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Journal of Proteome Research Mar 2019Hyperlipidemia, characterized by high serum lipids, is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Recent studies have identified an important role for celastrol, a...
Hyperlipidemia, characterized by high serum lipids, is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Recent studies have identified an important role for celastrol, a proteasome inhibitor isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F., in obesity-related metabolic disorders. However, the exact influences of celastrol on lipid metabolism remain largely unknown. Celastrol inhibited the terminal differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and decreased the levels of triglycerides in wild-type mice. Lipidomics analysis revealed that celastrol increased the metabolism of lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs), phosphatidylcholines (PCs), sphingomyelins (SMs), and phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs). Further, celastrol reversed the tyloxapol-induced hyperlipidemia induced associated with increased plasma LPCs, PCs, SMs, and ceramides (CMs). Among these lipids, LPC(16:0), LPC(18:1), PC(22:2/15:0), and SM(d18:1/22:0) were also decreased by celastrol in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes, mice, and tyloxapol-treated mice. The mRNAs encoded by hepatic genes associated with lipid synthesis and catabolism, including Lpcat1, Pld1, Smpd3, and Sptc2, were altered in tyloxapol-induced hyperlipidemia, and significantly recovered by celastrol treatment. The effect of celastrol on lipid metabolism was significantly reduced in Fxr-null mice, resulting in decreased Cers6 and Acer2 mRNAs compared to wild-type mice. These results establish that FXR was responsible in part for the effects of celastrol in controlling lipid metabolism and contributing to the recovery of aberrant lipid metabolism in obesity-related metabolic disorders.
Topics: 1-Acylglycerophosphocholine O-Acyltransferase; 3T3-L1 Cells; Adipocytes; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Diet, High-Fat; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Lysophosphatidylcholines; Mice; Pentacyclic Triterpenes; Phosphatidylcholines; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Phospholipase D; Polyethylene Glycols; Proteasome Inhibitors; Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase; Sphingomyelins; Triterpenes
PubMed: 30706713
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00797 -
Journal of Obesity 2019This review article stresses the effective role of dietary fish fillet docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on overweight as a risk factor of... (Review)
Review
This review article stresses the effective role of dietary fish fillet docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on overweight as a risk factor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) via platelet phospholipid modification. Several reports have demonstrated that saturated fat in overweight evokes systemic inflammation and more importantly predisposes it to cardiovascular disorder. Prospective studies have shown that saturated fat is directly proportional to the level of arachidonic acids (AA), precursor of thromboxane in the platelet phospholipid membrane as omega-6 fatty acid in overweight and obese people. Some literature has demonstrated that omega-3 fatty acid from fish fillet ameliorates inflammation, reduces proinflammatory cytokine, inhibits signaling pathway, and regulates the physical composition of inflammatory leukocytes and free radicals (ROS). Yellow stripe scad (YSS) is a local Malaysian fish that has been shown to contain a comparable level of EPA/DHA content as observed in salmon. This review article will focus on the dietary role of fish fillet that will balance the omega-6 fatty acid/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in platelet phospholipid from YSS to manage and prevent healthy overweight/obesity-related risk factor of CVD and to avoid the risk orthodox drug treatment.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fatty Acids, Omega-6; Female; Fish Oils; Fishes; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Inflammation; Malaysia; Male; Phospholipids; Prospective Studies; Species Specificity
PubMed: 31354987
DOI: 10.1155/2019/4929131 -
Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and... Apr 2023The olfactory mucosa (OM) and olfactory bulb (OB) are neuronal tissues that contribute to the early processing of olfactory information. They contain significant amounts...
Impact of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake during the perinatal and post-weaning periods on the phospholipid and ganglioside composition of olfactory tissues.
The olfactory mucosa (OM) and olfactory bulb (OB) are neuronal tissues that contribute to the early processing of olfactory information. They contain significant amounts of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are crucial for neuronal tissue development. In this study, we evaluated the impact of feeding mice diets that are either deficient in α-linolenic acid (ALA) or supplemented with n-3 long-chain PUFAs from gestation to adolescence on the phospholipid and ganglioside composition of these tissues. Both diets modified the levels of some phospholipid classes, notably the phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine levels. In addition, the low-ALA diet enriched n-6 PUFAs in the main phospholipid classes of both tissues, while the diet supplemented with n-3 PUFAs enhanced the n-3 PUFA-containing phospholipid species level, mainly in OM. The diets also modulated the levels and profiles of several ganglioside classes in OM and OB. These modifications may have repercussions on the olfactory sensitivity.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Mice; Animals; Phospholipids; Gangliosides; Weaning; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Diet; Fatty Acids, Omega-6
PubMed: 36870298
DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2023.102556 -
Journal of Lipid Research May 2023Conversion of lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) by autotaxin, a secreted phospholipase D, is a major pathway for producing LPA. We previously...
