-
Current Environmental Health Reports Sep 2020This review aims to explore how circadian rhythms influence disease susceptibility and potentially modify the effect of environmental exposures. We aimed to identify... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This review aims to explore how circadian rhythms influence disease susceptibility and potentially modify the effect of environmental exposures. We aimed to identify biomarkers commonly used in environmental health research that have also been the subject of chronobiology studies, in order to review circadian rhythms of relevance to environmental health and determine if time-of-day is an important factor to consider in environmental health studies. Moreover, we discuss opportunities for studying how environmental exposures may interact with circadian rhythms to structure disease pathology and etiology.
RECENT FINDINGS
In recent years, the study of circadian rhythms in mammals has flourished. Animal models revealed that all body tissues have circadian rhythms. In humans, circadian rhythms were also shown to exist at multiple levels of organization: molecular, cellular, and physiological processes, including responding to oxidative stress, cell trafficking, and sex hormone production, respectively. Together, these rhythms are an essential component of human physiology and can shape an individual's susceptibility and response to disease. Circadian rhythms are relatively unexplored in environmental health research. However, circadian clocks control many physiological and behavioral processes that impact exposure pathways and disease systems. We believe this review will motivate new studies of (i) the impact of exposures on circadian rhythms, (ii) how circadian rhythms modify the effect of environmental exposures, and (iii) how time-of-day impacts our ability to observe the body's response to exposure.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Circadian Rhythm; Disease Susceptibility; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Health; Humans; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 32662059
DOI: 10.1007/s40572-020-00285-2 -
Current Opinion in Immunology Oct 2021Live attenuated viral vaccines (LAV) have saved millions of lives globally through their capacity to elicit strong, cross-reactive and enduring adaptive immune... (Review)
Review
Live attenuated viral vaccines (LAV) have saved millions of lives globally through their capacity to elicit strong, cross-reactive and enduring adaptive immune responses. However, LAV can also act as a Trojan horse to reveal inborn errors of immunity, thereby highlighting important protective elements of the healthy antiviral immune response. In the following article, we draw out these lessons by reviewing the spectrum of LAV-associated disease reported in a variety of inborn errors of immunity. We note the contrast between adaptive disorders, which predispose to both LAV and their wild type counterparts, and defects of innate immunity in which parenterally delivered LAV behave in a particularly threatening manner. Recognition of the underlying pathomechanisms can inform our approach to disease management and vaccination in a wider group of individuals, including those receiving immunomodulators that impact the relevant pathways.
Topics: Animals; Disease Susceptibility; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunity; Species Specificity; Vaccination; Vaccines, Attenuated; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 34107321
DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.05.006 -
Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin,... Jan 2017
Topics: Disease Susceptibility; Health Status; Humans; Microbiota
PubMed: 27988793
DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1499-8 -
Genes Feb 2023Networks-based approaches are often used to analyze gene expression data or protein-protein interactions but are not usually applied to study the relationships between... (Review)
Review
Networks-based approaches are often used to analyze gene expression data or protein-protein interactions but are not usually applied to study the relationships between different biomarkers. Given the clinical need for more comprehensive and integrative biomarkers that can help to identify personalized therapies, the integration of biomarkers of different natures is an emerging trend in the literature. Network analysis can be used to analyze the relationships between different features of a disease; nodes can be disease-related phenotypes, gene expression, mutational events, protein quantification, imaging-derived features and more. Since different biomarkers can exert causal effects between them, describing such interrelationships can be used to better understand the underlying mechanisms of complex diseases. Networks as biomarkers are not yet commonly used, despite being proven to lead to interesting results. Here, we discuss in which ways they have been used to provide novel insights into disease susceptibility, disease development and severity.
Topics: Humans; Biomarkers; Disease Susceptibility; Phenotype; Proteins
PubMed: 36833356
DOI: 10.3390/genes14020429 -
Immunology Jun 2018An ever-increasing collection of neurological human diseases are becoming appreciated as encompassing a strong immunological component in pathogenesis or regulation....
