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Journal of Clinical Psychology Mar 2019Despite the high prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), no research has systematically studied the occurrence and effects of stigmatization by others towards NSSI... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
Despite the high prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), no research has systematically studied the occurrence and effects of stigmatization by others towards NSSI scarring.
METHODS
The current study measured implicit and explicit attitudes among undergraduates towards NSSI scarring using the implicit association test and questionnaires to compare implicit and explicit biases towards NSSI with biases towards tattoos, a culturally sanctioned form of self-determined marking, as well as nonintentional disfigurement.
RESULTS
Our study demonstrated strong negative implicit and explicit biases towards NSSI when comparing NSSI to tattoos and nonintentional disfigurement.
CONCLUSIONS
Results extend previous research describing stigma towards mental illness and suggest a large negative bias towards NSSI. The importance of studying how stigma affects those who bear scarring from NSSI is discussed.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Self-Injurious Behavior; Social Stigma; Tattooing; Young Adult
PubMed: 30368804
DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22713 -
Cancer Metastasis Reviews Sep 2017Head and neck cancer (head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)) is a devastating disease. Patients require intensive treatment that is often disfiguring and... (Review)
Review
Head and neck cancer (head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)) is a devastating disease. Patients require intensive treatment that is often disfiguring and debilitating. Those who survive are often left with poor speech articulation, difficulties in chewing and swallowing, and cosmetic disfigurement, as well as loss of taste. Furthermore, given that HNSCC survivors are frequently disabled and unable to return to work, the economic and societal costs associated with HNSCC are massive. HNSCC is one of many cancers that are strongly associated with tobacco use. The risk for HNSCC in smokers is approximately ten times higher than that of never smokers, and 70-80% of new HNSCC diagnoses are associated with tobacco and alcohol use. Tobacco products have been used for centuries; however, it is just within the last 60-70 years that we have developed an understanding of their damaging effects. This relatively recent understanding has created a pathway towards educational and regulatory efforts aimed at reducing tobacco use. Understanding the carcinogenic components of tobacco products and how they lead to HNSCC is critical to regulatory and harm reduction measures. To date, nitrosamines and other carcinogenic agents present in tobacco products have been associated with cancer development. The disruption of DNA structure through DNA adduct formation is felt to be a common mutagenic pathway of many carcinogens. Intense work pertaining to tobacco product constituents, tobacco use, and tobacco regulation has resulted in decreased use in some parts of the world. Still, much work remains as tobacco continues to impart significant harm and contribute to HNSCC development worldwide.
Topics: Animals; Carcinogenesis; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Head and Neck Neoplasms; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Smoking; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
PubMed: 28801840
DOI: 10.1007/s10555-017-9689-6 -
British Dental Journal Jun 2023The aim of this article is to stimulate interest and discussion on the pathogenesis of 'phossy jaw'. Historical evidence from newspapers and articles of the time is...
The aim of this article is to stimulate interest and discussion on the pathogenesis of 'phossy jaw'. Historical evidence from newspapers and articles of the time is presented, as other scientific evidence is largely absent. It has stimulated considerable interest in present-day media due to the struggles of nineteenth century reformers to improve working conditions against an apathetic government and weak enforcement of regulation. Those afflicted were often young women who suffered severe pain, loss of segments of jaw, and disfigurement.
Topics: Female; Humans; Pain; Phosphorus; Jaw Diseases
PubMed: 37291314
DOI: 10.1038/s41415-023-5859-9 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Jun 2020Rhinophyma is a disfiguring skin condition characterised by progressive hyperplasia of the nasal sebaceous glands and proliferation of blood vessels and connective... (Review)
Review
Rhinophyma is a disfiguring skin condition characterised by progressive hyperplasia of the nasal sebaceous glands and proliferation of blood vessels and connective tissue. It is considered the end stage of rosacea and affects primarily older males of Northern European descent. Several surgical and laser treatment options are available. None of these has been compared in randomised, controlled prospective trials. In this review, we provide an overview of the different treatment modalities and account for their respective strengths and limitations.
Topics: Humans; Hyperplasia; Lasers; Light; Male; Prospective Studies; Rhinophyma
PubMed: 32584764
DOI: No ID Found -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Jul 2023Plaque brachytherapy is an evolving, yet effective globe and vision-sparing modality for the treatment of intraocular tumors by transscleral irradiation of the tumor...
BACKGROUND
Plaque brachytherapy is an evolving, yet effective globe and vision-sparing modality for the treatment of intraocular tumors by transscleral irradiation of the tumor base with a radioactive implant. The American Brachytherapy Society (ABS) along with the collaboration of the international multicenter Ophthalmic Oncology Task Force (OOTF) was assembled to reach a consensus regarding establishing practice guidelines and setting standards of care for intraocular tumors. The advent of plaque brachytherapy has revolutionized the outcomes of intraocular tumors, thus ensuring globe salvage, reducing morbidity and mortality, and avoiding cosmetic disfigurement. A well-planned dosimetry for plaque brachytherapy results in achieving local tumor control and excellent prognosis.
