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BMC Oral Health May 2022Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common infectious diseases in humans. Dental plaque is considered as a reservoir of this bacterium, which could play an...
Comparing the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and virulence factors cagA, vacA, and dupA in supra-gingival dental plaques of children with and without dental caries: a case-control study.
BACKGROUND
Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common infectious diseases in humans. Dental plaque is considered as a reservoir of this bacterium, which could play an important role in the development of gastrointestinal problems. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of H. pylori and its virulence factors in dental plaques in children with and without dental caries.
METHODS
Among children aged 6 to 12 years, a total of 72 children were enrolled in the study, including 36 cases with total DMFT/dmft > 3 (case group) and 36 participants with total DMFT/dmft < 1 (control group). After removing supra-gingival plaques from the lower first permanent molar teeth, the samples were examined using PCR method for the presence of H. pylori and some of its virulence factors. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square, Fisher' exact test, t-tests, and logistic regression.
RESULTS
Of 72 participants, 40 cases were male, and 32 cases were female. The minimum and maximum values of total DMFT/dmft indices were zero and ten, respectively, and the mean ± SD value of total DMFT/dmft was 2.78 ± 3.22. Except for vegetable consumption (p = 0.045), there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding gastrointestinal disorders, feeding methods in infancy (p = 0.058), frequency of daily brushing (p = 0.808), frequency of dental visits (p = 0.101), and history of dental scaling (p = 0.246) and professional topical fluoride therapy (p = 0.5). Out of 72 samples, 15 cases were positive for H. pylori DNA (20.8%), and there was no significant association between the presence of this bacterium in dental plaque and dental caries (p = 0.281). The frequency of virulence factors detected in 15 H. pylori cases was as follows: cagA in six cases (40.0%), vacAm1 in three cases (20.0%), and vacAs1 in one case (6.7%). There was no significant difference between the groups regarding the prevalence of virulence factors.
CONCLUSION
Our results indicate the presence of H. pylori along with some virulence factors in dental plaques as a reservoir of this bacterium in children in Iran. Although there was no significant association between this bacterium and the incidence of dental caries, dental health in children needs to be seriously taken into consideration.
Topics: Antigens, Bacterial; Bacterial Proteins; Case-Control Studies; Child; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Female; Genotype; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 35534888
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02175-5 -
Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene :... Jun 2023
Topics: Humans; Dental Plaque; Biological Evolution; Plaque, Atherosclerotic
PubMed: 37464994
DOI: No ID Found -
PloS One 2022Planimetry is a reliable method for detecting and monitoring plaque. Until now, this method has mainly been applied to conventional-camera images, which is difficult and...
Planimetry is a reliable method for detecting and monitoring plaque. Until now, this method has mainly been applied to conventional-camera images, which is difficult and time-consuming in relation to the entire dentition. Today, 3D-intraoral-scans are well suited for imaging the entire dentition and are therefore an efficient and feasible alternative. 3D-intraoral-scans have already proven successful for the quantification of plaque based on a plaque index. Therefore, aim of this study was to investigate whether images from 3D-intraoral-scans are also suitable for valid planimetric plaque measurements and monitoring; intraoral-camera images served as a reference. Twenty subjects (27.5±1.2 years) were included. Plaque was disclosed at three different time points: habitual plaque (T1), after 72 h without oral hygiene (T2) and after subsequent tooth brushing (T3) and quantified using 3D-intraoral-scans and intraoral-camera images (intraoral-camera CS 1500, intraoral-scanner CS 3600; Carestream Dental, Germany). The percentage of the plaque-covered surface of the total surface area (P%) was determined with a software specially programmed for this purpose using images from 3D-intraoral-scans of the oral and vestibular surfaces of the Ramfjord teeth (16, 21, 24, 36, 41, and 44); the intraoral-camera images of the vestibular surfaces of 16 and 36 served as reference. P% from images of the 3D-intraoral-scan and the intraoral-camera revealed a very good correlation (r = 0.876; p ≤ 0.001); the Bland-Altmann analysis showed a good agreement with no proportional and a very minor systematic bias with slightly higher values from images of the 3D-intraoral-scan. Further, P% measurements of the images of the 3D-intraoral-scan were able to detect changes in plaque levels, showing a 47% (p ≤ 0.001) increase in P% from T1 to T2 and a 43% (p ≤ 0.001) decrease after toothbrushing (T3). Planimetry using images of the 3D-intraoral-scan seems to be a suitable tool for whole mouth planimetry to record and monitor dental plaque.
