans; Surface Properties; Titanium
PubMed: 35072710
DOI: 10.2319/062521-510.1 -
The Bulletin of Tokyo Dental College Mar 2020Many types of interdental instrument, such as dental floss and interdental brushes, can be purchased easily and sell in large numbers. Many studies have compared the...
Many types of interdental instrument, such as dental floss and interdental brushes, can be purchased easily and sell in large numbers. Many studies have compared the effects of such instruments. Few studies have investigated their relationship with regions of residual plaque, however. The purpose of this study was to compare rates of plaque removal from the mesial and distal surfaces of the bilateral maxillary and mandibular premolars and molars among 3 types of interdental instrument: finger-winding-dental floss, holder-type dental floss, and an interdental brush. Prior to the experiment, the artificial teeth in a jaw model were removed for application of artificial plaque. The teeth were then replaced and the model attached to a phantom. An operator brushed the teeth in a posture close to that adopted in actual tooth brushing with each type of instrument, after which the plaque removal rate was compared among them. The rate of plaque removal using finger-winding floss was the highest, although this type of instrument is less easy to hold than the others. The rate with a handle-equipped interdental instrument showed a decrease in some regions, although it is easy to hold. The results of this study suggest that the type of interdental instrument used should differ depending on the region to be cleaned.
Topics: Dental Devices, Home Care; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Humans; Molar; Toothbrushing
PubMed: 32074586
DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.2019-0005 -
International Journal of Dental Hygiene Nov 2021The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of two brushing methods (manual vs. sonic) in terms of plaque control after a session of professional mechanical plaque... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
AIM
The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of two brushing methods (manual vs. sonic) in terms of plaque control after a session of professional mechanical plaque removal (PMPR).
METHODS
Subjects with gingivitis underwent a session of PMPR and were randomly assigned to sonic (SB) or manual brushing (MB). Oral hygiene instructions were provided at baseline (BL), 2 (T0a), 4 (T0b) and 6 weeks (T1) and 6 months (T2). Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI) and bleeding on probing (BoP) were measured at BL, T1 and T2. The proportion of sites with PI, GI and BoP was modelled at site level using a negative binomial regression fitted via generalized linear mixed model accounting for intra-patient correlation.
RESULTS
Thirty-two subjects were selected, 16 assigned to each group and 31 completed the study. PI, BoP and GI were comparable at BL. At T1, PI was successfully maintained at 6.21% for SB and 22.81% for MB, while at T2 reached 11.34% for SB and 28% for MB, favouring the SB group (p < 0.001). GI and BoP were significantly lower in the SB group at T1, with a BoP reduction for SB about 3 times higher than MB (p < 0.001). These parameters then levelled at T2 between the groups, with BOP reaching 0.14% versus 0.05% (p = 0.356) and GI 1.75% versus 3.52% (p = 0.020).
CONCLUSION
Sonic brushing seemed to maintain a lower PI score compared to a manual brush at 6 months. BoP and GI resulted comparable.
Topics: Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Equipment Design; Gingivitis; Humans; Single-Blind Method; Toothbrushing
PubMed: 34328264
DOI: 10.1111/idh.12541 -
Journal of Biomedical Optics Nov 2020Optical coherence tomography (OCT) offers high spatial resolution and contrast for imaging intraoral structures, yet few studies have investigated its clinical...
SIGNIFICANCE
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) offers high spatial resolution and contrast for imaging intraoral structures, yet few studies have investigated its clinical feasibility for dental plaque and gingiva imaging in vivo. Furthermore, the accessibility is often limited to anterior teeth due to bulky imaging systems and probes.
AIM
A custom-designed, handheld probe-based, spectral-domain OCT system with an interchangeable attachment was developed to assess dental plaque and gingival health in a clinical setting.
APPROACH
Healthy volunteers and subjects with gingivitis and sufficient plaque were recruited. The handheld OCT system was operated by trained dental hygienists to acquire images of dental plaque and gingiva at various locations and after one-week use of oral hygiene products.
