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Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine disorder characterized by a relative or absolute lack of insulin due to the dysfunction or destruction of β-cells. DM is one of... (Review)
Review
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine disorder characterized by a relative or absolute lack of insulin due to the dysfunction or destruction of β-cells. DM is one of the fastest growing challenges to global health in the 21 century and places a tremendous burden on affected individuals and their families and countries. Although insulin and antidiabetic drugs have been used to treat DM, a radical cure for the disease is unavailable. The pathogenesis of DM remains unclear. Emerging roles of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in DM have become a subject of global research. CircRNAs have been verified to participate in the onset and progression of DM, implying their potential roles as novel biomarkers and treatment tools. In the present review, we briefly introduce the characteristics of circRNAs. Next, we focus on specific roles of circRNAs in type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus and diabetes-associated complications.
Topics: Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin; RNA, Circular
PubMed: 35979435
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.885650 -
Nature Reviews. Endocrinology Apr 2022Diabetes mellitus is a global health issue, yet huge regional disparities exist in its care, including in access to basic necessities such as insulin. In this Viewpoint,...
Diabetes mellitus is a global health issue, yet huge regional disparities exist in its care, including in access to basic necessities such as insulin. In this Viewpoint, six experts from different regions discuss differences in access to insulin and other diabetes mellitus therapies as well as the key barriers in diabetes mellitus care accessibility and potential solutions.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans
PubMed: 35039662
DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00621-y -
Journal of Diabetes Research 2015
Topics: Animals; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans
PubMed: 26247036
DOI: 10.1155/2015/189525 -
Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal 2018A clear link between cardiovascular disease and prediabetes has emerged over the past few years. Recent studies have shown that patients with prediabetes can suffer from... (Review)
Review
A clear link between cardiovascular disease and prediabetes has emerged over the past few years. Recent studies have shown that patients with prediabetes can suffer from coronary artery disease and diastolic heart failure even before progressing to overt diabetes. With this knowledge, physicians must identify prediabetes and take appropriate measures to optimize glycemic control. The pathophysiological defect seen in prediabetes can be managed with lifestyle modifications; thus, it is essential that physicians have a clear understanding of the current recommendations regarding diet and exercise. This review outlines the complications associated with prediabetes, presents an overview of the available pharmacological and surgical therapies that are effective in treating it, and provides a stepwise, multipronged approach for management.
Topics: Bariatric Surgery; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Diet, Healthy; Disease Progression; Exercise; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Prediabetic State; Protective Factors; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Risk Reduction Behavior; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30788015
DOI: 10.14797/mdcj-14-4-289 -
Diabetologia Oct 2020Advances in molecular methods and the ability to share large population-based datasets are uncovering heterogeneity within diabetes types, and some commonalities between... (Review)
Review
Advances in molecular methods and the ability to share large population-based datasets are uncovering heterogeneity within diabetes types, and some commonalities between types. Within type 1 diabetes, endotypes have been discovered based on demographic (e.g. age at diagnosis, race/ethnicity), genetic, immunological, histopathological, metabolic and/or clinical course characteristics, with implications for disease prediction, prevention, diagnosis and treatment. In type 2 diabetes, the relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction are heterogeneous and relate to demographics, genetics and clinical characteristics, with substantial interaction from environmental exposures. Investigators have proposed approaches that vary from simple to complex in combining these data to identify type 2 diabetes clusters relevant to prognosis and treatment. Advances in pharmacogenetics and pharmacodynamics are also improving treatment. Monogenic diabetes is a prime example of how understanding heterogeneity within diabetes types can lead to precision medicine, since phenotype and treatment are affected by which gene is mutated. Heterogeneity also blurs the classic distinctions between diabetes types, and has led to the definition of additional categories, such as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, type 1.5 diabetes and ketosis-prone diabetes. Furthermore, monogenic diabetes shares many features with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, which make diagnosis difficult. These challenges to the current classification framework in adult and paediatric diabetes require new approaches. The 'palette model' and the 'threshold hypothesis' can be combined to help explain the heterogeneity within and between diabetes types. Leveraging such approaches for therapeutic benefit will be an important next step for precision medicine in diabetes. Graphical abstract.
