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Scientific Reports Jun 2024The current investigation aims to study the embryonic dermis formed in the early stages of development and identify the initial interstitial components of the dermis...
The current investigation aims to study the embryonic dermis formed in the early stages of development and identify the initial interstitial components of the dermis that serve as biological and structural scaffolds for the development of the dermal tissue. To investigate the dermal structure, the current study used morphological and immunological techniques. TCs identified by TEM. They had a cell body and unique podomeres and podoms. They formed a 3D network spread throughout the dermis. Homocellular contact established between them, as well as heterocellular contacts with other cells. Immunohistochemical techniques using specific markers for TCss CD34, CD117, and VEGF confirmed TC identification. TCs represent the major interstitial component in the dermal tissue. They established a 3D network, enclosing other cells and structures. Expression of VEGF by TC promotes angiogenesis. TCs establish cellular contact with sprouting endothelial cells. At the site of cell junction with TCs, cytoskeletal filaments identified and observed to form the pseudopodium core that projects from endothelial cells. TCs had proteolytic properties that expressed MMP-9, CD68, and CD21. Proteolytic activity aids in the removal of components of the extracellular matrix and the phagocytosis of degraded remnants to create spaces to facilitate the development of new dermal structures. In conclusion, TCs organized the scaffold for the development of future dermal structures, including fibrous components and skin appendages. Studying dermal TCs would be interested in the possibility of developing therapeutic strategies for treating different skin disorders and diseases.
Topics: Telocytes; Immunohistochemistry; Dermis; Humans; Antigens, CD34; Animals; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Antigens, CD; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; Endothelial Cells; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; CD68 Molecule
PubMed: 38886354
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63802-5 -
ELife Oct 2015In vivo imaging has revealed new details about how the malaria parasite enters the bloodstream.
In vivo imaging has revealed new details about how the malaria parasite enters the bloodstream.
Topics: Animals; Blood Vessels; Dermis; Locomotion; Malaria; Plasmodium; Sporozoites
PubMed: 26439137
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.11284 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2021Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM) increases oxidative stress through free radical generation and incomplete volatilization. In addition to...
Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM) increases oxidative stress through free radical generation and incomplete volatilization. In addition to affecting the respiratory system, PM causes aging- and inflammation-related damage to skin. Farnesol (Farn), a natural benzyl semiterpene, possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antibacterial properties. However, because of its poor water solubility and cytotoxicity at high concentrations, the biomedical applications of Farn have been limited. This study examined the deleterious effects of PM on the epidermis and dermis. In addition, Farn-encapsulated liposomes (Lipo-Farn) and gelatin/HA/xanthan gel containing Lipo-Farn were prepared and applied in vivo to repair and alleviate PM-induced damage and inflammation in skin. The prepared Lipo-Farn was 342 ± 90 nm in diameter with an encapsulation rate of 69%; the encapsulation significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of Farn. Lipo-Farn exhibited a slow-release rate of 35% after 192 h of incubation. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of PM was approximately 850 μg/mL, and ≥400 μg/mL PM significantly increased IL-6 production in skin fibroblasts. Severe impairment in the epidermis and hair follicles and moderate impairment in the dermis were found in the groups treated with post-PM and continuous subcutaneous injection of PM. Acute and chronic inflammation was observed in the skin in both experimental categories in vivo. Treatment with 4 mM Lipo-Farn largely repaired PM-induced injury in the epidermis and dermis, restored injured hair follicles, and alleviated acute and chronic inflammation induced by PM in rat skin. In addition, treatment with 4 mM pure Farn and 2 mM Lipo-Farn exerted moderate reparative and anti-inflammatory effects on impaired skin. The findings of the current study indicate the therapeutic and protective effects of Lipo-Farn against various injuries caused by PM in the pilosebaceous units, epidermis, and dermis of skin.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Dermis; Epidermis; Farnesol; Female; Liposomes; Particulate Matter; Protective Agents; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 34199947
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116076 -
Wiadomosci Lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland :... 2021The aim is to develop a method of the acellular dermal matrix manufacturing from pig's skin dermis while preserving the native structure.
