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Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.... Mar 2018Although singly ablating Fabp1 or Scp2/Scpx genes may exacerbate the impact of high fat diet (HFD) on whole body phenotype and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD),...
Although singly ablating Fabp1 or Scp2/Scpx genes may exacerbate the impact of high fat diet (HFD) on whole body phenotype and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), concomitant upregulation of the non-ablated gene, preference for ad libitum fed HFD, and sex differences complicate interpretation. Therefore, these issues were addressed in male and female mice ablated in both genes (Fabp1/Scp2/Scpx null or TKO) and pair-fed HFD. Wild-type (WT) males gained more body weight as fat tissue mass (FTM) and exhibited higher hepatic lipid accumulation than WT females. The greater hepatic lipid accumulation in WT males was associated with higher hepatic expression of enzymes in glyceride synthesis, higher hepatic bile acids, and upregulation of transporters involved in hepatic reuptake of serum bile acids. While TKO had little effect on whole body phenotype and hepatic bile acid accumulation in either sex, TKO increased hepatic accumulation of lipids in both, specifically phospholipid and cholesteryl esters in males and females and free cholesterol in females. TKO-induced increases in glycerides were attributed not only to complete loss of FABP1, SCP2 and SCPx, but also in part to sex-dependent upregulation of hepatic lipogenic enzymes. These data with WT and TKO mice pair-fed HFD indicate that: i) Sex significantly impacted the ability of HFD to increase body weight, induce hepatic lipid accumulation and increase hepatic bile acids; and ii) TKO exacerbated the HFD ability to induce hepatic lipid accumulation, regardless of sex, but did not significantly alter whole body phenotype in either sex.
Topics: Animals; Carrier Proteins; Cholesterol; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; Female; Liver; Male; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Phospholipids
PubMed: 29307784
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.12.013 -
Biomolecules Sep 2020Polymorphisms of group VIA calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β orPLA2G6) are positively associated with adiposity, blood lipids, and Type-2 diabetes.... (Review)
Review
Polymorphisms of group VIA calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β orPLA2G6) are positively associated with adiposity, blood lipids, and Type-2 diabetes. Theubiquitously expressed iPLA2β catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids (PLs) to generate a fattyacid and a lysoPL. We studied the role of iPLA2β on PL metabolism in non-alcoholic fatty liverdisease (NAFLD). By using global deletion iPLA2β-null mice, we investigated three NAFLD mousemodels; genetic Ob/Ob and long-term high-fat-diet (HFD) feeding (representing obese NAFLD) aswell as feeding with methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet (representing non-obeseNAFLD). A decrease of hepatic PLs containing monounsaturated- and polyunsaturated fatty acidsand a decrease of the ratio between PLs and cholesterol esters were observed in all three NAFLDmodels. iPLA2β deficiency rescued these decreases in obese, but not in non-obese, NAFLD models.iPLA2β deficiency elicited protection against fatty liver and obesity in the order of Ob/Ob › HFD »MCD. Liver inflammation was not protected in HFD NAFLD, and that liver fibrosis was evenexaggerated in non-obese MCD model. Thus, the rescue of hepatic PL remodeling defect observedin iPLA2β-null mice was critical for the protection against NAFLD and obesity. However, iPLA2βdeletion in specific cell types such as macrophages may render liver inflammation and fibrosis,independent of steatosis protection.
Topics: Animals; Fibrosis; Group VI Phospholipases A2; Inflammation; Liver; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Obesity; Phospholipids
PubMed: 32957701
DOI: 10.3390/biom10091332 -
Nutrients Jul 2021Herein, we investigate whether: (1) the administration of glucose or a lipid emulsion is useful in liver transplantation (LT) using steatotic (induced genetically or...
