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Advances in Pediatrics Aug 2016
Review
Topics: Arachidonic Acid; Body Composition; Brain; Child; Child Development; Cognition; Dietary Supplements; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Infant; Infant Formula; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Milk, Human; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
PubMed: 27426911
DOI: 10.1016/j.yapd.2016.04.011 -
Lipids in Health and Disease Jun 2017Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is present in high concentrations in salmon, herring, and trout. Epidemiologic studies have shown that high dietary consumption of these and... (Review)
Review
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is present in high concentrations in salmon, herring, and trout. Epidemiologic studies have shown that high dietary consumption of these and other oily fish is associated with reduced rates of myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, and other ischemic pathologies. Atherosclerosis is induced by inflammation and can lead to acute cardiovascular events and extensive plaque. DHA inhibits the development of inflammation in endothelial cells, alters the function and regulation of vascular biomarkers, and reduces cardiovascular risk. It also affects vascular relaxation and constriction by controlling nitric oxide and endothelin 1 production in endothelial cells. DHA also contributes to the prevention of arteriosclerosis by regulating the expression of oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, thromboxane A2 receptor, and adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in endothelial cells. Recent research showed that DHA reduces the increase in adhesion factor expression induced by lipopolysaccharide by suppressing toll-like receptor 4. A new mechanism of action of DHA has been described that is mediated through endothelial free fatty acid receptor 4, associated with heme oxygenase 1 induction by Nrf2. However, the efficacy and mechanisms of action of DHA in cardiovascular disease prevention are not yet completely understood. The aim of this paper was to review the effects of DHA on vascular endothelial cells and recent findings on their potential for the prevention of circulatory diseases.
Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Endothelial Cells; Humans; Risk Factors; Toll-Like Receptor 4
PubMed: 28619112
DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0514-6 -
Seminars in Immunology Jan 2022Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are endogenous small molecules produced mainly from dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids by both structural cells and... (Review)
Review
Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are endogenous small molecules produced mainly from dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids by both structural cells and cells of the active and innate immune systems. Specialized pro-resolving mediators have been shown to both limit acute inflammation and promote resolution and return to homeostasis following infection or injury. There is growing evidence that chronic immune disorders are characterized by deficiencies in resolution and SPMs have significant potential as novel therapeutics to prevent and treat chronic inflammation and immune system disorders. This review focuses on important breakthroughs in understanding how SPMs are produced by, and act on, cells of the adaptive immune system, specifically macrophages, B cells and T cells. We also highlight recent evidence demonstrating the potential of SPMs as novel therapeutic agents in topics including immunization, autoimmune disease and transplantation.
Topics: Humans; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Immunity
PubMed: 35660338
DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101605 -
The Journal of Maternal-fetal &... Dec 2023: Macrosomia is a common disorder that occurs during pregnancy. We investigated the comprehensive metabolite profiles of pregnant maternal and fetal sera in...
: Macrosomia is a common disorder that occurs during pregnancy. We investigated the comprehensive metabolite profiles of pregnant maternal and fetal sera in normoglycemic macrosomia in a Chinese population. Forty pregnant women and their fetuses were included in the study (twenty macrosomia patients and twenty normal-weight controls). Maternal and umbilical cord serum metabolites were identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. In total, 203 metabolites were identified. Lipids and lipid-like molecules were the predominant metabolites. Fifty-three metabolites with significant differences were obtained in the maternal samples. In the macrosomia group, the levels of docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and arachidonic acid were significantly higher than those in the control group. Umbilical cord serum samples were obtained for 24 different metabolites. The maternal-fetal gradient of polyunsaturated fatty acids was decreased in the macrosomia group. Aconitic acid, citric acid, isocitric acid, 2-methylhexanoic acid, and 12-hydroxystearic acid were the common differential metabolites in the maternal and umbilical cord serum samples. There were obvious metabolic abnormalities in the sera of pregnant women and fetuses with macrosomia. Lipids and lipid-like molecules were the predominant differential metabolites but had different classifications in the maternal and umbilical cord serum. These results may provide new insights into the long-term metabolic disorders associated with macrosomia.
Topics: Humans; Pregnancy; Female; Fetal Macrosomia; Fetal Blood; Metabolomics; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Chromatography, Liquid
PubMed: 37848386
DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2023.2270761 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2023High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are known to enhance vascular function through different mechanisms, including the delivery of functional lipids to endothelial cells....
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are known to enhance vascular function through different mechanisms, including the delivery of functional lipids to endothelial cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that omega-3 (n-3) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of HDLs would improve the beneficial vascular effects of these lipoproteins. To explore this hypothesis, we performed a placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial in 18 hypertriglyceridemic patients without clinical symptoms of coronary heart disease who received highly purified EPA 460 mg and DHA 380 mg, twice a day for 5 weeks or placebo. After 5 weeks of treatment, patients followed a 4-week washout period before crossover. HDLs were isolated using sequential ultracentrifugation for characterization and determination of fatty acid content. Our results showed that n-3 supplementation induced a significant decrease in body mass index, waist circumference as well as triglycerides and HDL-triglyceride plasma concentrations, whilst HDL-cholesterol and HDL-phospholipids significantly increased. On the other hand, HDL, EPA, and DHA content increased by 131% and 62%, respectively, whereas 3 omega-6 fatty acids significantly decreased in HDL structures. In addition, the EPA-to-arachidonic acid (AA) ratio increased more than twice within HDLs suggesting an improvement in their anti-inflammatory properties. All HDL-fatty acid modifications did not affect the size distribution or the stability of these lipoproteins and were concomitant with a significant increase in endothelial function assessed using a flow-mediated dilatation test (FMD) after n-3 supplementation. However, endothelial function was not improved in vitro using a model of rat aortic rings co-incubated with HDLs before or after treatment with n-3. These results suggest a beneficial effect of n-3 on endothelial function through a mechanism independent of HDL composition. In conclusion, we demonstrated that EPA and DHA supplementation for 5 weeks improved vascular function in hypertriglyceridemic patients, and induced enrichment of HDLs with EPA and DHA to the detriment of some n-6 fatty acids. The significant increase in the EPA-to-AA ratio in HDLs is indicative of a more anti-inflammatory profile of these lipoproteins.