RESULTS
The handheld OCT can access premolars, first molars, and lingual sides of teeth to visualize the plaque distribution. OCT intensity-based texture analysis revealed lower intensity from selected sites in subjects with gingivitis. The distribution of the dental plaque after one-week use of the oral hygiene products was compared, showing the capability of OCT as a longitudinal tracking tool.
CONCLUSIONS
OCT has a strong potential to display and assess dental plaque and gingiva in a clinical setting. Meanwhile, technological challenges remain to perform systematic longitudinal tracking and comparative analyses.
Topics: Dental Plaque; Gingiva; Gingivitis; Humans; Molar; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 33244918
DOI: 10.1117/1.JBO.25.11.116011 -
JDR Clinical and Translational Research Jan 2022Nationwide prevention programs in Germany aim to promote oral health. The group prevention program starts in kindergarten and ends when the children are about 12 y old....
OBJECTIVES
Nationwide prevention programs in Germany aim to promote oral health. The group prevention program starts in kindergarten and ends when the children are about 12 y old. While in a recent study, toothbrushing behavior of 12-y-old children was analyzed, the present study's objective was to examine the children's ability to achieve oral cleanliness and to analyze how toothbrushing behavior and compliance with the toothbrushing recommendations taught in the group prevention programs predict oral cleanliness.
METHODS
Twelve-year-old randomly selected children ( = 174) were asked to brush their teeth to the best of their abilities, and simultaneously a video was recorded for behavioral analyses. Plaque levels were measured before and immediately after toothbrushing. In addition, dental status and gingival bleeding were assessed.
RESULTS
After brushing to the best of their abilities, there was plaque on 50% (±24.72%) of all measured sites at the gingival margin (Marginal Plaque Index). Regression analyses revealed approximately 22% of the variance of marginal plaque on the outer surfaces to be explained by the time brushed by circular movements (β = -0.41; < 0.001) and the number of sextants brushed for at least 7.5 s (β = -0.171; < 0.05). Circular movements explained most additional variance (Δ = 0.113; < 0.001). With respect to inner surfaces, none of the behavioral aspects explained any variance of oral cleanliness.
CONCLUSION
Despite regular group prevention measures, 12-y-old children show limited skills to clean their teeth adequately. Furthermore, none of the recommended behaviors relates to oral cleanliness after toothbrushing at inner surfaces. As a consequence, it is necessary to explore further which behavioral sequences effectively improve oral cleanliness.
KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT
This study illustrates that children's compliance to toothbrushing recommendations is not necessarily related to toothbrushing effectiveness. Clinicians should therefore assess the effectivity of recommendations individually and provide individual guidance for improvement.
Topics: Child; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Gingival Hemorrhage; Health Behavior; Humans; Toothbrushing
PubMed: 33251929
DOI: 10.1177/2380084420975333 -
Journal of the American Dental... Aug 2015Standard recommendations for oral hygiene practices have focused on mechanical methods (toothbrushing and interdental cleaning). Published evidence indicates... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Standard recommendations for oral hygiene practices have focused on mechanical methods (toothbrushing and interdental cleaning). Published evidence indicates antimicrobial mouthrinses provide oral health benefits beyond mechanical methods alone. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the combined effectiveness of mechanical methods with essential oil-containing mouthrinses (MMEO) versus mechanical methods (MM) alone in achieving site-specific, healthy gingival tissue and reducing plaque and gingivitis.
TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED
All industry-sponsored clinical trials investigating the antigingivitis and antiplaque effects of essential oil (EO)-containing mouthrinses conducted from 1980 to 2012 were reviewed; 29 of 32 studies met the inclusion criteria of 6 months or longer duration, randomized, observer-masked, placebo-controlled, and with individual-level site-specific data. By-study treatment effects were estimated through generalized linear models for binary data and analysis of covariance for continuous data, and then combined using standard meta-analysis techniques; heterogeneity was also assessed.