An ever-increasing collection of neurological human diseases are becoming appreciated as encompassing a strong immunological component in pathogenesis or regulation. This derives to a large extent from genome-wide association studies that have highlighted association with immune system genes, including those in the HLA and KIR regions. Along with the genomic findings have come insights from immune phenotyping and assays for autoimmunity. This is a group of disease processes that includes Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's, stroke, narcolepsy, schizophrenia and psychosis. In most cases, these are diseases in which we assume that differential regulation of central nervous system inflammation may impact symptoms and severity. The specific roles played by the immune response in these disease processes is largely uncharted and will require considerable investigation.
Topics: Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; Disease Susceptibility; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Mental Disorders; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Neuroimmunomodulation
PubMed: 29878338
DOI: 10.1111/imm.12943 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Nov 2022During the past decades, studies on patients with severe viral infections have revealed rare inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) underlying these diseases. This has led to... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
During the past decades, studies on patients with severe viral infections have revealed rare inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) underlying these diseases. This has led to important new insights into the molecular genetics and immunological mechanisms governing susceptibility to viral infection in humans.
OBJECTIVES
Herein, the current knowledge on major IEIs predisposing to severe or chronic viral infections are described and discussed, and the clinical implications of these findings for individualized prophylaxis and treatment are outlined.
SOURCES
The review is based on a broad literature search, including relevant studies primarily based on patients, supported by experimental molecular models in vitro or in mice, to characterize the pathophysiological mechanism governing these disease conditions.
CONTENT
Current concepts and principles of genetic predisposition to viral infections in humans are described with a major focus on defects related to innate immune responses and new concepts of constitutive immune mechanisms. The topic therefore spans from seminal studies on the human genetics of herpesvirus infections in the central nervous system, severe influenza, and disease after vaccination with live attenuated viral vaccines, to genetic resistance to viral infection.
IMPLICATIONS
Past and present studies of patients with IEIs conferring vulnerability to viral infections have taught us important lessons on protective innate and adaptive antiviral immunity in humans. Such knowledge also has important clinical implications, allowing development of prophylactic and therapeutic solutions to prevent or dampen the clinical consequences of insufficient or dysregulated antiviral immunity in patients. Collectively, such measures are likely to improve patient management at an individualized level and help societies reduce the disease burden from viral infections.
Topics: Humans; Mice; Animals; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Virus Diseases; Immunity, Innate; Influenza Vaccines; Antiviral Agents; Vaccines, Attenuated; Disease Susceptibility
PubMed: 35218976
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.02.023 -
Trends in Genetics : TIG Dec 2019Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing of RNA leads to deamination of adenosine to inosine. Inosine is interpreted as guanosine by the cellular machinery, thus altering... (Review)
Review
Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing of RNA leads to deamination of adenosine to inosine. Inosine is interpreted as guanosine by the cellular machinery, thus altering the coding, folding, splicing, or transport of transcripts. A-to-I editing is tightly regulated. Altered editing has severe consequences for human health and can cause interferonopathies, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular disease, as well as impacting on cancer progression. ADAR1-mediated RNA editing plays an important role in antiviral immunity and is essential for distinguishing between endogenous and viral RNA, thereby preventing autoimmune disorders. Interestingly, A-to-I editing can be used not only to correct genomic mutations at the RNA level but also to modulate tumor antigenicity with large therapeutic potential. We highlight recent developments in the field, focusing on cancer and other human diseases.
Topics: Adenosine Deaminase; Animals; Disease Susceptibility; Drug Development; Gene Expression Regulation; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Immunity; Isoenzymes; RNA Editing; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional; RNA, Messenger
PubMed: 31648814
DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.09.004 -
Clinical Epigenetics Oct 2021
Topics: DNA Methylation; Disease Susceptibility; Ethnicity; Humans
PubMed: 34635160
DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01180-9 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2019
Topics: Antigens, Neoplasm; Cancer Vaccines; Disease Management; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Immunotherapy; Neoplasms
PubMed: 32010150
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03117 -
Infection and Immunity Aug 2021
Topics: Animals; Disease Susceptibility; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Infections; Microbial Interactions; Microbiota
PubMed: 34280036
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00356-21