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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2022Products designed to cleanse the skin commonly do so through surfactant action, which leads to the lowering of the surface tension of the skin to facilitate the removal... (Review)
Review
Products designed to cleanse the skin commonly do so through surfactant action, which leads to the lowering of the surface tension of the skin to facilitate the removal of dirt from its surface. Skin cleansers generally come in one of two types: soap-based and synthetic detergents, or syndets. While the latter can effectively maintain the native skin structure, function and integrity, the former tends to negatively affect the skin by causing barrier disruption, lipid dissolution and pH alteration. Despite this, soap is still often preferred, possibly due to the negative connotations around anything that is not perceived as 'natural'. It is, therefore, important that the science behind cleansers, especially those designed for the maintenance of healthy skin and the management of common skin conditions such as eczema, be understood by both formulators and end-users. Here, we carefully weigh the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of surfactant-the key ingredient(s) in skin cleansers-and provide insight into surfactants' physicochemical properties, biological activity and potential effects. Fine-tuning of the complex characteristics of surfactants can successfully lead to an 'optimal' skin cleanser that can simultaneously be milder in nature, highly effective and beneficial, and offer minimal skin interference and environmental impact.
Topics: Detergents; Skin; Skin Care; Soaps; Surface-Active Agents
PubMed: 35335373
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27062010 -
Allergy Jan 2023Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic allergic disease associated with type 2 inflammation and epithelial barrier dysfunction. The etiology is unknown, however,...
BACKGROUND
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic allergic disease associated with type 2 inflammation and epithelial barrier dysfunction. The etiology is unknown, however, genetic heritability studies suggest environmental factors play a key role in pathogenesis. Detergents, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), are common ingredients in household products such as dish soap and toothpaste. We hypothesized detergent exposure decreases epithelial barrier function and induces esophageal inflammation.
METHODS
Immortalized esophageal epithelial cells (EPC2) were cultured in air-liquid interface (ALI) and exposed to SDS. Barrier function/activity was assessed by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), FITC-dextran flux, and RT-PCR. Additionally, SDS-treated mouse esophageal organoids were evaluated for morphology. To investigate the effects of SDS in vivo, mice were treated with 0.5% SDS in drinking water for 14 days. Esophagi were assessed by gross morphology, histopathology, protein expression, and bulk RNA sequencing.
RESULTS
When EPC2 cells were exposed to SDS (5 μg/ml) for 96 h, TEER decreased (p = 0.03), and FITC-dextran flux increased (p = 0.0002). mRNA expression of IL-33 increased 4.5-fold (p = 0.02) at 6 h and DSG1 decreased (p < 0.0001) by 72 h. Disrupted epithelial integrity was noted in SDS-treated esophageal organoids. When mice were exposed to SDS, they showed increased esophageal width, chemokine, and metalloprotease levels. Mice treated with SDS also showed increased IL-33 protein expression, basal zone hyperplasia, CD4 cell infiltration, and esophageal eosinophilia. RNA sequencing revealed upregulation of immune response pathway genes.
CONCLUSION
Exposure to SDS decreases esophageal barrier integrity, stimulates IL-33 production, and promotes epithelial hyperplasia and tissue eosinophilia. Detergents may be a key environmental trigger in EoE pathogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Detergents; Eosinophilic Esophagitis; Epithelial Cells; Hyperplasia; Inflammation; Interleukin-33
PubMed: 35899466
DOI: 10.1111/all.15457 -
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical... Feb 2023The increased prevalence of many chronic inflammatory diseases linked to gut epithelial barrier leakiness has prompted us to investigate the role of extensive use of...
BACKGROUND
The increased prevalence of many chronic inflammatory diseases linked to gut epithelial barrier leakiness has prompted us to investigate the role of extensive use of dishwasher detergents, among other factors.
OBJECTIVE
We sought to investigate the effects of professional and household dishwashers, and rinse agents, on cytotoxicity, barrier function, transcriptome, and protein expression in gastrointestinal epithelial cells.
METHODS
Enterocytic liquid-liquid interfaces were established on permeable supports, and direct cellular cytotoxicity, transepithelial electrical resistance, paracellular flux, immunofluorescence staining, RNA-sequencing transcriptome, and targeted proteomics were performed.
RESULTS
The observed detergent toxicity was attributed to exposure to rinse aid in a dose-dependent manner up to 1:20,000 v/v dilution. A disrupted epithelial barrier, particularly by rinse aid, was observed in liquid-liquid interface cultures, organoids, and gut-on-a-chip, demonstrating decreased transepithelial electrical resistance, increased paracellular flux, and irregular and heterogeneous tight junction immunostaining. When individual components of the rinse aid were investigated separately, alcohol ethoxylates elicited a strong toxic and barrier-damaging effect. RNA-sequencing transcriptome and proteomics data revealed upregulation in cell death, signaling and communication, development, metabolism, proliferation, and immune and inflammatory responses of epithelial cells. Interestingly, detergent residue from professional dishwashers demonstrated the remnant of a significant amount of cytotoxic and epithelial barrier-damaging rinse aid remaining on washed and ready-to-use dishware.
CONCLUSIONS
The expression of genes involved in cell survival, epithelial barrier, cytokine signaling, and metabolism was altered by rinse aid in concentrations used in professional dishwashers. The alcohol ethoxylates present in the rinse aid were identified as the culprit component causing the epithelial inflammation and barrier damage.
Topics: Humans; Detergents; Epithelial Cells; Gastrointestinal Tract; Up-Regulation; RNA; Tight Junctions; Intestinal Mucosa
PubMed: 36464527
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.10.020 -
Molecular & Cellular Proteomics : MCP Aug 2023Protein aggregation of amyloid-β peptides and tau are pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which are often resistant to detergent extraction and thus... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Protein aggregation of amyloid-β peptides and tau are pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which are often resistant to detergent extraction and thus enriched in the insoluble proteome. However, additional proteins that coaccumulate in the detergent-insoluble AD brain proteome remain understudied. Here, we comprehensively characterized key proteins and pathways in the detergent-insoluble proteome from human AD brain samples using differential extraction, tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling, and two-dimensional LC-tandem mass spectrometry. To improve quantification accuracy of the TMT method, we developed a complement TMT-based strategy to correct for ratio compression. Through the meta-analysis of two independent detergent-insoluble AD proteome datasets (8914 and 8917 proteins), we identified 190 differentially expressed proteins in AD compared with control brains, highlighting the pathways of amyloid cascade, RNA splicing, endocytosis/exocytosis, protein degradation, and synaptic activity. To differentiate the truly detergent-insoluble proteins from copurified background during protein extraction, we analyzed the fold of enrichment for each protein by comparing the detergent-insoluble proteome with the whole proteome from the same AD samples. Among the 190 differentially expressed proteins, 84 (51%) proteins of the upregulated proteins (n = 165) were enriched in the insoluble proteome, whereas all downregulated proteins (n = 25) were not enriched, indicating that they were copurified components. The vast majority of these enriched 84 proteins harbor low-complexity regions in their sequences, including amyloid-β, Tau, TARDBP/TAR DNA-binding protein 43, SNRNP70/U1-70K, MDK, PTN, NTN1, NTN3, and SMOC1. Moreover, many of the enriched proteins in AD were validated in the detergent-insoluble proteome by five steps of differential extraction, proteomic analysis, or immunoblotting. Our study reveals a resource list of proteins and pathways that are exclusively present in the detergent-insoluble proteome, providing novel molecular insights to the formation of protein pathology in AD.
Topics: Humans; Alzheimer Disease; Proteome; Detergents; Proteomics; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Brain; Ribonucleoprotein, U1 Small Nuclear
PubMed: 37356496
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100608 -
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Jul 2023Detergents enable the investigation of membrane proteins by mass spectrometry. Detergent designers aim to improve underlying methodologies and are confronted with the... (Review)
Review
Detergents enable the investigation of membrane proteins by mass spectrometry. Detergent designers aim to improve underlying methodologies and are confronted with the challenge to design detergents with optimal solution and gas-phase properties. Herein, we review literature related to the optimization of detergent chemistry and handling and identify an emerging research direction: the optimization of mass spectrometry detergents for individual applications in mass spectrometry-based membrane proteomics. We provide an overview about qualitative design aspects including their relevance for the optimization of detergents in bottom-up proteomics, top-down proteomics, native mass spectrometry, and Nativeomics. In addition to established design aspects, such as charge, concentration, degradability, detergent removal, and detergent exchange, it becomes apparent that detergent heterogeneity is a promising key driver for innovation. We anticipate that rationalizing the role of detergent structures in membrane proteomics will serve as an enabling step for the analysis of challenging biological systems.
Topics: Detergents; Proteomics; Mass Spectrometry; Membrane Proteins
PubMed: 36808272
DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04584-z -
Journal of Applied Microbiology May 2017Although laundering should mainly remove stains and dirt from used and worn textiles, the elimination of microbial contamination is an important aim of the laundry... (Review)
Review
Although laundering should mainly remove stains and dirt from used and worn textiles, the elimination of microbial contamination is an important aim of the laundry process as well. While industrial and institutional laundering employs standardized processes using high temperatures (i.e. 60°C and above) and bleaching agents to ensure a sufficient hygienic reconditioning of textiles, domestic laundering processes are less defined and not always led by purposeful aims. The strive for energy efficiency of household appliances has resulted in a decrease in washing temperatures in Europe during the last decades and convenience aspects led to an increased use of liquid detergents that do not contain bleach which in turn impacts the antimicrobial efficacy of domestic laundering. This review compiles the different factors that influence the input and removal of micro-organisms in the laundering process and discusses the possible adverse effects of microbial contaminants in the washing machine and on the textiles as well as suitable counteractions.
