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Scientific Reports Sep 2022Up to a certain developmental stage, a fetus can completely regenerate wounds in the skin. To clarify the mechanism of fetal skin regeneration, identifying when the skin...
Up to a certain developmental stage, a fetus can completely regenerate wounds in the skin. To clarify the mechanism of fetal skin regeneration, identifying when the skin switches from fetal-type wound regeneration to adult-type wound repair is necessary. We hypothesized that this switch occurs at several time points and that complete skin regeneration requires epidermal-dermal interactions and the formation of actin cables. We compared normal skin and wound morphology at each developmental stage. We examined two parameters: epidermal texture and dermal structure. We found that the three-dimensional structure of the skin was completely regenerated in full-thickness skin incisions made before embryonic day (E) 13. However, the skin texture did not regenerate in wounds made after E14. We also found that the dermal structure regenerates up to E16, but wounds created after E17 heal as scars with dermal fibrosis. By controlling the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase and altering actin cable formation, we could regulate scar formation in utero. These findings may contribute to therapies that allow complete skin regeneration without scarring.
Topics: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Actins; Animals; Cicatrix; Dermis; Epidermis; Fetus; Mice; Regeneration; Skin
PubMed: 36151111
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18175-y -
Wounds : a Compendium of Clinical... Jan 2020Partially avascular wounds pose a challenge to wound care surgeons. (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Partially avascular wounds pose a challenge to wound care surgeons.
OBJECTIVE
The authors reviewed the literature and institutional results on the use of a dermal regenerative template (DRT) over partially avascular wounds to quantify the ability of the DRT to vascularize over these wounds.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A review of the literature was performed using Ovid MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library. Patient demographics, comorbidities, wound types, surface area of avascular tissues, and skin graft take were analyzed. A retrospective review of institutional cases was conducted.
RESULTS
A total of 32 articles met inclusion criteria. The retrospective review included 26 patients with partially avascular wounds reconstructed with the DRT. Seventeen patients experienced 100% graft take, 6 experienced partial take, and 3 suffered complete loss. The percent and absolute size of avascular surface area in the wound was significantly lower in cases of complete graft take compared with partial take and complete loss (1.9% and 2.7 cm2; 9.3% and 10.0 cm2; 18.0% and 9.3 cm2, respectively, P ⟨ .001). Chronic wound status (P ⟨ .001) was significantly associated with less graft take.
CONCLUSIONS
This literature review and retrospective study confirm the DRT is a viable option to provide vascularized coverage over wounds with avascular components. This study suggests the DRT is more reliable in wounds with less than 1.9% avascular tissues and less successful in chronic wounds.
Topics: Dermis; Graft Survival; Humans; Regeneration; Skin; Skin Physiological Phenomena; Skin Transplantation; Soft Tissue Injuries; Wound Healing
PubMed: 32155125
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2022Skin aging is a multi-factorial process that affects nearly every aspect of skin biology and function. The processes developing in the skin during aging are based on... (Review)
Review
Skin aging is a multi-factorial process that affects nearly every aspect of skin biology and function. The processes developing in the skin during aging are based on fundamental molecular mechanisms associated with fibroblasts, the main cellular population of the dermis. It has been revealed that the amount of fibroblasts decreases markedly with age and their functional activity is also reduced. This inevitably leads to a decrease in the regenerative abilities of the skin and the progression of its aging. In this review we consider the mechanisms underlying these processes, mainly the changes observed with age in the stem/progenitor cells that constitute the fibroblastic differon of the dermis and form their microenvironment (niches). These changes lead to the depletion of stem cells, which, in turn, leads to a decrease in the number of differentiated (mature) dermal fibroblasts responsible for the production of the dermal extracellular matrix and its remodeling. We also describe in detail DNA damages, their cellular and systemic consequences, molecular mechanisms of DNA damage response, and also the role of fibroblast senescence in skin aging.
Topics: Dermis; Extracellular Matrix; Fibroblasts; Skin; Skin Aging
PubMed: 35682813
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116135 -
Journal of Ultrasound Mar 2023Current ultrasound (US) Doppler techniques cannot demonstrate the vascularization of the dermis. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the new Superb...
AIMS
Current ultrasound (US) Doppler techniques cannot demonstrate the vascularization of the dermis. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the new Superb Vascular Imaging (SMI) and Microvascular Flow (MV-Flow) techniques improve the detection of normal dermis vessels. SMI and MV-Flow were compared side-by-side to conventional power-Doppler (PD) imaging.