Herein, we investigate whether: (1) the administration of glucose or a lipid emulsion is useful in liver transplantation (LT) using steatotic (induced genetically or nutritionally) or non-steatotic livers from donors after brain death (DBDs); and (2) any such benefits are due to reductions in intestinal damage and consequently to gut microbiota preservation. In recipients from DBDs, we show increased hepatic damage and failure in the maintenance of ATP, glycogen, phospholipid and growth factor (HGF, IGF1 and VEGFA) levels, compared to recipients from non-DBDs. In recipients of non-steatotic grafts from DBDs, the administration of glucose or lipids did not protect against hepatic damage. This was associated with unchanged ATP, glycogen, phospholipid and growth factor levels. However, the administration of lipids in steatotic grafts from DBDs protected against damage and ATP and glycogen drop and increased phospholipid levels. This was associated with increases in growth factors. In all recipients from DBDs, intestinal inflammation and damage (evaluated by LPS, vascular permeability, mucosal damage, TLR4, TNF, IL1, IL-10, MPO, MDA and edema formation) was not shown. In such cases, potential changes in gut microbiota would not be relevant since neither inflammation nor damage was evidenced in the intestine following LT in any of the groups evaluated. In conclusion, lipid treatment is the preferable nutritional support to protect against hepatic damage in steatotic LT from DBDs; the benefits were independent of alterations in the recipient intestine.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Brain Death; Disease Models, Animal; Emulsions; Fatty Liver; Glucose; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Intestines; Liver; Liver Glycogen; Liver Transplantation; Male; Obesity; Phospholipids; Rats; Rats, Zucker; Soybean Oil; Tissue Donors
PubMed: 34444713
DOI: 10.3390/nu13082554 -
Nutrients Aug 2021Population aging has recently been an important issue as the number of elderly people is growing worldwide every year, and the extension of social security costs is... (Review)
Review
Population aging has recently been an important issue as the number of elderly people is growing worldwide every year, and the extension of social security costs is financially costly. The increase in the number of elderly people with cognitive decline is a serious problem related to the aging of populations. Therefore, it is necessary to consider not only physical care but also cognitive patterns in the future care of older adults. Since food contains a variety of bioactive substances, dietary patterns may help improve age-related cognitive decline. However, the relationship between cognitive function and individual food components remains ambiguous as no clear efficacy or mechanism has been confirmed. Against this background, this review summarizes previous reports on the biological process of cognitive decline in the elderly and the relationship between individual compounds in foods and cognitive function, as well as the role of individual components of food in cognitive function, in the following order: lipids, carotenoids, vitamins, phenolic compounds, amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Based on the research presented in this review, a proper diet that preserves cognitive function has the potential to improve age-related cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Hopefully, this review will help to trigger the development of new foods and technologies that improve aging and cognitive functions and extend the healthy life span.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Cognition; Cognitive Dysfunction; Diet; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nutritional Status; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 34444965
DOI: 10.3390/nu13082804 -
Journal of Lipid Research Nov 2022Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) predisposes to chronic kidney disease via activation of proinflammatory pathways, and omega-3 PUFAs (n-3 PUFAs) have...
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) predisposes to chronic kidney disease via activation of proinflammatory pathways, and omega-3 PUFAs (n-3 PUFAs) have anti-inflammatory properties. In female rats, we investigated 1) how an elevated dietary n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio (1:1) during postnatal kidney development modifies kidney phospholipid (PL) and arachidonic acid (AA) metabolite content and 2) whether the diet counteracts adverse molecular protein signatures expected in IUGR kidneys. IUGR was induced by bilateral uterine vessel ligation or intrauterine stress through sham operation 3.5 days before term. Control (C) offspring were born after uncompromised pregnancy. On postnatal (P) days P2-P39, rats were fed control (n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio 1:20) or n-3 PUFA intervention diet (N3PUFA; ratio 1:1). Plasma parameters (P33), kidney cortex lipidomics and proteomics, as well as histology (P39) were studied. We found that the intervention diet tripled PL-DHA content (PC 40:6; P < 0.01) and lowered both PL-AA content (PC 38:4 and lyso-phosphatidylcholine 20:4; P < 0.05) and AA metabolites (HETEs, dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids, and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids) to 25% in all offspring groups. After ligation, our network analysis of differentially expressed proteins identified an adverse molecular signature indicating inflammation and hypercoagulability. N3PUFA diet reversed 61 protein alterations (P < 0.05), thus mitigating adverse IUGR signatures. In conclusion, an elevated n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio in early diet strongly reduces proinflammatory PLs and mediators while increasing DHA-containing PLs regardless of prior intrauterine conditions. Counteracting a proinflammatory hypercoagulable protein signature in young adult IUGR individuals through early diet intervention may be a feasible strategy to prevent developmentally programmed kidney damage in later life.
Topics: Pregnancy; Humans; Animals; Rats; Female; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Diet; Phospholipids; Arachidonic Acid; Fetal Growth Retardation; Kidney
PubMed: 36152882
DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100283 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.... Sep 2018The zebrafish larva is a powerful tool for the study of dietary triglyceride (TG) digestion and how fatty acids (FA) derived from dietary lipids are absorbed,...