OBJECTIVE
The aim is to develop a method of the acellular dermal matrix manufacturing from pig's skin dermis while preserving the native structure.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Materials and methods: Combination of physical and chemical effects on the dermis underlies in the process of an acellular dermal matrix manufacturing. Dermal collection of 1.0-1.3 mm thickness in pigs under 1 year of age from the back and partially from the lateral parts of the body was carried out. The 0.3-0.4 mm thickness layer of skin was previously removed from the relevant areas with help of a dermatome, which was physically and chemically treated. The maximum acellularization of the dermal matrix was achieved step-by-step and included four stages of skin processing: 1 - freeze-thaw process; 2 - glycerin dehydration; 3 - osmotic stress; 4 - cell residue removal by detergent.
RESULTS
Results: Histological analysis of the of the pig's skin dermis revealed that after freeze-thaw cycles the collagen scaffold of the dermal matrix maintains its structural organization that was obtained as a result of the first stage of decellularization. On the second stage of decullalarization, the decreased number of fibroblastic cells was indicated. By means of this, the connective tissue elements that are represented by collagen fibers' multidirectional bundles retained their structural organization. Fibroblasts lysis as basophilic stained elements was revealed in small amount of dermis on the third stage of the decellularization. Washing of lyophilized skin with nonionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate the complete absence of fibroblasts, epidermocytes in the hair follicles, endothelial cells in the wall of blood vessels was detected indicating the effectiveness of this reagent in removing residual products.
CONCLUSION
Conclusions: Suggested protocol for decullalarization of the pig's skin dermis is effective in removing nuclear and cellular structures from dermis. Particular protocols can be modified by increasing the temperature difference or changing the number of freeze-thaw cycles.
Topics: Acellular Dermis; Animals; Collagen; Endothelial Cells; Skin Transplantation; Swine
PubMed: 33813443
DOI: No ID Found -
ELife May 2021Langerhans-like cells located in the dermis can travel to lymph nodes where they modulate immune responses.
Langerhans-like cells located in the dermis can travel to lymph nodes where they modulate immune responses.
Topics: Cell Movement; Dermis; Langerhans Cells; Lymph Nodes; Skin
PubMed: 33970105
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.68979 -
PloS One 2023Collagen is the major structural protein in the skin. Fragmentation and disorganization of the collagen fibrils are the hallmarks of the aged human skin dermis. These...
Collagen is the major structural protein in the skin. Fragmentation and disorganization of the collagen fibrils are the hallmarks of the aged human skin dermis. These age-related alterations of collagen fibrils impair skin structural integrity and make the tissue microenvironment more prone to skin disorders. As the biological function of collagen lies predominantly in its physical properties, we applied atomic force microscopy (AFM) and nanoindentation to evaluate the physical properties (surface roughness, stiffness, and hardness) of dermal collagen in young (25±5 years, N = 6) and aged (75±6 years, N = 6) healthy sun-protected hip skin. We observed that in the aged dermis, the surface of collagen fibrils was rougher, and fiber bundles were stiffer and harder, compared to young dermal collagen. Mechanistically, the age-related elevation of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are responsible for rougher and stiffer/harder dermal collagen, respectively. Analyzing the physical properties of dermal collagen as a function of age revealed that alterations of the physical properties of collagen fibrils changed with age (22-89 years, N = 18). We also observed that the reticular dermis is rougher and mechanically stiffer and harder compared to the papillary dermis in human skin. These data extend the current understanding of collagen beyond biological entities to include biophysical properties.
Topics: Humans; Collagen; Skin; Dermis; Extracellular Matrix; Epidermis
PubMed: 38064445
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292791 -
Journal of Biomedical Optics Sep 2018The use of multiphoton imaging has become a standard technique to visualize the dermis fibers as it requires no specific staining. The density and organization of...