Topics: Humans; Dental Plaque; Tooth; Dentition; Toothbrushing; Software; Imaging, Three-Dimensional
PubMed: 36288348
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276686 -
Periodontology 2000 Oct 2020There is increasing public interest in natural or herbal-based healthcare products. This trend is not only visible in supermarkets and dental practices, but also in the... (Review)
Review
There is increasing public interest in natural or herbal-based healthcare products. This trend is not only visible in supermarkets and dental practices, but also in the scientific world. An improving number of clinical trials are being conducted to validate the claims made about these products in regards to periodontal health. Among single component preparations, Aloe vera and green tea are the most studied natural ingredients. Concerning polyherbal mixtures, triphala has garnered great interest. The effects of these natural products on periodontal health is encouraging, with almost all studies showing an inhibitory effect on plaque accumulation and an improvement in gingival health. However, more studies are needed to be able to design clinical guidelines to guide the use of these natural products in periodontal practice. For most of these products, few studies are available and, moreover, the available studies are limited in duration, the number of participants, and the specific composition of the natural product is often not described in detail.
Topics: Dental Plaque; Gingivitis; Humans; Mouthwashes; Periodontal Diseases; Toothpastes
PubMed: 32844420
DOI: 10.1111/prd.12339 -
Indian Journal of Dental Research :... 2022Chewable toothbrushes (CT) are considered an effective tool for dental plaque removal; however, their effectiveness is still uncertain compared to Manual toothbrushes... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
Chewable toothbrushes (CT) are considered an effective tool for dental plaque removal; however, their effectiveness is still uncertain compared to Manual toothbrushes (MT).
AIM
To evaluate the effectiveness of CT compared to MT in dental plaque removal.
METHODS
Studies comparing the efficiency of CT and MT in dental plaque removal measured by Turesky Modification of Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (TMQHI), Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (QHI), or Silness Loe Plaque Index (SLPI) were identified in PubMed, Medline Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the CENTRAL. Results and effect sizes estimate are presented as mean difference, and subgroup analysis is presented separately for non-randomised interventional studies and randomised intervention studies. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool (ROBINS-I and ROB2 tool).
RESULTS
A total of 10 studies were included in the systematic review, whereas six out of 10 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Both CT and MT were effective in plaque reduction over time when compared individually using the TMQHI and SLPI scores. The overall pooled summary showed no difference in CT and MT's dental plaque removal ability when measured using the TMQHI score. Similarly, there was no difference in CT and MT's dental plaque removal ability when measured using the SLPI score.
CONCLUSION
There is no significant difference in CT and MT's plaque removal ability. Therefore, CT should only be recommended for children and individuals with a disability or manual dexterity.
OBJECTIVE
Chewable toothbrushes (CT) are considered an effective tool for dental plaque removal.
Topics: Child; Humans; Dental Devices, Home Care; Gingivitis; Dental Plaque; Toothbrushing; Dental Plaque Index; Equipment Design
PubMed: 37006013
DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_1158_21 -
Journal of Clinical Periodontology Jan 2023The aim of this study was to compare the environmental footprint of eight inter-dental cleaning aids.
AIM
The aim of this study was to compare the environmental footprint of eight inter-dental cleaning aids.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A comparative life cycle analysis was conducted based on an individual person using inter-dental cleaning aids every day for 5 years. The primary outcome was a life cycle impact assessment. This comprised of 16 discrete measures of environmental sustainability (known as impact categories), for example, greenhouse gas emissions (measured in kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent, or kg CO e), ozone layer depletion (measured in kilograms of chloroflurocarbon equivalent, or kg CFCe), and water use (measured in cubic metres). Secondary outcomes included normalized data, disability-adjusted life years, and contribution analysis.