RESULTS
Summary odds ratios for a healthy gingival site and for a plaque-free site were, respectively, 5.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3-7.5) and 7.8 (95% CI, 5.4-11.2) for MMEO participants versus MM participants at 6 months. The summary percentage reductions in whole-mouth mean gingivitis and plaque at 6 months were 16.0 (95% CI, 11.3-20.7) and 27.7 (95% CI, 22.4-32.9), respectively. Responder analyses using aggregate individual-level data showed 44.8% of MMEO participants and 14.4% of MM participants achieved at least 50% healthy sites in their mouths at 6 months. Similarly, 36.9% of MMEO participants and 5.5% of MM participants achieved at least 50% plaque-free sites in their mouths at 6 months.
CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS
This is the first meta-analysis to demonstrate the clinically significant, site-specific benefit of adjunctive EO treatment in people within a 6-month period (that is, between dental visits).
Topics: Dental Plaque; Gingivitis; Humans; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Toothbrushing
PubMed: 26227646
DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2015.02.011 -
Microbiology Spectrum Feb 2023Mechanical cleaning remains the standard of care for maintaining oral hygiene. However, mechanical cleaning is often augmented with active therapeutics that further...
Mechanical cleaning remains the standard of care for maintaining oral hygiene. However, mechanical cleaning is often augmented with active therapeutics that further promote oral health. A dentifrice, consisting of the "Dual Zinc plus Arginine" (DZA) technology, was found to be effective at controlling bacteria using laboratory studies, translating to clinical efficacy to deliver plaque and gingivitis reduction benefits. Here, we used biophysical analyses and confocal laser scanning microscopy to understand how a DZA dentifrice impacted the mechanical properties of dental plaque biofilms and determine if changes to biofilm rheology enhanced the removal of dental plaque. Using both uniaxial mechanical indentation and an adapted rotating-disc rheometry assay, it was found that DZA treatment compromised biofilm mechanical integrity, resulting in the biofilm being more susceptible to removal by shear forces compared to treatment with either arginine or zinc alone. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that DZA treatment reduced the amount of extracellular polymeric slime within the biofilm, likely accounting for the reduced mechanical properties. We propose a model where arginine facilitates the entry of zinc into the biofilm, resulting in additive effects of the two activities toward dental plaque biofilms. Together, our results support the use of a dentifrice containing Dual Zinc plus Arginine as part of daily oral hygiene regimens. Mechanical removal of dental plaque is augmented with therapeutic compounds to promote oral health. A dentifrice containing the ingredients zinc and arginine has shown efficacy at reducing dental plaque both and . However, how these active compounds interact together to facilitate dental plaque removal is unclear. Here, we used a combination of biophysical analyses and microscopy to demonstrate that combined treatment with zinc and arginine targets the matrix of dental plaque biofilms, which destabilized the mechanical integrity of these microbial communities, making them more susceptible to removal by shear forces.
Topics: Humans; Dentifrices; Arginine; Zinc; Dental Plaque; Biofilms
PubMed: 36472465
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03351-22 -
PloS One 2018Periodontal disease is one of the most commonly diagnosed oral diseases in dogs and can result from undisturbed dental plaque. Dental prophylaxis is a routinely...
Periodontal disease is one of the most commonly diagnosed oral diseases in dogs and can result from undisturbed dental plaque. Dental prophylaxis is a routinely practiced veterinary procedure, but its effects on both the plaque and oral microbiota is not fully understood. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impact of dental prophylaxis on the composition of the supragingival plaque and composite oral microbiota in clinically healthy dogs and to determine if composite sampling could be used in lieu of sampling the plaque microbiota directly. Thirty dogs received a dental prophylaxis. Supragingival plaque and composite oral samples were collected just prior to, and one week after dental prophylaxis. A subsample of 10 dogs was followed, and additional samples were collected two and five weeks post-prophylaxis. The V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was used for Illumina MiSeq next-generation sequencing. Results demonstrate that decreases in Treponema as well as increases in Moraxella and Neisseria distinguished the plaque pre- and one week post-prophylaxis timepoints (all P<0.05). Within the oral microbiota, the initially dominant Psychrobacter (20% relative abundance) disappeared one week later (P<0.0001), and Pseudomonas became the dominant taxon one week after treatment (80% relative abundance, P<0.0001). A rapid transition back towards the pre-dental prophylaxis microbiota by five weeks post-treatment was seen for both niches, suggesting the canine oral microbiota is resilient. Direct comparison of the two environments yielded striking differences, with complete separation of groups. Firmicutes (40%) and Spirochaetes (22%) predominated in the plaque while Proteobacteria (58%) was predominant in the oral microbiota. Greater richness was also seen in the plaque microbiota. This study reveals that prophylaxis had a profound impact on both the plaque and oral microbiota, and the longitudinal results help elucidate the pathophysiology of periodontal disease. The results suggest that oral swabs are a poor proxy for plaque samples and highlight the need to study specific oral niches.
