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Scientific Reports Jul 2022The knowledge gap regarding the topography and anatomy of the dromedary's carpal joint must be bridged to improve diagnostic and treatment procedures such as...
The knowledge gap regarding the topography and anatomy of the dromedary's carpal joint must be bridged to improve diagnostic and treatment procedures such as ultrasonography, arthrocentesis, and arthroscopy. Thirty-five distal forelimbs were harvested from 21 dromedaries and studied through gross dissection, casting, ultrasonography, and computerized tomography. Representative three-dimensional models of the joint cavities, recesses, and pouches were obtained using various casting agents. The safety and feasibility of different arthrocentesis approaches were evaluated. This study provides a detailed description of dorsally located joint recesses and palmarly located joint pouches. The dorsomedial and dorsolateral approach is recommended for arthroscopy and arthrocentesis of the radiocarpal and intercarpal joint when the carpus is flexed. However, caution must be exercised during these approaches to prevent needle injury to the articulating cartilage. Caution is necessary to prevent the formation of inadvertent communication between the dorsally located tendon sheaths and joint cavities. Arthrocentesis via the lateral approach to the lateropalmar pouch is the most favourable approach for the radiocarpal joint. A subtendinous synovial bursa was found between the lateropalmar pouch of the radiocarpal joint and the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle. The subtendinous synovial bursa must be considered during the lateral arthrocentesis approach. The palmar approach is not recommended for arthrocentesis due to the high risk of injury to nerves, veins, and arteries located palmarly.
Topics: Animals; Arthrocentesis; Camelus; Carpal Joints; Forelimb; Wrist Joint
PubMed: 35896772
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16801-3 -
Plant Disease Mar 2023Root-knot nematode (RKN) Carneiro, Correa, Almeida, Gomes, Deimi, Castagnone-Sereno, and Karssen, 2014 was described from Brazil, Chile and Iran, parasitizing in...
Root-knot nematode (RKN) Carneiro, Correa, Almeida, Gomes, Deimi, Castagnone-Sereno, and Karssen, 2014 was described from Brazil, Chile and Iran, parasitizing in various crops (Carneiro et al. 2014). It was later also described from Slovenia, Italy, Greece, Portugal, Turkey and Guatemala (review in Gerič Stare et al. 2017). It is considered an extremely damaging pest as it has a wide host range and infects numerous higher plants, including monocotyledons and dicotyledons as well as herbaceous and woody plants. This species was included in the European Plant Protection Organisation Alert List of harmful organisms. In Europe, has been detected in both greenhouse and field agricultural production (review in Gerič Stare et al. 2017). Furthermore, has been shown to survive winter in the field under continental and sub-Mediterranean climatic conditions (Strajnar et al. 2011). In August 2021, an official survey for quarantine RKN in Serbia (Province Vojvodina) revealed in a greenhouse in the village of Lugovo (43043'32,562; 19008'55,168), near Sombor, yellowing, stunning and extensive root galls on tomato ( L.) cultivar Diva F1 caused by an unknown sp. (Fig. 1). As correct identification is essential for effective pest management program, the next step was to identify the nematode species. Morphological characterization performed on freshly isolated females revealed perineal patterns similar to (Kofoid and White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949. The shape was oval to squarish with the dorsal arch rounded to moderately high and without shoulders. The dorsal striae were wavy and continuous. The ventral striae were smooth and the lateral lines were weakly demarcated. The perivulval region was without striae (Fig. 2). The female stylet was robust with well-developed knobs and the stylet cone slightly curved dorsally. Although morphological characters was very variable, the nematode was suspected as based on comparison with originally described and populations from Slovenia, Greece and Turkey. Identification was achieved with subsequent species-specific PCR and sequence analysis. The nematode was determined to belong to the tropical RKN group and the group using two PCR reactions as described by Gerič Stare et al. (2019) (Figs. 3 and 4). Identification was confirmed by species-specific PCR of as described by Maleita et al. (2021), and a band of approximately 770 bp was obtained (Fig. 5). In addition, the identification was confirmed by sequence analyses. The region of mtDNA was amplified with primers C2F3 and 1108 (Powers and Harris 1993), cloned, sequenced (acc. no. OQ211107), and compared to other spp. sequences from the Genbank. The determined sequence is 100% identical to an unidentified sp. from Serbia, while the next highest scores are sequences of from Slovenia, Greece and Iran, all of which have 99.94% sequence identity. In phylogenetic tree, all sequences including the sequence from Serbia belong to a single clade. Egg masses isolated from infected tomato roots were used to establish a nematode culture in greenhouse and they caused typical root galls on cultivar Maraton of tomato. The galling index assessed 110 days-post-inoculation was in the range 4-5 according to the scoring scheme (1-10) for field evaluation of RKN infestations (Zeck 1971). To our knowledge, this is the first report of in Serbia. The authors hypothesize that climate change and higher temperatures could lead to much greater spread and damage to various agricultural crops in the field by in the future. National surveillance program for RKN in Serbia continued in 2022 and 2023. A management program to control the spread and damage from will be implemented in Serbia in 2023. Acknowledgments: This work was financially supported by the Serbian Plant Protection Directorate of MAFWM in the frame of Program of Measures in Plant Health in 2021, the Slovenian Research Agency in the frame of Research Programme Agrobiodiversity (P4-0072) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food of the Republic of Slovenia in the frame of Expert work in the field of plant protection (C2337).