The zebrafish larva is a powerful tool for the study of dietary triglyceride (TG) digestion and how fatty acids (FA) derived from dietary lipids are absorbed, metabolized and distributed to the body. While fluorescent FA analogues have enabled visualization of FA metabolism, methods for specifically assaying TG digestion are badly needed. Here we present a novel High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method that quantitatively differentiates TG and phospholipid (PL) molecules with one or two fluorescent FA analogues. We show how this tool may be used to discriminate between undigested and digested TG or phosphatidylcholine (PC), and also the products of TG or PC that have been digested, absorbed and re-synthesized into new lipid molecules. Using this approach, we explored the dietary requirement of zebrafish larvae for phospholipids. Here we demonstrate that dietary TG is digested and absorbed in the intestinal epithelium, but without dietary PC, TG accumulates and is not transported out of the enterocytes. Consequently, intestinal ER stress increases and the ingested lipid is not available support the energy and metabolic needs of other tissues. In TG diets with PC, TG is readily transported from the intestine and subsequently metabolized.
Topics: Animals; Boron Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dietary Fats; Enterocytes; Fatty Acids; Fluorescent Dyes; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Larva; Lipid Droplets; Lipid Metabolism; Phosphatidylcholines; Triglycerides; Zebrafish
PubMed: 29778665
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.05.006 -
Actas Espanolas de Psiquiatria Sep 2017Alzheimer disease and the other neurodegenerative dementias as yet have no curative treatment. For this reason, the prevention of these conditions and...
Alzheimer disease and the other neurodegenerative dementias as yet have no curative treatment. For this reason, the prevention of these conditions and non-pharmacological treatments are important fields of research at present. The Mediterranean diet (rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, and olive oil, with regular fish consumption and low consumption of dairy products and meats) has been shown to reduce the incidence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and, probably, the conversion of MCI to dementia. Vitamins, especially vitamin E and the vitamins of the B group, have also been associated with the prevention of cognitive impairment due to their antioxidant effects. Ginkgo biloba is one of the most widely used supplements in the world for cognitive improvement because of its possible effects as a vasodilator and facilitator of cerebral vascularization. Green tea polyphenols have shown beneficial effects in different diseases, including cognitive impairment. Cerebral aging is associated with changes in the lipid composition of neuronal membranes, so it has been suggested that treatment with phospholipids like phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine could favor cognitive improvement. Similarly, polyunsaturated and omega-3 fatty acids, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) supplements are associated with a beneficial effect on cognitive function due to the cumulative summation of factors that ultimately favor membrane permeability and neuronal functioning.
Topics: Cognitive Dysfunction; Dietary Supplements; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Humans; Phosphatidylcholines; Phosphatidylserines; Vitamins
PubMed: 29171642
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Lipid Research Mar 2019EPA and DHA protect against multiple metabolic and neurologic disorders. Although DHA appears more effective for neuroinflammatory conditions, EPA is more beneficial for...
EPA and DHA protect against multiple metabolic and neurologic disorders. Although DHA appears more effective for neuroinflammatory conditions, EPA is more beneficial for depression. However, the brain contains negligible amounts of EPA, and dietary supplements fail to increase it appreciably. We tested the hypothesis that this failure is due to absorption of EPA as triacylglycerol, whereas the transporter at the blood-brain barrier requires EPA as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). We compared tissue uptake in normal mice gavaged with equal amounts (3.3 μmol/day) of either LPC-EPA or free EPA (surrogate for current supplements) for 15 days and also measured target gene expression. Compared with the no-EPA control, LPC-EPA increased brain EPA >100-fold (from 0.03 to 4 μmol/g); free EPA had little effect. Furthermore, LPC-EPA, but not free EPA, increased brain DHA 2-fold. Free EPA increased EPA in adipose tissue, and both supplements increased EPA and DHA in the liver and heart. Only LPC-EPA increased EPA and DHA in the retina, and expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, cyclic AMP response element binding protein, and 5-hydroxy tryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1A in the brain. These novel results show that brain EPA can be increased through diet. Because LPC-EPA increased both EPA and DHA in the brain, it may help in the treatment of depression as well as neuroinflammatory diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Depression; Diet; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Gene Expression Regulation; Lysophosphatidylcholines; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Retina
PubMed: 30530735
DOI: 10.1194/jlr.M090464 -
Diabetes Care Jun 2015To investigate the effects of trans fatty acids (TFAs) on type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) by specific TFA subtype or method of assessment. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effects of trans fatty acids (TFAs) on type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) by specific TFA subtype or method of assessment.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In the Cardiovascular Health Study, plasma phospholipid trans (t)-16:1n9, t-18:1, and cis (c)/t-, t/c-, and t/t-18:2 were measured in blood drawn from 2,919 adults aged 74 ± 5 years and free of prevalent DM in 1992. Dietary TFA was estimated among 4,207 adults free of prevalent DM when dietary questionnaires were initially administered in 1989 or 1996. Incident DM was defined through 2010 by medication use or blood glucose levels. Risks were assessed by Cox proportional hazards.