Conversion of lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) by autotaxin, a secreted phospholipase D, is a major pathway for producing LPA. We previously reported that feeding Ldlr mice standard mouse chow supplemented with unsaturated LPA or lysophosphatidylcholine qualitatively mimicked the dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis induced by feeding a Western diet (WD). Here, we report that adding unsaturated LPA to standard mouse chow also increased the content of reactive oxygen species and oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) in jejunum mucus. To determine the role of intestinal autotaxin, enterocyte-specific Ldlr/Enpp2 KO (intestinal KO) mice were generated. In control mice, the WD increased enterocyte Enpp2 expression and raised autotaxin levels. Ex vivo, addition of OxPL to jejunum from Ldlr mice on a chow diet induced expression of Enpp2. In control mice, the WD raised OxPL levels in jejunum mucus and decreased gene expression in enterocytes for a number of peptides and proteins that affect antimicrobial activity. On the WD, the control mice developed elevated levels of lipopolysaccharide in jejunum mucus and plasma, with increased dyslipidemia and increased atherosclerosis. All these changes were reduced in the intestinal KO mice. We conclude that the WD increases the formation of intestinal OxPL, which i) induce enterocyte Enpp2 and autotaxin resulting in higher enterocyte LPA levels; that ii) contribute to the formation of reactive oxygen species that help to maintain the high OxPL levels; iii) decrease intestinal antimicrobial activity; and iv) raise plasma lipopolysaccharide levels that promote systemic inflammation and enhance atherosclerosis.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Lysophosphatidylcholines; Enterocytes; Lipopolysaccharides; Reactive Oxygen Species; Lysophospholipids; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; Diet, Western; Inflammation; Dyslipidemias; Atherosclerosis; Anti-Infective Agents
PubMed: 37059333
DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100370 -
Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and... Jun 2017Lipids are a complex group of chemical compounds that are a significant component of the human diet and are one of the main constituents of milk. In mammals, lipids are... (Review)
Review
Lipids are a complex group of chemical compounds that are a significant component of the human diet and are one of the main constituents of milk. In mammals, lipids are produced in the milk-secreting cells in the form of milk fat globules. The chemical properties of these compounds necessitate developing separate processes for effective management of non-polar substances in the polar environment of the cell, not only during their biosynthesis and accumulation in the cell interior and secretion of intracytoplasmic lipid droplets outside the cell, but also during digestion in the offspring. Phospholipids play an important role in these processes. Their characteristic properties make them indispensable for the secretion of milk fat as well as other milk components. This review investigates how these processes depend on the coordinated flux and availability of phospholipids and how the relationship between the surface area (phospholipids) and volume (neutral lipids) of the cytoplasmic lipid droplets must be in biosynthetic balance. The structure formed as a result (i.e. a milk fat globule) is therefore a result of specified structural limitations inside the cell, whose overcoming enables the coordinated secretion of milk components. This structure and its composition also reflects the nutritional demands of the developing infant organism as a result of evolutionary adaptation.
Topics: Animals; Female; Humans; Lactation; Mammary Glands, Human; Milk; Phospholipids
PubMed: 28243823
DOI: 10.1007/s10911-017-9376-9 -
PloS One 2020The importance of dietary lipids in male reproduction are not as well understood as in females, in which dietary lipids, such as phospholipids (PL) and associated fatty...
The importance of dietary lipids in male reproduction are not as well understood as in females, in which dietary lipids, such as phospholipids (PL) and associated fatty acids (FA), are important structural components of the eggs and provide energy for their offspring. In mammals, lipids are suggested to be important for spermatogenesis and to structural components of the spermatozoa that could improve fertilization rates. New knowledge of how lipids affect sexual maturation in male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), an important global aquaculture species, could provide tools to delay maturation and/or improve reproductive success. Therefore, changes in testicular composition of lipids and gene transcripts associated with spermatogenesis and lipid metabolism were studied in sexually maturing male salmon compared to immature males and females. An increase in total testis content of FA and PL, and a shift to higher PL composition was observed in maturing males, concomitant with increases in mRNA levels for genes involved in spermatogenesis, FA uptake and synthesis, and production of long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) and PL. A particularly interesting finding was elevated testis expression of acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (acsl4), and acyl-CoA thioesterase 2 (acot2), critical enzymes that regulate intra-mitochondrial levels of 20:4n-6 FA (arachidonic acid), which have been associated with improved cholesterol transport during steroidogenesis. This suggested that FA may have direct effects on sex steroid production in salmon. Furthermore, we observed increased testis expression of genes for endogenous synthesis of 16:0 and elongation/desaturation to 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid) in sexually maturing males relative to immature fish. Both of these FA are important structural components of the PL, phosphatidylcholine (PC), and were elevated concomitant with increases in the content of phosphatidic acid, an important precursor for PC, in maturing males compared to immature fish. Overall, this study suggests that, similar to mammals, lipids are important to spermatogenesis and serve as structural components during testicular growth and maturation in Atlantic salmon.