Topics: Animals; Dental Plaque; Dogs; Female; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Male; Mouth; Periodontal Diseases
PubMed: 29940032
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199676 -
Enzyme and Microbial Technology Jan 2022Non-digestible isomaltooligosaccharides (NDIMOS) are functional food and beverage ingredients that contributed to human health benefits through metabolism of...
Non-digestible isomaltooligosaccharides (NDIMOS) are functional food and beverage ingredients that contributed to human health benefits through metabolism of gastrointestinal microorganism. In this study, NDIMOS were synthesized by combine dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides B512F/KM and alternansucrase from L. mesenteroides NRRL 1355CF10/KM using sucrose as substrate and maltose as acceptor. Their digestibility was confirmed by using digestive enzymes including α-amylase and amyloglucosidase. NDIMOS inhibited insoluble glucan formation through mutansucrase from Streptococcus mutans. The bifidogenic effect of NDIMOS was investigated by growth of four strains of Bifidobacterium in MRS broth containing NDIMOS, compared with MRS broth contain glucose and negative control. Additionally, Bifidobacterium bifidum or Bifidobacterium adolescentis inhibited the growth of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium when they were co-cultivation in MRS broth containing NDIMOS. These results suggested that NDIMOS is potential functional ingredient for food, beverage, and pharmaceutical application.
Topics: Dental Plaque; Glucosyltransferases; Glycosyltransferases; Humans; Sucrose
PubMed: 34826778
DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109955 -
Journal of Dentistry Dec 2020People with Cystic Fibrosis (PWCF) may be presumed to be at lower risk of periodontal disease due to long term antibiotic use but this has not been comprehensively... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES
People with Cystic Fibrosis (PWCF) may be presumed to be at lower risk of periodontal disease due to long term antibiotic use but this has not been comprehensively investigated. The oral hygiene and periodontal status of PWCF in comparison to the general population is not well established. The objective of this systematic review was to critically evaluate the literature on periodontal and oral hygiene status in PWCF to see if this group are at increased risk of periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis).
DATA SOURCES
5 databases were searched: Scopus, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science.
STUDY SELECTION
The search resulted in 614 publications from databases with one more publication identified by searching bibliographies. 13 studies were included in the qualitative analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
The majority of studies showed better oral hygiene, with lower levels of gingivitis and plaque among people with Cystic Fibrosis (PWCF) than controls. Interestingly, despite this, many studies showed that PWCF had higher levels of dental calculus. Three studies found there was no difference in Oral Hygiene between PWCF and controls. One study found that PWCF aged between 6 and 9.5 years had increased levels of clinical gingivitis, and one study showed that PWCF with gingivitis had more bleeding on probing than people without CF. The vast majority of PWCF examined were children- only five studies included people over 18 years, and only one looked exclusively at adults. There is a need for further study into the periodontal health of PWCF- particularly those over the age of 18.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
There are currently no guidelines referring to oral care in PWCF. Studies have suggested that the oral cavity acts as a reservoir of bacteria which may colonise the lungs. If PWCF are at increased risk of periodontal disease, they should attend for regular screenings to facilitate early detection.
Topics: Adult; Child; Cystic Fibrosis; Dental Plaque; Gingivitis; Humans; Middle Aged; Oral Health; Oral Hygiene; Periodontal Diseases
PubMed: 33129998
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103509