Topics: Detergents; Hygiene; Laundering; Temperature; Textiles
PubMed: 28092141
DOI: 10.1111/jam.13402 -
Biochemical Society Transactions Jun 2021Membrane proteins play vital roles in living organisms, serving as targets for most currently prescribed drugs. Membrane protein structural biology aims to provide... (Review)
Review
Membrane proteins play vital roles in living organisms, serving as targets for most currently prescribed drugs. Membrane protein structural biology aims to provide accurate structural information to understand their mechanisms of action. The advance of membrane protein structural biology has primarily relied on detergent-based methods over the past several decades. However, detergent-based approaches have significant drawbacks because detergents often damage the native protein-lipid interactions, which are often crucial for maintaining the natural structure and function of membrane proteins. Detergent-free methods recently have emerged as alternatives with a great promise, e.g. for high-resolution structure determinations of membrane proteins in their native cell membrane lipid environments. This minireview critically examines the current status of detergent-free methods by a comparative analysis of five groups of membrane protein structures determined using detergent-free and detergent-based methods. This analysis reveals that current detergent-free systems, such as the styrene-maleic acid lipid particles (SMALP), the diisobutyl maleic acid lipid particles (DIBMALP), and the cycloalkane-modified amphiphile polymer (CyclAPol) technologies are not better than detergent-based approaches in terms of maintenance of native cell membrane lipids on the transmembrane domain and high-resolution structure determination. However, another detergent-free technology, the native cell membrane nanoparticles (NCMN) system, demonstrated improved maintenance of native cell membrane lipids with the studied membrane proteins, and produced particles that were suitable for high-resolution structural analysis. The ongoing development of new membrane-active polymers and their optimization will facilitate the maturation of these new detergent-free systems.
Topics: Cell Membrane; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Detergents; Lipid Bilayers; Membrane Lipids; Membrane Proteins; Nanoparticles; Polymers; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation
PubMed: 34110369
DOI: 10.1042/BST20201080 -
Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics Aug 2017Membrane proteins present a challenge for structural biology. In this article, we review some of the recent developments that advance the application of NMR to membrane... (Review)
Review
Membrane proteins present a challenge for structural biology. In this article, we review some of the recent developments that advance the application of NMR to membrane proteins, with emphasis on structural studies in detergent-free, lipid bilayer samples that resemble the native environment. NMR spectroscopy is not only ideally suited for structure determination of membrane proteins in hydrated lipid bilayer membranes, but also highly complementary to the other principal techniques based on X-ray and electron diffraction. Recent advances in NMR instrumentation, spectroscopic methods, computational methods, and sample preparations are driving exciting new efforts in membrane protein structural biology.
Topics: Detergents; Humans; Lipid Bilayers; Membrane Proteins; Nanostructures; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular
PubMed: 28529197
DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.05.011 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.... Sep 2022Non-ionic detergents are important tools for the investigation of interactions between membrane proteins and lipid membranes. Recent studies led to the question as to...
Non-ionic detergents are important tools for the investigation of interactions between membrane proteins and lipid membranes. Recent studies led to the question as to whether the ability to capture protein-lipid interactions depends on the properties of detergents or their concentration in purification buffers. To address this question, we present the synthesis of an asymmetric, hybrid detergent that combines the head groups of detergents with opposing delipidating properties. We discuss detergent properties and protein purification outcomes to reveal whether the properties of detergent micelles or the detergent concentration in purification buffers drive membrane protein delipidation. We anticipate that our findings will enable the development of rationally design detergents for future applications in membrane protein research.
Topics: Detergents; Lipids; Membrane Proteins; Micelles
PubMed: 35551920
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183958 -
Stem Cells Translational Medicine Feb 2018The cell surface antigen prominin-1 (alias CD133) has gained enormous interest in the past 2 decades and given rise to debates as to its utility as a biological stem and...
The cell surface antigen prominin-1 (alias CD133) has gained enormous interest in the past 2 decades and given rise to debates as to its utility as a biological stem and cancer stem cell marker. Important and yet often overlooked knowledge that is pertinent to its physiological function has been generated in other systems given its more general expression beyond primitive cells. This article briefly discusses the importance of particular biochemical features of CD133 with relation to its association with membrane microdomains (lipid rafts) and proper immunodetection. It also draws attention toward the adequate use of detergents and caveats that may apply to the interpretation of the results generated. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2018;7:155-160.
Topics: AC133 Antigen; Detergents; Humans; Membrane Microdomains; Neoplastic Stem Cells
PubMed: 29271118
DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0223