Topics: Animals; Fatty Acid Desaturases; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Female; Fish Proteins; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation; Male; Phospholipids; Salmo salar; Sexual Maturation; Testis
PubMed: 32469895
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233322 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Aug 2023Dietary fats are essential for maternal and fetal health. Fatty acids (FAs) in erythrocytes characterize the FA profile, which is influenced by diet and other factors....
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Dietary fats are essential for maternal and fetal health. Fatty acids (FAs) in erythrocytes characterize the FA profile, which is influenced by diet and other factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the main FAs in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids and their influencing factors-dietary fat and supplement intake and lifestyle factors-in Latvian pregnant women.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This cross-sectional study included 236 pregnant and postpartum women. The data were collected from medical documentation, a food frequency questionnaire, and a questionnaire on demographic, lifestyle, health status, and nutritional habits in outpatient clinics and maternity departments. FAs in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids were determined using gas chromatography.
RESULTS
Correlations were found between dietary SFAs and erythrocyte SFAs (r = -0.140, = 0.032) and PUFAs (r = 0.167, = 0.01) and between dietary PUFAs and erythrocyte MUFAs (r = -0.143, = 0.028). Dietary SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs positively correlated with the studied n-3 and n-6 FAs in erythrocytes. Vitamin D correlated positively with MUFA and negatively with total PUFA and AA in erythrocytes. There was a negative correlation between dietary vitamin A and linoleic acid in erythrocytes. Physical activity negatively correlated with erythrocyte MUFAs and positively with erythrocyte PUFAs. Alcohol consumption positively correlated with erythrocyte SFAs and negatively with erythrocyte PUFAs.
CONCLUSIONS
There are indications that some dietary FAs may be correlated with erythrocyte FAs. Possible influencing factors for this association are alcohol, physical activity, vitamin D, and vitamin A.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Fatty Acids; Phospholipids; Vitamin A; Cross-Sectional Studies; Latvia; Pregnant Women; Diet; Erythrocytes; Vitamin D; Vitamins; Dietary Fats
PubMed: 37763633
DOI: 10.3390/medicina59091514 -
Journal of the American College of... Nov 2022There is an urgent need for cost-effective strategies to promote quality of life in patients with heart failure (HF). Several studies reported benefits in HF prognosis...
BACKGROUND
There is an urgent need for cost-effective strategies to promote quality of life in patients with heart failure (HF). Several studies reported benefits in HF prognosis for marine omega-3 fatty acids and plant-based dietary patterns.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to explore whether dietary alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), the main plant omega-3, relates to a better HF prognosis.
METHODS
ALA was determined in serum phospholipids (which reflect long-term dietary ALA intake and metabolism) by gas chromatography in 905 ambulatory patients with HF caused by different etiologies.
RESULTS
After a median follow-up of 2.4 years (range: 0.02-3 years), 140 all-cause deaths, 85 cardiovascular (CV) deaths, and 141 first HF hospitalizations (composite of all-cause death and first HF hospitalization, n = 238) were documented. Using Cox regression analyses, we observed that, compared with patients at the lowest quartile of ALA in serum phospholipids (Q1), those at the 3 upper quartiles (Q2-Q4) exhibited a reduction in the risk of composite of all-cause death and first HF hospitalization (HR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.46-0.81). Statistically significant reductions were observed for all-cause death (HR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.41-0.82), CV death (HR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.32-0.80), first HF hospitalization (HR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.40-0.84), and the composite of CV death and HF hospitalization (HR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.42-0.79).
CONCLUSIONS
HF patients with bottom 25% ALA levels in serum phospholipids had a worse prognosis during a mid-term follow-up compared with those with the highest levels. This might be a target population in whom to test dietary ALA-rich interventions to promote quality of life.
Topics: Humans; Vegetables; Quality of Life; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Heart Failure; Prognosis; Phospholipids; Hospitalization
PubMed: 36302588
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.08.771 -
Poultry Science May 2017Two separate experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of different fat sources and a supplemental exogenous emulsifier (lysophosphatidylcholine, LPC) on...
Effects of dietary fat source and supplemental lysophosphatidylcholine on performance, immune responses, and ileal nutrient digestibility in broilers fed corn/soybean meal- or corn/wheat/soybean meal-based diets.