METHODS
By using US, 50 healthy volunteers were evaluated at level of five body areas: forehead, forearm, palm, buttock, and thigh. Two off-site operators evaluated the images to assess the difference between SMI and PD imaging and between MV-Flow and PD imaging in terms of dermis flow amount. A 0-3 scoring system was adopted.
RESULTS
SMI scored grade 0 in 0% of body areas, grade 1 in 58%, grade 2 in 33%, and grade 3 in 9%. In comparison with SMI, PD scored grade 0 in 38% of body areas, grade 1 in 56%, grade 2 in 6%, and grade 3 in 0%. MV-Flow scored grade 0 in 0% of body areas, grade 1 in 52%, grade 2 in 43%, and grade 3 in 6%. Comparted to MV-Flow, PD scored grade 0 in 53% of body areas, grade 1 in 34%, grade 2 in 13%, and grade 3 in 0%. The difference in terms of sensitivity was statistically significant for all the body areas investigated.
CONCLUSIONS
We found both SMI and MV-Flow to be superior to PD imaging and capable to demonstrate normal vascularization of the dermis.
Topics: Humans; Microcirculation; Microvessels; Ultrasonography, Doppler; Ultrasonography; Dermis
PubMed: 36001281
DOI: 10.1007/s40477-022-00710-2 -
Cell and Tissue Research Feb 2023The generation and growing of de novo hair follicles is the most daring hair replacement approach to treat alopecia. This approach has been explored at least since the... (Review)
Review
The generation and growing of de novo hair follicles is the most daring hair replacement approach to treat alopecia. This approach has been explored at least since the 1960s without major success. Latest in the 1980s, the realization that the mesenchymal compartment of hair follicles, the dermal papilla (DP), is the crucial signaling center and element required for fulfilling this vision of hair follicle engineering, propelled research into the fibroblasts that occupy the DP. However, working with DP fibroblasts has been stubbornly frustrating. Decades of work in understanding the nature of DP fibroblasts in vitro and in vivo have led to the appreciation that hair follicle biology is complex, and the dermal papilla is an enigma. Functional DP fibroblasts tend to aggregate in 2D culture, while impaired DP cells do not. This fact has stimulated recent approaches to overcome the hurdles to DP cell culture by mimicking their natural habitat, such as growing DP fibroblasts in three dimensions (3D) by their self-aggregation, adopting 3D matrix scaffold, or bioprinting 3D microstructures. Furthermore, including keratinocytes in the mix to form hair follicle-like composite structures has been explored but remains a far cry from a useful and affordable method to generate human hair follicles in sufficient quantity and quality in a practical time frame for patients. This suggests that the current strategies may have reached their limitations in achieving successful hair follicle bioengineering for clinical applications. Novel approaches are required to overcome these barriers, such as focusing on embryonic cell types and processes in combination with emerging techniques.
Topics: Humans; Hair Follicle; Dermis; Cells, Cultured; Keratinocytes; Bioengineering
PubMed: 36562864
DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03730-w -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Feb 2018There is an increasing interest in the apparently normal skin in vitiligo. Altered expression of the adhesion molecule E-cadherin and persistent deregulated...
There is an increasing interest in the apparently normal skin in vitiligo. Altered expression of the adhesion molecule E-cadherin and persistent deregulated intracellular redox status that promotes the acquisition of a stress-induced senescent phenotype in melanocytes of normally pigmented skin from patients with vitiligo have been described. Growing evidence has shown that such cellular and functional alterations are not necessarily restricted to melanocytes but may be extended to other cutaneous cell populations in both lesional and nonlesional areas. However, whether dermal fibroblasts exhibit related alterations that may contribute to the defects associated with melanocytes in vitiligo is not known. Here we reveal within the dermal compartment cells a myofibroblast phenotype and a predisposition to premature senescence, indicating the existence of altered cross-talk between dermal and epidermal components that may affect melanocyte functionality even in the apparently normal skin of patients with vitiligo.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Biopsy; Cell Communication; Cell Separation; Cellular Senescence; Dermis; Epidermis; Female; Flow Cytometry; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Male; Melanocytes; Middle Aged; Myofibroblasts; Primary Cell Culture; Reactive Oxygen Species; Vitiligo
PubMed: 29024688
DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.06.033 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2021The recessive form of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a debilitating disease caused by impairments in the junctions of the dermis and the basement membrane of...