The use of multiphoton imaging has become a standard technique to visualize the dermis fibers as it requires no specific staining. The density and organization of collagen and elastin are common markers of skin intrinsic aging and photoaging; thus, there is a need of grading this skin aging with quantitative indicators able to provide a robust evaluation of the dermis fibers' state. We propose a systematic analysis of multiphoton images of skin biopsies taken on the buttock and the forearm of patients of different ages. The intensity histograms of images were analyzed through their moments, a wavelet decomposition was done, and the wavelet coefficients distribution was fitted by a generalized Gaussian distribution. Different parameters relative to the collagen or elastin densities, organizations, and structures were calculated and exhibit phenomena specific to intrinsic or extrinsic aging. Those indicators could become a standard method to analyze the degree of skin aging (intrinsic or extrinsic) through multiphoton imaging.
Topics: Adult; Collagen; Dermis; Elastin; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; Middle Aged; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Skin Aging; Young Adult
PubMed: 30244547
DOI: 10.1117/1.JBO.23.9.096501 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2017Zinc (Zn), which is an essential trace element, is involved in numerous mammalian physiological events; therefore, either a deficiency or excess of Zn impairs cellular... (Review)
Review
Zinc (Zn), which is an essential trace element, is involved in numerous mammalian physiological events; therefore, either a deficiency or excess of Zn impairs cellular machineries and influences physiological events, such as systemic growth, bone homeostasis, skin formation, immune responses, endocrine function, and neuronal function. Zn transporters are thought to mainly contribute to Zn homeostasis within cells and in the whole body. Recent genetic, cellular, and molecular studies of Zn transporters highlight the dynamic role of Zn as a signaling mediator linking several cellular events and signaling pathways. Dysfunction in Zn transporters causes various diseases. This review aims to provide an update of Zn transporters and Zn signaling studies and discusses the remaining questions and future directions by focusing on recent progress in determining the roles of SLC39A/ZIP family members in vivo.
Topics: Animals; B-Lymphocytes; Carrier Proteins; Cation Transport Proteins; Dermis; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Signal Transduction; Zinc
PubMed: 29236063
DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122708 -
Aging Jun 2021
Topics: Aging; Animals; Cellular Senescence; Dermis; Fibroblasts; Gene Regulatory Networks; Humans; Neoplasms; Systems Biology
PubMed: 34107452
DOI: 10.18632/aging.203188 -
Annals of Surgery Oct 2021Demonstrate the impact of IL-10 producing T lymphocytes on mediating dermal scarring.
OBJECTIVE
Demonstrate the impact of IL-10 producing T lymphocytes on mediating dermal scarring.
SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA
We demonstrated that CD4+ cells are essential to improving postinjury wound healing and preventing fibrosis. CD4+ subsets secrete differential cytokine and growth factor profiles, though their role in fibrosis is not known. IL-10, a key anti-inflammatory cytokine shown to promote regenerative wound healing, is secreted by some CD4+ subsets. We, therefore, hypothesize that IL-10 producing CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets selectively attenuate dermal wound fibrosis.
METHODS
IL-10-/- and wild-type murine splenocytes were enriched for CD4+ lymphocytes and adoptively transferred into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice that received full-thickness wounds which were analyzed at days 7 and 28 for inflammation and collagen content. We then sorted CD4+CD44int/lowFoxP3-CD62L+ T cells (Tnaive) or CD4+CD44HiFoxP3- type 1 regulatory (Tr1) T cell subsets from 10BiT murine splenocytes, activated them, and transferred them into wounds. In vitro, dermal fibroblasts were cocultured with Tnaive or Tr1 and the effect on extracellular matrix (ECM) regulation was analyzed.
RESULTS
The anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects of CD4+ cells on SCID wounds were lost with cells from IL-10-/- mice. Adoptive transfer of Tr1 into SCID mice resulted in accelerated wound closure at d7 with reduced fibrosis at d28, with Tr1 favoring hyaluronan production by fibroblasts, an ECM molecule implicated in IL-10-induced regenerative healing.
CONCLUSIONS
IL-10 producing T-lymphocytes, specifically Tr1, regulate inflammatory cell cytokine expression to promote HA-rich ECM deposition and attenuate fibrosis. Promoting IL-10 producing lymphocytes in wounds may be a therapeutic target to promote regenerative wound healing.
Topics: Adoptive Transfer; Animals; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cicatrix; Dermis; Disease Models, Animal; Interleukin-10; Mice; Mice, SCID; Wound Healing
PubMed: 34506318
DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000004984