RESULTS
Inter-dental cleaning using floss picks had the largest environmental footprint in 13 of 16 impact categories. Depending on the environmental impact category measured, the smallest environmental footprint came from daily inter-dental cleaning with either bamboo inter-dental brushes (five impact categories, including carbon footprint), replaceable head inter-dental brushes (four impact categories), regular floss (three impact categories), sponge floss (three impact categories), and bamboo floss (one impact category).
CONCLUSIONS
Daily cleaning with inter-dental cleaning aids has an environmental footprint that varies depending on the product used. Clinicians should consider environmental impact alongside clinical need and cost when recommending inter-dental cleaning aids to patients.
Topics: Humans; Dental Devices, Home Care; Dental Plaque; Environment
PubMed: 36122929
DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13727 -
Caries Research 2015Humans have co-evolved with micro-organisms and have a symbiotic or mutualistic relationship with their resident microbiome. As at other body surfaces, the mouth has a... (Review)
Review
Humans have co-evolved with micro-organisms and have a symbiotic or mutualistic relationship with their resident microbiome. As at other body surfaces, the mouth has a diverse microbiota that grows on oral surfaces as structurally and functionally organised biofilms. The oral microbiota is natural and provides important benefits to the host, including immunological priming, down-regulation of excessive pro-inflammatory responses, regulation of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems, and colonisation by exogenous microbes. On occasions, this symbiotic relationship breaks down, and previously minor components of the microbiota outcompete beneficial bacteria, thereby increasing the risk of disease. Antimicrobial agents have been formulated into many oral care products to augment mechanical plaque control. A delicate balance is needed, however, to control the oral microbiota at levels compatible with health, without killing beneficial bacteria and losing the key benefits delivered by these resident microbes. These antimicrobial agents may achieve this by virtue of their recommended twice daily topical use, which results in pharmacokinetic profiles indicating that they are retained in the mouth for relatively long periods at sublethal levels. At these concentrations they are still able to inhibit bacterial traits implicated in disease (e.g. sugar transport/acid production; protease activity) and retard growth without eliminating beneficial species. In silico modelling studies have been performed which support the concept that either reducing the frequency of acid challenge and/or the terminal pH, or by merely slowing bacterial growth, results in maintaining a community of beneficial bacteria under conditions that might otherwise lead to disease (control without killing).
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Computer Simulation; Dental Plaque; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Microbial Viability; Microbiota; Mouth; Oral Health; Symbiosis
PubMed: 25871418
DOI: 10.1159/000377732 -
Genes Feb 2021Recent advantages in paleomicrobiology have provided an opportunity to investigate the composition of ancient microbial ecologies. Here, using metagenome analysis, we...
Recent advantages in paleomicrobiology have provided an opportunity to investigate the composition of ancient microbial ecologies. Here, using metagenome analysis, we investigated the microbial profiles of historic dental calculus retrieved from archaeological human remains from postmedieval Latvia dated 16-17th century AD and examined the associations of oral taxa and microbial diversity with specific characteristics. We evaluated the preservation of human oral microbiome patterns in historic samples and compared the microbial composition of historic dental calculus, modern human dental plaque, modern human dental calculus samples and burial soil microbiota. Overall, the results showed that the majority of microbial DNA in historic dental calculus originated from the oral microbiome with little impact of the burial environment. Good preservation of ancient DNA in historical dental calculus samples has provided reliable insight into the composition of the oral microbiome of postmedieval Latvian individuals. The relative stability of the classifiable oral microbiome composition was observed. Significant differences between the microbiome profiles of dental calculus and dental plaque samples were identified, suggesting microbial adaptation to a specific human body environment.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Archaeology; Body Remains; Burial; Child; DNA, Ancient; DNA, Bacterial; Dental Calculus; Dental Plaque; Female; Humans; Latvia; Male; Metagenome; Microbiota; Middle Aged; Soil Microbiology; Young Adult
PubMed: 33671794
DOI: 10.3390/genes12020309 -
International Journal of Dental Hygiene Feb 2022This study aimed to establish the efficacy of a rubber bristles interdental cleaner (RBIC) as an adjunct to toothbrushing (TB) compared to that of the adjuvant use of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
AIM
This study aimed to establish the efficacy of a rubber bristles interdental cleaner (RBIC) as an adjunct to toothbrushing (TB) compared to that of the adjuvant use of other interdental cleaning devices and TB alone on plaque and gingivitis parameters. Additionally, the safety aspects and panellists' appreciation were evaluated.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Databases were searched for randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating plaque (PI), bleeding (BS), and gingival index (GI) scores, safety assessments, and participants' appreciation. Extracted data were summarized in a descriptive and, if possible, a meta-analysis.