RESULTS
In biomarker analyses, 287 DM cases occurred during 30,825 person-years. Both t-16:1n9 (extreme quartile hazard ratio 1.59 [95% CI 1.04-2.42], P-trend = 0.04) and t-18:1 (1.91 [1.20-3.03], P-trend = 0.01) levels were associated with higher incident DM after adjustment for de novo lipogenesis fatty acids. In dietary analyses, 407 DM cases occurred during 50,105 person-years. Incident DM was positively associated with consumption of total TFAs (1.38 [1.03-1.86], P-trend = 0.02), t-18:1 (1.32 [1.00-1.76], P-trend = 0.04), and t-18:2 (1.41 [1.05-1.89], P-trend = 0.02). After further adjustment for other dietary habits, however, the associations of estimated dietary TFA with DM were attenuated, and only nonsignificant positive trends remained.
CONCLUSIONS
Among older adults, plasma phospholipid t-16:1n9 and t-18:1 levels were positively related to DM after adjustment for de novo lipogenesis fatty acids. Estimated dietary TFA was not significantly associated with DM. These findings highlight the need for further observational, interventional, and experimental studies of the effects TFA on DM.
Topics: Aged; Biomarkers; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Angiopathies; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; Epidemiologic Methods; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Phospholipids; Trans Fatty Acids
PubMed: 25784660
DOI: 10.2337/dc14-2101 -
Journal of Dairy Science Feb 2021Dietary lecithin is a source of choline. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of dietary deoiled soy lecithin feeding on circulating choline, choline metabolites,...
Short communication: Effects of dietary deoiled soy lecithin supplementation on circulating choline and choline metabolites, and the plasma phospholipid profile in Holstein cows fed palm fat.
Dietary lecithin is a source of choline. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of dietary deoiled soy lecithin feeding on circulating choline, choline metabolites, and the plasma phospholipid profile in lactating dairy cows fed fractionated palm fatty acids. In a split-plot Latin square design, 16 Holstein cows (160 ± 7 d in milk; 3.6 ± 1.2 parity) were randomly allocated to a main plot receiving a corn silage and alfalfa haylage-based diet with palm fat containing either moderate or high palmitic acid content at 1.75% of ration dry matter (moderate and high palmitic acid containing 72 or 99% palmitic acid in fat supplement, respectively; n = 8/palm fat diet). Within each palm fat group, deoiled soy lecithin was top-dressed at 0, 0.12, 0.24, or 0.36% of ration dry matter in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 14-d experimental periods. A 14-d covariate period was used to acclimate cows to palm fat feeding without lecithin supplementation. Blood sampling occurred during the final 3 d of each experimental period. Plasma choline and choline metabolites were quantified using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Plasma phospholipids were profiled using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Whereas no effects of treatments were detected for plasma choline or methionine, lecithin feeding increased the plasma concentrations of choline metabolites trimethylamine N-oxide and dimethylglycine (24 and 11%, respectively). Plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM) concentrations increased with deoiled lecithin feeding (e.g., PC 16:0/22:6 and SM d18:1/18:3). Lecithin supplementation also increased plasma lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) concentrations (e.g., LPC 18:0) while reducing plasma phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) concentrations (e.g., PE 16:0/20:5). Although increases in microbial-derived trimethylamine N-oxide suggest gastrointestinal lecithin degradation, elevations in plasma dimethylglycine, PC, LPC, and SM suggest that choline availability was improved by lecithin feeding in cows, thus supporting enhanced endogenous phospholipid synthesis.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Choline; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Female; Lactation; Lecithins; Medicago sativa; Palmitic Acid; Phospholipids; Pregnancy; Silage; Glycine max; Zea mays
PubMed: 33246625
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18798