Topics: Animals; Rats; Arachidonic Acid; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Supplements; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Endothelial Cells; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Lipoproteins; Triglycerides; Humans
PubMed: 36982461
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065390 -
Nutrients Nov 2023Fatty fish, which include mackerel, herring, salmon and sardines, and certain species of algae (e.g., sp., and ) are the only naturally rich sources of the omega-3... (Review)
Review
Fatty fish, which include mackerel, herring, salmon and sardines, and certain species of algae (e.g., sp., and ) are the only naturally rich sources of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (-3 PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). EPA and DHA are the most biologically active members of the -3 PUFA family. Limited dietary sources and fluctuating content of EPA and DHA in fish raise concerns about the status of EPA and DHA among athletes, as confirmed in a number of studies. The beneficial effects of EPA and DHA include controlling inflammation, supporting nervous system function, maintaining muscle mass after injury and improving training adaptation. Due to their inadequate intake and beneficial health-promoting effects, athletes might wish to consider using supplements that provide EPA and DHA. Here, we provide an overview of the effects of EPA and DHA that are relevant to athletes and discuss the pros and cons of supplements as a source of EPA and DHA for athletes.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Dietary Supplements; Fishes; Athletes
PubMed: 38068783
DOI: 10.3390/nu15234925 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2016The human diet contains low amounts of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and high amounts of ω-6 PUFAs, which has been reported to contribute to the incidence of... (Review)
Review
The human diet contains low amounts of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and high amounts of ω-6 PUFAs, which has been reported to contribute to the incidence of cancer. Epidemiological studies have shown that a high consumption of fish oil or ω-3 PUFAs reduced the risk of colon, pancreatic, and endometrial cancers. The ω-3 PUFA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), shows anticancer activity by inducing apoptosis of some human cancer cells without toxicity against normal cells. DHA induces oxidative stress and oxidative DNA adduct formation by depleting intracellular glutathione (GSH) and decreasing the mitochondrial function of cancer cells. Oxidative DNA damage and DNA strand breaks activate DNA damage responses to repair the damaged DNA. However, excessive DNA damage beyond the capacity of the DNA repair processes may initiate apoptotic signaling pathways and cell cycle arrest in cancer cells. DHA shows a variable inhibitory effect on cancer cell growth depending on the cells' molecular properties and degree of malignancy. It has been shown to affect DNA repair processes including DNA-dependent protein kinases and mismatch repair in cancer cells. Moreover, DHA enhanced the efficacy of anticancer drugs by increasing drug uptake and suppressing survival pathways in cancer cells. In this review, DHA-induced oxidative DNA damage, apoptotic signaling, and enhancement of chemosensitivity in cancer cells will be discussed based on recent studies.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; DNA Damage; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Humans; Neoplasms; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 27527148
DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081257 -
Nutrients Mar 2021The role of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in neurogenesis and brain development throughout the life cycle is fundamental. DHA and AA are... (Review)
Review
The role of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in neurogenesis and brain development throughout the life cycle is fundamental. DHA and AA are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) vital for many human physiological processes, such as signaling pathways, gene expression, structure and function of membranes, among others. DHA and AA are deposited into the lipids of cell membranes that form the gray matter representing approximately 25% of the total content of brain fatty acids. Both fatty acids have effects on neuronal growth and differentiation through the modulation of the physical properties of neuronal membranes, signal transduction associated with G proteins, and gene expression. DHA and AA have a relevant role in neuroprotection against neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, which are associated with characteristic pathological expressions as mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. The present review analyzes the neuroprotective role of DHA and AA in the extreme stages of life, emphasizing the importance of these LCPUFA during the first year of life and in the developing/prevention of neurodegenerative diseases associated with aging.
Topics: Aging; Arachidonic Acid; Brain; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Humans; Life Cycle Stages; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Neurogenesis; Neuroprotective Agents; Nutrients; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33803760
DOI: 10.3390/nu13030986 -
European Review For Medical and... Jul 2020Although inflammation is protective of the body, uncontrolled acute inflammatory reactions may inflict tissue damage and lead to chronic inflammation. There is a... (Review)
Review
Although inflammation is protective of the body, uncontrolled acute inflammatory reactions may inflict tissue damage and lead to chronic inflammation. There is a fast-growing research interest in mechanisms that mediate regression of inflammation and actions of anti-inflammatory factors. Studies of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms have uncovered roles for new lipid mediators, including lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins, collectively referred to as specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM). Maresins have recently been discovered and are biosynthesized from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by macrophages and display strong anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving activities. Here, we summarize the actions and mechanisms of maresins in different diseases and suggest possible therapeutic uses.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Humans; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 32706084
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202007_21913 -
Nutrients Jun 2021In this special issue, we have focused on the maternal docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3 (DHA), on children's neurodevelopment [...].
In this special issue, we have focused on the maternal docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3 (DHA), on children's neurodevelopment [...].
Topics: Breast Feeding; Child; Child Development; Dietary Supplements; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Female; Humans; Lactation; Nervous System Diseases
PubMed: 34199063
DOI: 10.3390/nu13072209