RESULTS
The search retrieved 142 unique papers; six studies with 10 comparisons were included in a descriptive analysis. Five RCTs compared RBICs with interdental brushes (IDBs), four with dental floss (DF) and one with manual TB only. No comparisons to wood sticks were retrieved. Using an RBIC resulted in no difference in plaque scores compared to DF and IDBs. For overall bleeding scores, no difference was found. Two studies analysing the accessible sites separately found RBICs to be more favourable than DF and IDBs. Conversely, one study evaluating the efficacy of RBICs compared to IDBs, according to the GI scores, showed that IDBs achieved significantly greater reduction. Moreover, RBICs caused fewer gingival abrasions and were preferred by the study participants.
CONCLUSION
Based on a descriptive and a meta-analysis of the available literature, it is synthesized that in gingivitis patients, a weak to very weak certainty exists that a RBIC is indicated for gingivitis and plaque reduction. The evidence supports user safety and participants' preferences.
Topics: Dental Devices, Home Care; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Gingivitis; Humans; Rubber; Toothbrushing
PubMed: 33630360
DOI: 10.1111/idh.12492 -
Journal of Periodontal Research Apr 2022This meta-analysis of observational studies (PROSPERO registration number CRD42021236054) sought to investigate strength and generalizability of the association of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
This meta-analysis of observational studies (PROSPERO registration number CRD42021236054) sought to investigate strength and generalizability of the association of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in subjects with plaque-induced gingivitis and periodontitis, since the data from literature are contrasting.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Case-control and cross-sectional studies, investigating HSV-1 in subgingival plaque/crevicular fluid and periodontal status, were searched through MEDLINE via PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. From each study the crude odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95CI) was extracted, and the pooled OR was assessed for periodontitis, chronic and aggressive, and gingivitis. The meta-analytic method was chosen based on the level of heterogeneity. The generalizability of results, determined by the meta-analysis bias, was investigated through secondary analyses including sensitivity analyses for study quality, publication bias, and study inclusion, and subgroup analyses for quality of scientific journals that published the primary studies, world Region, subgingival plaque sampling method and study design.
RESULTS
Twelve studies were included (738 cases, 551 controls). The pooled ORs were 4.4 (95CI, 1.9-10.2) for any periodontitis; specifically, 2.8 (95CI, 1.0-8.3) for chronic periodontitis, 11.8 (95CI, 5.4-25.8) for aggressive periodontitis and 4.8 (95CI, 2.1-11.0) for gingivitis. These estimates were statistically significant, excluding for chronic periodontitis, resulting marginally significant (p = .05). Secondary analyses on any and aggressive periodontitis, and, partly, chronic periodontitis corroborated the results, while the material was insufficient for secondary analyses on gingivitis.
CONCLUSIONS
The results obtained indicated that HSV-1 is associated with periodontitis, while data about gingivitis are inconclusive. HSV-1 investigation in subgingival plaque could help assess periodontitis risk and severity and, if causal association were confirmed, could contribute to its control.
Topics: Aggressive Periodontitis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Plaque; Gingivitis; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Humans; Observational Studies as Topic
PubMed: 34978079
DOI: 10.1111/jre.12968