PURPOSE
This technique provides the advantage of focal radiation, thus eliminating the damage to the adjacent structures, minimal periorbital tissue damage, absence of cosmetic disfigurement owing to lack of retarded bone growth as seen in external beam radiotherapy. Thus, it reduces the risk of metastasis, and with the recent advances, it provides a shorter duration of treatment.
SYNOPSIS
: In this video, we shall display the concept of plaque brachytherapy, the various types of plaques available, different radiations sources, planning dosimetry and calculations, target disease spectrum, surgical placement, and post-radiation outcomes in terms of local tumor control and prognosis.
HIGHLIGHTS
This video highlights the history, basic principles and techniques of plaque brachytherapy and provides an understanding of its applications in the world of ocular oncology.
VIDEO LINK
https://youtu.be/7PX0mDQETRY.
Topics: Humans; Brachytherapy; Face; Melanoma; Prognosis; Radiotherapy Dosage; United States
PubMed: 37417159
DOI: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_1291_23 -
Indian Journal of Dermatology,... 2021Hypertrichosis refers to the growth of hair, of an excessive amount and thickness, on any part of the body. It must be distinguished from hirsutism which is... (Review)
Review
Hypertrichosis refers to the growth of hair, of an excessive amount and thickness, on any part of the body. It must be distinguished from hirsutism which is characterized by excess growth of hair in androgen-dependent areas on the upper lip, chin, chest, linea alba, thigh and axilla. Hypertrichosis may be localized or generalized, and congenital or acquired. Excess hair growth has a psychological impact on the child as well as the parents due to the cosmetic disfigurement it produces. Current treatment options are limited and not wholly satisfactory. Treatment should be customized according to the area, nature and amount of hair growth, age of the patient and personal preferences. In addition, when hypertrichosis occurs as a component of a syndrome, multidisciplinary management is required to address the associated systemic features. A detailed review of inherited generalized hypertrichosis is presented here with emphasis on clinical clues to identifying complex syndromes with multisystem involvement.
Topics: Genetic Counseling; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genetic Testing; Humans; Hypertrichosis
PubMed: 34379956
DOI: 10.25259/IJDVL_629_20 -
Burns & Trauma 2016Hypertrophic scars (HTS) are caused by dermal injuries such as trauma and burns to the deep dermis, which are red, raised, itchy and painful. They can cause cosmetic... (Review)
Review
Hypertrophic scars (HTS) are caused by dermal injuries such as trauma and burns to the deep dermis, which are red, raised, itchy and painful. They can cause cosmetic disfigurement or contractures if craniofacial areas or mobile region of the skin are affected. Abnormal wound healing with more extracellular matrix deposition than degradation will result in HTS formation. This review will introduce the physiology of wound healing, dermal HTS formation, treatment and difference with keloids in the skin, and it also review the current advance of molecular basis of HTS including the involvement of cytokines, growth factors, and macrophages via chemokine pathway, to bring insights for future prevention and treatment of HTS.
PubMed: 27574672
DOI: 10.1186/s41038-015-0026-4 -
World Journal of Clinical Cases Mar 2015Vitiligo is a common pigmentary disorder. Many studies across decades and all over the world have attempted to illustrate the pathogenesis behind it; however, the... (Review)
Review
Vitiligo is a common pigmentary disorder. Many studies across decades and all over the world have attempted to illustrate the pathogenesis behind it; however, the pathogenesis of vitiligo remains elusive. This review article, we present the findings behind the most and updated theories behind this psychologically debilitating and disfiguring disease. The discussion begun with the role of genetic predisposition followed by neural theory first proposed in the 1950s. We highlight the autoimmune hypothesis, followed by the reactive oxygen species model, zinc-α2-glycoprotein deficiency hypothesis, viral theory, intrinsic theory and biochemical, molecular and cellular alterations accounting for loss of functioning melanocytes in vitiligo. Many theories were elaborated to clarify vitiligo pathogenesis. It is a multifactorial disease involving the interplay of several factors. Future research is needed to clarify the interaction of these factors for better understanding of vitiligo pathogenesis and subsequent successful treatment.
PubMed: 25789295
DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v3.i3.221 -
Seminars in Plastic Surgery Nov 2020The process of scar formation is a sequela of the healing following soft tissue injury extending to, or through, the reticular dermis. Scars, within the head and neck in... (Review)
Review
The process of scar formation is a sequela of the healing following soft tissue injury extending to, or through, the reticular dermis. Scars, within the head and neck in particular, may be physically disfiguring with resultant psychosocial implications. Mitigation of excessive scar formation during the healing process following surgery, or in the setting of trauma, begins with meticulous soft tissue handling and reconstructive technique. The reconstructive surgeon's armamentarium must therefore include techniques that minimize initial scar formation and revision techniques that address unfavorable outcomes. With this in mind, this article reviews both conservative nonsurgical and surgical treatment modalities that mitigate scar formation or address mature scar formation.
PubMed: 33380918
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721768