PubMed: 36995767
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-01-23-0164-PDN -
Plant Disease Feb 2023Meloidogyne incognita can severely infect and harm some crops in temperate zones under open field in some cases, even though it's more widespread and economically...
Meloidogyne incognita can severely infect and harm some crops in temperate zones under open field in some cases, even though it's more widespread and economically important in tropical and subtropical regions (Eisenback, 2020). In early June 2022, patches with poor growth maize plants were observed in Dali County (109.93E, 34.80N) of Shaanxi province, China. The infected maize plants were stunted with galled and small roots. Females, males, second-stage juveniles (J2s) and egg masses were extracted and collected from galled roots and soil for morphological identification. The perineal pattern of females had a dorsally high square arch lacking obvious lateral lines. Stylet knobs of females were rounded and set off. The excretory pores were at level of or posterior to stylet knobs, 10-20 annules behind head. The head cap of males was flat to centrally concave, the stylet shaft constricted slightly at the junction with the knobs, and stylet knobs were broadly elongate to round, set off, flat and the width usually greater than the height. Measurements of females (n=20) were: body length (L)= 734.63 ± 79.24 µm (642.15 µm to 788.48 µm); maximum body width (W)= 487.14 ± 50.79 µm (426.09 µm to 556.42 µm); stylet length (ST)= 14.78 ± 1.57 µm (13.17 µm to 16.56 µm); and distance from dorsal esophageal gland opening to the stylet knobs (DGO)= 3.55 ± 0.13 µm (3.17 µm to 3.90 µm). Measurements of males (n=10) were: L=1483.76 ± 134.81 µm (1174.39 µm to 1635.62 µm); W=44.37 ± 3.28 µm (39.76 µm to 50.26 µm); ST= 19.76 ± 1.05 µm (17.84 µm to 22.36 µm); and DGO= 3.48 ± 0.28 µm (3.08 µm to 3.87 µm). The morphological characteristics of this nematode were consistent with Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (Williams, 1973; Eisenback and Hirschmann, 1981). Moreover, the identification was further confirmed by PCR using two pairs of primers, D2A/D3B and NAD5F/R, with DNA extracted from 20 individual females, respectively (Subbotin et al., 2006; Janssen et al., 2016). Both the D2-D3 region sequence (MZ665547) amplified by D2A/D3B and the 597 bp sequence (MZ665548) amplified by NAD5F/R showed >99% identity with sequences of other M. incognita isolates. Both morphological and molecular data identified the root-knot nematodes on maize as M. incognita. Then ten maize seedlings maintained in pots containing autoclaved sandy soil at 25°C were each inoculated with 2000 freshly hatched J2s of the original population of M. incognita. At 45 days after inoculation, all inoculated plants developed gall symptoms on the roots similar to those in the field. And five non-inoculated maize seedlings showed no symptoms. Females dissected from inoculated plants were identified to be M. incognita with species-specific primers IncK-14F/IncK-14R (Randig et al., 2002). According to consultation, in the same field root-knot nematode infected carrots were harvested in November last year, the field was left unploughed until March when maize was sowed. As Dali County locates in north temperate zone with a warm temperate climate, where the average annual temperature is 14.4°C, and the highest and lowest temperature was 18°C and -9°C in last winter, the overwintering rate of M. incognita in open field in such area needs further study.
PubMed: 36724032
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-10-22-2418-PDN -
Journal of Wrist Surgery Sep 2018This study aims to evaluate the long-term complications, results, and patient satisfaction rates of a dorsally approached ulnar shortening osteotomy for ulnar...