Two separate experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of different fat sources and a supplemental exogenous emulsifier (lysophosphatidylcholine, LPC) on growth performance, antibody production titers, and ileal nutrient digestibility in broiler chicks fed with different basal diets. A total of 288 one-day-old Ross 308 chicks were used for each trial (6 dietary treatments based on 3 × 2 factorial arrangements of treatments in both trials) with 4 replicates of 12 birds each. Dietary treatments consisted of 3 different fat sources (soy oil, SO; soy free fatty acids, SFFA; and palm fat powder, PFP) and 2 LPC levels (0 and 0.1% of diet), which were evaluated with 2 different basal diets (corn/soybean meal-based diets in Exp. 1, or corn/wheat/soybean meal-based diets in Exp. 2). In Exp. 1, average daily feed intake (ADFI) was increased (P < 0.01) in birds fed PFP diets compared with those fed SO or SFFA diets. Although supplemental LPC decreased (P < 0.01) ADFI, the birds fed SFFA diets had the greater ADFI at the presence of LPC (fat source × LPC, P < 0.01). Dietary supplementation of LPC caused a 4.6% improvement (P < 0.001) in average daily weight gain (ADWG) and consequently improved (P < 0.01) feed conversion ratio (FCR). Supplemental LPC was more effective in increasing ADWG in SFFA-containing diets, resulted in a significant (P < 0.01) dietary fat source × LPC interaction. Dietary inclusion of LPC increased (P < 0.01) bursa weight and improved (P < 0.05) antibody production titers against sheep red blood cells and Newcastle disease virus during primary responses. Ileal digestibility of ether extract (EE) was improved (P < 0.05) in birds fed diets containing SO as compared with those fed PFP diets; dietary LPC supplementation, however, had no marked effect on ileal nutrient digestibility. In Exp. 2, ADWG was greater (P < 0.05) in birds fed SO-containing diets compared with PFP-supplemented broiler chicks. Furthermore, dietary supplementation with LPC improved (P < 0.05) FCR value by 2.1%. Relative thymus weight was greater (P < 0.05) in birds fed LPC-supplemented diets than those fed unsupplemented diets. Supplemental LPC increased (P < 0.05) Gumboro antibody titer, and the lowest antibody response was allotted to the birds fed PFP diets. The greatest (P < 0.05) EE digestibility was assigned to the birds fed SO and SFFA diets. The present findings showed that birds fed SFFA-containing diets had similar performance as SO birds, and supplemental LPC improved overall performance especially in SFFA-fed birds.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Chickens; Diet; Dietary Fats; Dietary Supplements; Digestion; Female; Lysophosphatidylcholines; Male; Newcastle disease virus; Sheep; Glycine max; Triticum; Zea mays
PubMed: 27697931
DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew330 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Dec 2022Circulating individual SFAs in pregnant females are critical for maternal and fetal health. However, research on identifying their modifiable factors is limited. (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
BACKGROUND
Circulating individual SFAs in pregnant females are critical for maternal and fetal health. However, research on identifying their modifiable factors is limited.
OBJECTIVES
We aimed to examine the associations of total physical activity (PA) and types of PA with circulating individual SFAs during pregnancy in a multiracial/multiethnic cohort of pregnant females in the United States.
METHODS
The study included participants in a nested case-control study (n = 321) from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD Fetal Growth Studies-Singleton Cohort. Sampling weights were applied, so the results represented the entire Fetal Growth Cohort. Plasma phospholipid SFAs were measured at 4 visits [10-14 (visit 1), 15-26 (visit 2), 23-31 (visit 3), and 33-39 (visit 4) weeks of gestation] throughout pregnancy. PA of the previous year at visit 1 and since the previous visit at the subsequent visits was assessed using the validated Pregnancy PA Questionnaire. Time-specific and longitudinal associations were examined using multivariable linear and generalized estimating equation models.
RESULTS
Total PA (metabolic equivalent of task-h/wk) was positively associated with circulating heptadecanoic acid (17:0) at visit 1 (β × 103: 0.07; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.11) and pentadecanoic acid (15:0) at visit 3 (β × 103: 0.09; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.14) independent of sociodemographic, reproductive, pregnancy, and dietary factors. Across the 4 visits, the positive associations with total PA were consistent for pentadecanoic acid (β × 103: 0.06; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.10) and heptadecanoic acid (β × 103: 0.10; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.14). Out of the 4 PA types (i.e., sports/exercise, household/caregiving, transportation, and occupational PA) considered, the magnitude of positive associations was the largest for sports/exercise PA.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that maternal PA is positively associated with circulating pentadecanoic and heptadecanoic acids. The findings warrant confirmation by future studies.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00912132.
Topics: Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Exercise; Longitudinal Studies; Phospholipids; Prospective Studies; United States
PubMed: 36373403
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac250