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Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism Apr 2022Dietary cholesterol is absorbed in proportion to the amount ingested, blocking its hepatic synthesis, increasing its biliary excretion, only slightly increasing... (Review)
Review
Dietary cholesterol is absorbed in proportion to the amount ingested, blocking its hepatic synthesis, increasing its biliary excretion, only slightly increasing production of bile acids while potentially raising the serum concentration of the atherogenic low-density lipoprotein. Humans lie midway between rats and rabbits that respond to dietary cholesterol, respectively, with high and low capacity to produce bile acids, and low or high capacity to raise blood cholesterol. There are regular studies exonerating as well as blaming dietary cholesterol as a cardiovascular risk factor, particularly in genetic hypercholesterolemic individuals. We then resorted at reviewing all meta-analyses on the subject but failed to reach at a clear conclusion useful in medical practice. Nevertheless, ingestion of the same amount of cholesterol results in wide variation in the amounts absorbed and in plasma lipoprotein profiles depending on poorly understood genetic factors. Several genetic conditions are capable of interfering with the absorption and synthesis of cholesterol. Hyperabsorption of dietary cholesterol elicits the accumulation of cholesterol in the liver and in plasma. In this regard, most cases of familial hypercholesterolemia that have a case of intestinal hyperabsorption of cholesterol also demonstrate the same defect. A practical useful suggestion is to measure for a few weeks the total serum cholesterol and its fractions at least three times before and during the intake of eggs that the candidate wishes to maintain in his usual dietary practice as an efficient procedure to identify those who respond with undesirable increases in serum cholesterol.
Topics: Animals; Bile Acids and Salts; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, Dietary; Diet; Humans; Lipoproteins; Liver; Rabbits; Rats
PubMed: 35420270
DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000464 -
Current Atherosclerosis Reports Feb 2022An abnormal lipid profile is considered a main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and evidence suggests that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
An abnormal lipid profile is considered a main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and evidence suggests that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene contribute to variations in lipid levels in response to dietary intake. The objective of this review was to identify and discuss nutrigenetic studies assessing the interactions between CETP SNPs and dietary factors on blood lipids.
RECENT FINDINGS
Relevant articles were obtained through a literature search of PubMed and Google Scholar through to July 2021. An article was included if it examined an interaction between CETP SNPs and dietary factors on blood lipids. From 49 eligible nutrigenetic studies, 27 studies reported significant interactions between 8 CETP SNPs and 17 dietary factors on blood lipids in 18 ethnicities. The discrepancies in the study findings could be attributed to genetic heterogeneity, and differences in sample size, study design, lifestyle and measurement of dietary intake. The most extensively studied ethnicities were those of Caucasian populations and majority of the studies reported an interaction with dietary fat intake. The rs708272 (TaqIB) was the most widely studied CETP SNP, where 'B1' allele was associated with higher CETP activity, resulting in lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and higher serum triglycerides under the influence of high dietary fat intake. Overall, the findings suggest that CETP SNPs might alter blood lipid profiles by modifying responses to diet, but further large studies in multiple ethnic groups are warranted to identify individuals at risk of adverse lipid response to diet.
Topics: Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins; Cholesterol, HDL; Diet; Dietary Fats; Genotype; Humans; Lipids; Nutrigenomics
PubMed: 35098451
DOI: 10.1007/s11883-022-00987-y -
Nutrition Reviews Oct 2018Current evidence indicates that foods with added plant sterols or stanols can lower serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. This review summarizes the... (Review)
Review
Current evidence indicates that foods with added plant sterols or stanols can lower serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. This review summarizes the recent findings and deliberations of 31 experts in the field who participated in a scientific meeting in Winnipeg, Canada, on the health effects of plant sterols and stanols. Participants discussed issues including, but not limited to, the health benefits of plant sterols and stanols beyond cholesterol lowering, the role of plant sterols and stanols as adjuncts to diet and drugs, and the challenges involved in measuring plant sterols and stanols in biological samples. Variations in interindividual responses to plant sterols and stanols, as well as the personalization of lipid-lowering therapies, were addressed. Finally, the clinical aspects and treatment of sitosterolemia were reviewed. Although plant sterols and stanols continue to offer an efficacious and convenient dietary approach to cholesterol management, long-term clinical trials investigating the endpoints of cardiovascular disease are still lacking.
Topics: Anticholesteremic Agents; Canada; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, LDL; Congresses as Topic; Diet; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Intestinal Diseases; Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Phytosterols
PubMed: 30101294
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy032 -
Nutrients Feb 2018Multiple epidemiologic studies have evaluated the relationship between dietary cholesterol and lung cancer risk, but the association is controversial and inconclusive. A... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Multiple epidemiologic studies have evaluated the relationship between dietary cholesterol and lung cancer risk, but the association is controversial and inconclusive. A meta-analysis of case-control studies and cohort studies was conducted to evaluate the relationship between dietary cholesterol intake and lung cancer risk in this study. A relevant literature search up to October 2017 was performed in Web of Science, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Sinomed, and VIP Journal Integration Platform. Ten case-control studies and six cohort studies were included in the meta-analysis, and the risk estimates were pooled using either fixed or random effects models. The case-control studies with a total of 6894 lung cancer cases and 29,736 controls showed that dietary cholesterol intake was positively associated with lung cancer risk (Odds Ratio = 1.70, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.43-2.03). However, there was no evidence of an association between dietary cholesterol intake and risk of lung cancer among the 241,920 participants and 1769 lung cancer cases in the cohort studies (Relative Risk = 1.08, 95% Confidence Interval: 0.94-1.25). Due to inconsistent results from case-control and cohort studies, it is difficult to draw any conclusion regarding the effects of dietary cholesterol intake on lung cancer risk. Carefully designed and well-conducted cohort studies are needed to identify the association between dietary cholesterol and lung cancer risk.
Topics: Animals; Cholesterol, Dietary; Diet, Fat-Restricted; Diet, Healthy; Diet, High-Fat; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Reproducibility of Results; Risk
PubMed: 29419756
DOI: 10.3390/nu10020185 -
Cells Jun 2023Ecdysteroids are crucial in regulating the growth and development of insects. In the fruit fly , both C and C ecdysteroids have been identified. While the biosynthetic...
Ecdysteroids are crucial in regulating the growth and development of insects. In the fruit fly , both C and C ecdysteroids have been identified. While the biosynthetic pathway of the C ecdysteroid 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) from cholesterol is relatively well understood, the biosynthetic pathway of C ecdysteroids from C or C dietary sterols remains unknown. In this study, we found that different dietary sterols (including the C sterols cholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol, the C sterols brassicasterol, campesterol, and ergosterol, and the C sterols β-sitosterol, α-spinasterol, and stigmasterol) differentially affected the expression of 20E biosynthetic genes to varying degrees, but similarly activated 20E primary response gene expression in Kc cells. We also found that a single dietary sterol was sufficient to support growth and development. Furthermore, the expression levels of some 20E biosynthetic genes were significantly altered, whereas the expression of 20E signaling primary response genes remained unaffected when flies were reared on lipid-depleted diets supplemented with single sterol types. Overall, our study provided preliminary clues to suggest that the same enzymatic system responsible for the classical C ecdysteroid 20E biosynthetic pathway also participated in the conversion of C and C dietary sterols into C ecdysteroids.
Topics: Animals; Sterols; Drosophila melanogaster; Ecdysteroids; Ecdysterone; Cholesterol
PubMed: 37443773
DOI: 10.3390/cells12131739 -
The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and... May 2017Dietary sterols are nutritionally interesting compounds which can suffer oxidation reactions. In the case of plant sterols, they are being widely used for food... (Review)
Review
Dietary sterols are nutritionally interesting compounds which can suffer oxidation reactions. In the case of plant sterols, they are being widely used for food enrichment due to their hypocholesterolemic properties. Besides, cholesterol and plant sterols oxidation products are associated with the development of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, among others. Therefore, the evaluation of the particular factors affecting sterol degradation and oxysterols formation in foods is of major importance. The present work summarizes the main results obtained in experiments which aimed to study four aspects in this context: the effect of the heating treatment, the unsaturation degree of the surrounding lipids, the presence of antioxidants on sterols degradation, and at last, oxides formation. The use of model systems allowed the isolation of some of these effects resulting in more accurate data. Thus, these results could be applied in real conditions.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Cholesterol; Hot Temperature; Humans; Kinetics; Models, Theoretical; Oxygen; Oxysterols; Phytosterols; Sitosterols; Stigmasterol
PubMed: 26921766
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.02.027 -
Nutrients Feb 2023Emerging studies in the literature describe an association between high-fat, low-carbohydrate diets and severe hypercholesterolemia consistent with the levels observed... (Review)
Review
Emerging studies in the literature describe an association between high-fat, low-carbohydrate diets and severe hypercholesterolemia consistent with the levels observed in patients with (homozygous) familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). High levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) may result from the reduced clearance of LDL particles from the circulation, the increased production of their precursor, or a combination of both. The increased intake of (saturated) fat and cholesterol, combined with limited to no intake of carbohydrates and fiber, are the main features of diets linked to hypercholesterolemia. However, several observations in previous studies, together with our observations from our lipid clinic, do not provide a definitive pathophysiological explanation for severe hypercholesterolemia. Therefore, we review these findings and possible pathophysiological explanations as well as opportunities for future research. Altogether, clinicians should rule out high-fat, low-carbohydrate diets as a possible cause for hypercholesterolemia in patients presenting with clinical FH in whom no mutation is found and discuss dietary modifications to durably reduce LDL-C levels and cardiovascular disease risk.
Topics: Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Cholesterol, LDL; Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II; Cholesterol; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Fatty Acids; Dyslipidemias; Hyperlipidemias; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats
PubMed: 36839320
DOI: 10.3390/nu15040962 -
Nutrients May 2022Dietary cholesterol has been a topic of debate since the 1960s when the first dietary guidelines that limited cholesterol intake to no more than 300 mg/day were set.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Dietary cholesterol has been a topic of debate since the 1960s when the first dietary guidelines that limited cholesterol intake to no more than 300 mg/day were set. These recommendations were followed for several years, and it was not until the late 1990s when they were finally challenged by the newer information derived from epidemiological studies and meta-analysis, which confirmed the lack of correlation between dietary and blood cholesterol. Further, dietary interventions in which challenges of cholesterol intake were evaluated in diverse populations not only confirmed these findings but also reported beneficial effects on plasma lipoprotein subfractions and size as well as increases in HDL cholesterol and in the functionality of HDL. In this review, we evaluate the evidence from recent epidemiological analysis and meta-analysis as well as clinical trials to have a better understanding of the lack of correlation between dietary and blood cholesterol.
Topics: Cholesterol, Dietary; Cholesterol, HDL; Diet; Lipoproteins; Nutrition Policy
PubMed: 35631308
DOI: 10.3390/nu14102168 -
BMC Nephrology Mar 2022Studies have revealed that patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have dietary patterns different from those of the general population. However, no studies have...
BACKGROUND
Studies have revealed that patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have dietary patterns different from those of the general population. However, no studies have compared the dietary patterns of between patients with early-stages (stages 1-3a) and late-stages (stages 3b-5) of CKD. Our objective was to investigate the associations between dietary patterns in early and late-stage CKD.
METHODS
We analyzed 4480 participants with CKD at various stages based on the data recorded between 2007 and 2016 from the database of the American National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
RESULTS
In total, 3683 and 797 participants had early and late-stage CKD, respectively. Through principal components analysis, the dietary intake dimension was reduced from 63 variables to 3 dietary patterns. We adopted logistic regression for analysis. The three dietary patterns are as follows: (1) saturated fatty acids and mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA); (2) vitamins and minerals; and (3) cholesterols and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). These 3 patterns explained > 50% of dietary nutrient intake. Results indicated that among participants with dietary patterns 2 (vitamins and minerals) and 3 (cholesterols and PUFA), those with low intakes were more likely to have late-stage CKD. The odds ratios for patterns 2 and 3 were 1.74 (95% CI: 1.21-2.50) and 1.66 (95% CI: 1.13-2.43), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
This study revealed that intakes of vitamins and minerals and cholesterols and PUFA were associated with the stages of CKD.
Topics: Cholesterol; Diet; Dietary Fats; Female; Humans; Male; Minerals; Nutrition Surveys; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Vitamin A; Vitamins
PubMed: 35317735
DOI: 10.1186/s12882-022-02739-1 -
Nutrients Jan 2022Population studies have demonstrated an association between sodium and potassium intake and blood pressure levels and lipids. The aim of this study was to describe the...
Population studies have demonstrated an association between sodium and potassium intake and blood pressure levels and lipids. The aim of this study was to describe the dietary intake and contribution of sodium and potassium to the Mexican diet, and to describe its association with nutrition status and clinical characteristics. We analyzed a national survey with 4219 participants. Dietary information was obtained with a 24-h recall. Foods and beverages were classified according to level of processing. The mean intake (mg/d) of Na was 1512 in preschool children, 2844 in school-age children, 3743 in adolescents, and 3132 in adults. The mean intake (mg/d) of K was 1616 in preschool children, 2256 in school-age children, 2967 in adolescents, and 3401 in adults. Processed and ultra-processed foods (UPF) contribute 49% of Na intake in preschool children, 50% in school-age children, 47% in adolescents, and 39% in adults. Adults with high Na intake had lower serum concentrations of cholesterol, HDL-c, and LDL-c. A significant proportion of the Mexican population has a high intake of Na (64-82%) and low K (58-73%). Strategies to reduce Na and increase K intake need to reduce the possibility of having high BP and serum lipid disturbances.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Blood Pressure; Child; Child, Preschool; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Diet; Dyslipidemias; Eating; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Lipids; Male; Mexico; Nutrition Surveys; Nutritional Status; Potassium, Dietary; Sodium, Dietary; Young Adult
PubMed: 35057461
DOI: 10.3390/nu14020281