This study aims to evaluate the long-term complications, results, and patient satisfaction rates of a dorsally approached ulnar shortening osteotomy for ulnar impaction syndrome. A retrospective chart review of 20 patients was performed. Primary outcomes of interest were subjective, measured using the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) score, Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score, and the third questionnaire about patient satisfaction, composed by the authors. Secondary outcomes included hardware removal due to irritation and other complications. Mean postoperative functional score of PRWE was 28 (standard deviation [SD], 30) and DASH 20 (SD, 26), respectively. Fifteen patients were satisfied with the operation. Removal of hardware was noted in six patients. In one patient plate breakage occurred. Similar postoperative functional scores and complications were seen in patients undergoing an ulnar shortening osteotomy with a dorsally placed plate for ulnar impaction syndrome, compared with other plate placement localizations. The incidence of plate removal is also comparable to previously described results. As the dorsally placed plate and freehand technique, are relatively easy, we feel that it has a place in the treatment of ulnar impaction syndrome. Level IV, retrospective cohort study.
PubMed: 30302301
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1608636 -
PloS One 2016Several genera belonging to the nematode family Diplogastridae show characteristic dimorphism in their feeding structures; specifically, they have microbial feeding...
Several genera belonging to the nematode family Diplogastridae show characteristic dimorphism in their feeding structures; specifically, they have microbial feeding stenostomatous and predatory eurystomatous morphs. A diplogastrid satellite model species, Pristionchus pacificus, and its close relatives have become a model system for studying this phenotypic plasticity, with intensive physiological and structural studies having been undertaken. However, the many other species that are morphologically and phylogenetically divergent from P. pacificus have not been examined to date. In the present study, the detailed stomatal structure and induction of dimorphism in Neodiplogaster acaloleptae were examined. N. acaloleptae has a fungal feeding stenostomatous morph and a predatory eurystomatous morph. The predatory morph was induced by starvation, high population density, and co-culturing with its potential prey, Caenorhabditis elegans. The feeding behavior of the stenostomatous and eurystomatous morphs of N. acaloleptae was confirmed, demonstrating that 1) the stomatal and pharyngeal movements of the two morphs were basically identical, and 2) the stomatal elements were protracted to cut open the hyphae and/or prey to feed when a N. acaloleptae flips its dorsal movable tooth dorsally and tilts its subventral stegostomatal cylinder ventrally, forming a pair of scissors to cut the food source. The stoma morphology of N. acaloleptae with a single movable tooth and a long stoma is markedly different from that of Pristionchus, which has two movable teeth and a short stoma. It is, however, similar to that of Mononchoides, tentatively a sister to Neodiplogaster.
Topics: Animals; Caenorhabditis elegans; Coculture Techniques; Feeding Behavior; Female; Male; Nematoda; Pharynx; Phenotype; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Population Density; Predatory Behavior
PubMed: 27196730
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155715 -
Journal of Children's Orthopaedics Jun 2020Forearm and distal radius fractures are among the most common fractures in children. Many fractures are definitively treated with closed reduction and casting, however,... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Forearm and distal radius fractures are among the most common fractures in children. Many fractures are definitively treated with closed reduction and casting, however, the risk for re-displacement is high (7% to 39%). Proper cast application and the three-point moulding technique are modifiable factors that improve the ability of a cast to maintain the fracture reduction. Many providers univalve the cast to accommodate swelling. This study describes how the location of the univalve cut impacts the pressure at three-point mould sites for a typical dorsally displaced distal radius fracture.
METHODS
We placed nine force-sensing resistors on an arm model to collect pressure data at the three-point mould sites. Sensory inputs were sampled at 15 Hz. Cast padding and a three-point moulded short arm fibreglass cast was applied. The cast was then univalved on the dorsal, volar, radial or ulnar aspect. Pressure recordings were obtained throughout the procedure.
RESULTS
A total of 24 casts were analyzed. Casts univalved in the sagittal plane (dorsal or volar surface) retained up to 16% more pressure across the three moulding sites compared with casts univalved in the coronal plane (radial or ulnar border).
CONCLUSION
Maintaining pressure at the three-point mould prevents loss of reduction at the fracture site. This study shows that univalving the cast dorsally or volarly results in less pressure loss at moulding sites. This should improve the chances of maintaining fracture reductions when compared with radial or ulnar cuts in the cast. Sagittal plane univalving of forearm casts is recommended.
PubMed: 32582392
DOI: 10.1302/1863-2548.14.200034 -
Neurosurgical Focus: Video Oct 2021The course of the facial nerve (FN) has been extensively investigated in patients with vestibular schwannomas (VSs). FN running dorsally to the tumor capsule accounts...