Topics: Age of Onset; Autoimmunity; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Gene-Environment Interaction; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Inflammation; Insulin Resistance; Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults
PubMed: 32894314
DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05211-7 -
American Journal of Physiology. Renal... Aug 2019Type 1 and type 2 diabetes, along with their accompanying hyperglycemia, are associated with a multitude of comorbidities including the development of diabetic kidney... (Review)
Review
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes, along with their accompanying hyperglycemia, are associated with a multitude of comorbidities including the development of diabetic kidney disease. Although the hallmarks of these metabolic disorders have been well characterized in population and animal studies, it is becoming increasingly apparent that diabetes manifests itself differently in men and women. This review summarizes the recent diabetic literature with a focus on known sex differences in clinical and preclinical studies. It explores the physiological differences of glucose handling and the development of diabetes between men and women. This review also uncovers potential mechanisms for these differences, honing in on the vital role that sex hormone signaling plays in the progression of diabetes and renal complications.
Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Nephropathies; Female; Humans; Male; Sex Characteristics
PubMed: 31241989
DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00249.2019 -
Journal of Cystic Fibrosis : Official... Oct 2019Cystic fibrosis related diabetes (CFRD) is a distinct form of diabetes that is associated with significantly increased morbidity and mortality in the CF population. The... (Review)
Review
Cystic fibrosis related diabetes (CFRD) is a distinct form of diabetes that is associated with significantly increased morbidity and mortality in the CF population. The primary etiology is relative insulin insufficiency secondary to destruction of pancreatic islets, and to other factors that affect the function of the remaining beta cells. The prevalence of CFRD increases markedly with age and more than half of CF adults develop the disease. As the initial presentation of CFRD may be clinically silent, annual screening is recommended starting at least by the age of 10 with an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The importance of an early diagnosis is based on the association of diabetes and abnormal glucose tolerance with worse health outcomes in patients with CF, and evidence that early treatment of diabetes improves prognosis. This review presents a concise overview of the current understanding of CFRD pathogenesis, natural history, screening and diagnosis.
Topics: Cystic Fibrosis; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Mass Screening
PubMed: 31679726
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2019.08.016 -
The Indian Journal of Medical Research Nov 2014
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Physical Examination; Prediabetic State; Risk Factors
PubMed: 25579136
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Clinical Hypertension... Feb 2016Cardiovascular disease plays a major role in the morbidity and mortality of patients with diabetes mellitus. In turn, hypertension is a major risk factor for... (Review)
Review
Cardiovascular disease plays a major role in the morbidity and mortality of patients with diabetes mellitus. In turn, hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and its prevalence is increased in diabetes mellitus. Therefore, the detection and management of elevated blood pressure (BP) is a critical component of the comprehensive clinical management of diabetics. Despite significant advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of hypertension, there continues to be debate regarding the pharmacologic treatment of hypertension, especially in high-risk groups such as in patients with diabetes mellitus with and without chronic kidney disease (CKD). This debate largely involves at what BP (ie, treatment threshold BP) to initiate pharmacologic antihypertensive therapy and subsequently what treatment target BP should be achieved (ie, goal BP). Presently, there are several guidelines that address hypertension in diabetes mellitus, including the recently released guideline from the Eighth Report of the Joint National Committee (JNC 8). Therefore, this review will compare and contrast these current guidelines, as they relate to the management and treatment of hypertension in diabetes mellitus. Since diabetes mellitus and CKD are significantly inter-related, the presence of CKD as it relates to patients with diabetes mellitus will also be addressed.
Topics: Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure Determination; Comorbidity; Diabetes Mellitus; Disease Management; Humans; Hypertension; Patient Care Planning; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
PubMed: 26234374
DOI: 10.1111/jch.12638 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2023Secondary diabetes mellitus is frequently ignored in specialized literature. In this narrative review, the main endocrinopathies accompanied by increased glycemic values... (Review)
Review
Secondary diabetes mellitus is frequently ignored in specialized literature. In this narrative review, the main endocrinopathies accompanied by increased glycemic values are identified, as well as the mechanisms by which the excess or deficiency of certain hormones impact beta cell function or insulin resistance. The main endocrinopathies (acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, Basedow-Graves' disease, pheochromocytoma, somatostatinoma and glucagonoma) and their characteristics are described along with the impact of hormone changes on blood sugar, body mass index and other parameters associated with diabetes. The overall information regarding the complex molecular mechanisms that cause the risk of secondary diabetes and metabolic syndrome is of crucial importance in order to prevent the development of the disease and its complications and particularly to reduce the cardiovascular risk of these patients. The purpose of this study is to highlight the particular features of endocrine pathologies accompanied by an increased risk of developing diabetes, in the context of personalized therapeutic decision making. The epidemiological, physiopathological, clinical and therapeutic approaches are presented along with the importance of screening for diabetes in endocrine diseases.
Topics: Humans; Diabetes Mellitus; Metabolic Syndrome; Insulin Resistance; Acromegaly; Graves Disease; Adrenal Gland Neoplasms
PubMed: 37628857
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612676