The recessive form of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a debilitating disease caused by impairments in the junctions of the dermis and the basement membrane of the epidermis. Mutations in the COL7A1 gene induce multiple abnormalities, including chronic inflammation and profibrotic changes in the skin. However, the correlations between the specific mutations in COL7A1 and their phenotypic output remain largely unexplored. The mutations in the COL7A1 gene, described here, were found in the DEB register. Among them, two homozygous mutations and two cases of compound heterozygous mutations were identified. We created the panel of primary patient-specific RDEB fibroblast lines (FEB) and compared it with control fibroblasts from healthy donors (FHC). The set of morphological features and the contraction capacity of the cells distinguished FEB from FHC. We also report the relationships between the mutations and several phenotypic traits of the FEB. Based on the analysis of the available RNA-seq data of RDEB fibroblasts, we performed an RT-qPCR gene expression analysis of our cell lines, confirming the differential status of multiple genes while uncovering the new ones. We anticipate that our panels of cell lines will be useful not only for studying RDEB signatures but also for investigating the overall mechanisms involved in disease progression.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Collagen Type VII; Dermis; Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica; Female; Fibroblasts; Gene Expression Regulation; Homozygote; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mutation
PubMed: 33670258
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041792 -
Indian Journal of Dermatology,... 2021
Topics: Dermis; Erythema; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Neutrophils; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications
PubMed: 34623053
DOI: 10.25259/IJDVL_52_2021 -
Decellularization of human dermis using non-denaturing anionic detergent and endonuclease: a review.Cell and Tissue Banking Jun 2015Decellularized human dermis has been used for a number of clinical applications including wound healing, soft tissue reconstruction, and sports medicine procedures. A... (Review)
Review
Decellularized human dermis has been used for a number of clinical applications including wound healing, soft tissue reconstruction, and sports medicine procedures. A variety of methods exist to prepare this useful class of biomaterial. Here, we describe a decellularization technology (MatrACELL(®)) utilizing a non-denaturing anionic detergent, N-Lauroyl sarcosinate, and endonuclease, which was developed to remove potentially immunogenic material while retaining biomechanical properties. Effective decellularization was demonstrated by a residual DNA content of ≤4 ng/mg of wet weight which represented >97 % DNA removal compared to unprocessed dermis. Two millimeter thick MatrACELL processed human acellular dermal matrix (MH-ADM) exhibited average ultimate tensile load to failure of 635.4 ± 199.9 N and average suture retention strength of 134.9 ± 55.1 N. Using an in vivo mouse skin excisional model, MH-ADM was shown to be biocompatible and capable of supporting cellular and vascular in-growth. Finally, clinical studies of MH-ADM in variety of applications suggest it can be an appropriate scaffold for wound healing, soft tissue reconstruction, and soft tissue augmentation.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Dermis; Detergents; Endonucleases; Humans; Skin Transplantation; Wound Healing
PubMed: 25163609
DOI: 10.1007/s10561-014-9467-4 -
Stem Cells Translational Medicine Oct 2015The exciting potential for regenerating organs from autologous stem cells is on the near horizon, and adult dermis stem cells (DSCs) are particularly appealing because... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
The exciting potential for regenerating organs from autologous stem cells is on the near horizon, and adult dermis stem cells (DSCs) are particularly appealing because of the ease and relative minimal invasiveness of skin collection. A substantial number of reports have described DSCs and their potential for regenerating tissues from mesenchymal, ectodermal, and endodermal lineages; however, the exact niches of these stem cells in various skin types and their antigenic surface makeup are not yet clearly defined. The multilineage potential of DSCs appears to be similar, despite great variability in isolation and in vitro propagation methods. Despite this great potential, only limited amounts of tissues and clinical applications for organ regeneration have been developed from DSCs. This review summarizes the literature on DSCs regarding their niches and the specific markers they express. The concept of the niches and the differentiation capacity of cells residing in them along particular lineages is discussed. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of widely used methods to demonstrate lineage differentiation are considered. In addition, safety considerations and the most recent advancements in the field of tissue engineering and regeneration using DSCs are discussed. This review concludes with thoughts on how to prospectively approach engineering of tissues and organ regeneration using DSCs. Our expectation is that implementation of the major points highlighted in this review will lead to major advancements in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
SIGNIFICANCE
Autologous dermis-derived stem cells are generating great excitement and efforts in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. The substantial impact of this review lies in its critical coverage of the available literature and in providing insight regarding niches, characteristics, and isolation methods of stem cells derived from the human dermis. Furthermore, it provides analysis of the current state-of-the-art regenerative approaches using human-derived dermal stem cells, with consideration of current guidelines, to assist translation toward therapeutic use.
Topics: Adult; Adult Stem Cells; Cell Differentiation; Cell Lineage; Cell Separation; Cell Transplantation; Dermis; Germ Layers; Humans; Multipotent Stem Cells; Regenerative Medicine; Stem Cell Niche; Tissue Engineering; Transplantation, Autologous
PubMed: 26253713
DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0084