The course of the facial nerve (FN) has been extensively investigated in patients with vestibular schwannomas (VSs). FN running dorsally to the tumor capsule accounts for less than 3% of the cases. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-based fiber tracking helps to preoperatively identify the FN. During surgery, a higher risk of injury is associated with the dorsal location of the FN. The authors demonstrate the nuances and tricks to identify and preserve a dorsal displaced FN during resection of a large VS, T3b according to the Hannover classification, through the retrosigmoid-transmeatal approach. The video can be found here: https://stream.cadmore.media/r10.3171/2021.7.FOCVID2182.
PubMed: 36285236
DOI: 10.3171/2021.7.FOCVID2182 -
Proceedings. Biological Sciences Feb 2018Butterflies have evolved different colour patterns on their dorsal and ventral wing surfaces to serve different signalling functions, yet the developmental mechanisms...
Butterflies have evolved different colour patterns on their dorsal and ventral wing surfaces to serve different signalling functions, yet the developmental mechanisms controlling surface-specific patterning are still unknown. Here, we mutate both copies of the transcription factor in butterflies using CRISPR/Cas9 and show that expressed dorsally, functions both as a repressor and modifier of ventral wing colour patterns, as well as a promoter of dorsal sexual ornaments in males. We propose that the surface-specific diversification of wing patterns in butterflies proceeded via the co-option of or its downstream effectors into various gene regulatory networks involved in the differentiation of discrete wing traits. Further, interactions between and sex-specific factors such as may have contributed to the origin of sexually dimorphic surface-specific patterns. Finally, we discuss the evolution of eyespot number diversity in the family Nymphalidae within the context of developmental constraints due to regulation.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Butterflies; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats; Color; Gene Expression; Gene Regulatory Networks; Insect Proteins; Mutation; Phenotype; Pigmentation; Transcription Factors; Wings, Animal
PubMed: 29467265
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2685 -
Cureus Oct 2022Osteochondromas are bone lesions composed of medullary and cartilaginous bone covered by a cap of hyaline cartilage. The presence of medullary and cortical bone with the...
Osteochondromas are bone lesions composed of medullary and cartilaginous bone covered by a cap of hyaline cartilage. The presence of medullary and cortical bone with the continuity of the tumor is pathognomonic for osteochondroma and aid in establishing the diagnosis. We report a case of a two-year-old girl who presented to our clinic following her mother noticing a palpable, growing, and painful mass on her left scapula. There was no limitation in the range of motion. A clear-cut mass was seen on the dorsal aspect and palpated measuring around 2.5x3 cm. Surgical excision of the mass followed by histologic examination confirmed osteochondroma. Upon follow-up, the patient had no pain and had a full range of left shoulder motion without discomfort or pain. In conclusion, scapular exostoses are very rare and more so when they present dorsally. Symptomatic lesions can be managed effectively with surgical excision of exostosis.
PubMed: 36311482
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30558 -
Developmental Biology Aug 2018Defects in choroid fissure (CF) formation and closure lead to coloboma, a major cause of childhood blindness. Despite genetic advances, the cellular defects underlying...
Defects in choroid fissure (CF) formation and closure lead to coloboma, a major cause of childhood blindness. Despite genetic advances, the cellular defects underlying coloboma remain poorly elucidated due to our limited understanding of normal CF morphogenesis. We address this deficit by conducting high-resolution spatio-temporal analyses of CF formation and closure in the chick, mouse and fish. We show that a small ventral midline invagination initiates CF formation in the medial-proximal optic cup, subsequently extending it dorsally toward the lens, and proximally into the optic stalk. Unlike previously supposed, the optic disc does not form solely as a result of this invagination. Morphogenetic events that alter the shape of the proximal optic cup also direct clusters of outer layer and optic stalk cells to form dorsal optic disc. A cross-species comparison suggests that CF closure can be accomplished by breaking down basement membranes (BM) along the CF margins, and by establishing BM continuity along the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the CF. CF closure is subsequently accomplished via two distinct mechanisms: tissue fusion or the intercalation of various tissues into the inter-CF space. We identify several novel cell behaviors that underlie CF fusion, many of which involve remodeling of the retinal epithelium. In addition to BM disruption, these include NCAD downregulation along the SOX2 retinal CF margin, and the protrusion or movement of partially polarized retinal cells into the inter-CF space to mediate fusion. Proximally, the inter-CF space does not fuse or narrow and is instead loosely packed with migrating SOX2/PAX2/Vimentin astrocytes until it is closed by the outgoing optic nerve. Taken together, our results highlight distinct proximal-distal differences in CF morphogenesis and closure and establish detailed cellular models that can be utilized for understanding the genetic bases of coloboma.
Topics: Animals; Chick Embryo; Choroid; Coloboma; Eye; Mice; Morphogenesis; Optic Disk; Retina; Spatio-Temporal Analysis; Zebrafish
PubMed: 29803644
DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.05.010