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International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2021The intestinal absorption of phosphate (P) takes place transcellularly through the active NaPi-cotransporters type IIb (NaPiIIb) and III (PiT1 and PiT2) and...
The intestinal absorption of phosphate (P) takes place transcellularly through the active NaPi-cotransporters type IIb (NaPiIIb) and III (PiT1 and PiT2) and paracellularly by diffusion through tight junction (TJ) proteins. The localisation along the intestines and the regulation of P absorption differ between species and are not fully understood. It is known that 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D (1,25-(OH)D) and phosphorus (P) depletion modulate intestinal P absorption in vertebrates in different ways. In addition to the apical uptake into the enterocytes, there are uncertainties regarding the basolateral excretion of P. Functional ex vivo experiments in Ussing chambers and molecular studies of small intestinal epithelia were carried out on P-deficient goats in order to elucidate the transepithelial P route in the intestine as well as the underlying mechanisms of its regulation and the proteins, which may be involved. The dietary P reduction had no effect on the duodenal and ileal P transport rate in growing goats. The ileal PiT1 and PiT2 mRNA expressions increased significantly, while the ileal PiT1 protein expression, the mid jejunal claudin-2 mRNA expression and the serum 1,25-(OH)D levels were significantly reduced. These results advance the state of knowledge concerning the complex mechanisms of the P homeostasis in vertebrates.
Topics: Animals; Calcitriol; Duodenum; Goats; Homeostasis; Ileum; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Elimination; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; Phosphorus; Phosphorus, Dietary; Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins
PubMed: 33467106
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020866 -
American Journal of Transplantation :... Jun 2018Duodenal graft complications are poorly reported complications of pancreas transplantation that can result in graft loss. Excluding patients with early graft failure,...
Duodenal graft complications are poorly reported complications of pancreas transplantation that can result in graft loss. Excluding patients with early graft failure, after a median follow-up period of 126 months (range 23-198) duodenectomy was required in 14 of 312 pancreas transplants (4.5%). All patients were insulin-independent at the time of diagnosis. Reasons for duodenectomy included delayed duodenal graft perforation (n = 10, 71.5%) and refractory duodenal graft bleeding (n = 4, 28.5%). In patients with duodenal graft bleeding, a total duodenectomy was performed. In patients with duodenal graft perforation, preservation of a duodenal segment was possible in five patients but completion duodenectomy was necessary in one patient. After total duodenectomy, immediate enteric duct drainage was feasible in seven patients. In two patients, a pancreaticocutaneous fistula was created that was subsequently converted to enteric drainage in one patient. In the other patient, enteric fistulization occurred as a consequence of silent pressure perforation of the draining catheter on the ascending colon. After a mean follow-up period of 52 months (21-125), all patients were alive, well, and insulin-independent. An aggressive and timely surgical approach may permit graft rescue in patients with severe duodenal graft complications occurring after pancreas transplantation. Generalization of these results remains to be established.
Topics: Adult; Anastomosis, Surgical; Drainage; Duodenum; Female; Hemorrhage; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Middle Aged; Pancreas Transplantation; Young Adult
PubMed: 29205793
DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14613 -
Acta Diabetologica Feb 2019Ectopic fat is a recognized contributor to insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction, while the role of fat deposition inside intestinal wall tissue remains...
AIMS
Ectopic fat is a recognized contributor to insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction, while the role of fat deposition inside intestinal wall tissue remains understudied. We undertook this study to directly quantify and localize intramural fat deposition in duodenal tissue and determine its association with adiposity.
METHODS
Duodenal tissues were collected from aged (21.2 ± 1.3 years, 19.5 ± 3.1 kg, n = 39) female baboons (Papio sp.). Fasted blood was collected for metabolic profiling and abdominal circumference (AC) measurements were taken. Primary tissue samples were collected at the major duodenal papilla at necropsy: one full cross section was processed for hematoxylin and eosin staining and evaluated; a second full cross section was processed for direct chemical lipid analysis on which percentage duodenal fat content was calculated.
RESULTS
Duodenal fat content obtained by direct tissue quantification showed considerable variability (11.95 ± 6.93%) and was correlated with AC (r = 0.60, p < 0.001), weight (r = 0.38, p = 0.02), leptin (r = 0.63, p < 0.001), adiponectin (r = - 0.32, p < 0.05), and triglyceride (r = 0.41, p = 0.01). The relationship between duodenal fat content and leptin remained after adjusting for body weight and abdominal circumference. Intramural adipocytes were found in duodenal sections from all animals and were localized to the submucosa. Consistent with the variation in tissue fat content, the submucosal adipocytes were non-uniformly distributed in clusters of varying size. Duodenal adipocytes were larger in obese vs. lean animals (106.9 vs. 66.7 µm, p = 0.02).
CONCLUSIONS
Fat accumulation inside the duodenal wall is strongly associated with adiposity and adiposity related circulating biomarkers in baboons. Duodenal tissue fat represents a novel and potentially metabolically active site of ectopic fat deposition.
Topics: Adiponectin; Adiposity; Animals; Duodenum; Female; Intra-Abdominal Fat; Leptin; Obesity; Papio; Triglycerides
PubMed: 30673859
DOI: 10.1007/s00592-019-01286-w -
The Journal of International Medical... Sep 2021Gastrointestinal bleeding and gallbladder stones are common diseases of the digestive system. However, duodenal necrosis and bleeding caused by gallbladder stone...
Gastrointestinal bleeding and gallbladder stones are common diseases of the digestive system. However, duodenal necrosis and bleeding caused by gallbladder stone compression is relatively rare. The present report describes a patient with repeated hematemesis and melena that relapsed after several symptomatic treatments. The patient and his family elected surgical treatment. Intraoperative examination revealed necrosis of the duodenal bulb with hemorrhage, which was related to compression of the gallbladder neck. Because the imaging manifestations of this disease lack specificity, early diagnosis is difficult.
Topics: Cholecystolithiasis; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Hematemesis; Humans; Melena; Necrosis
PubMed: 34496647
DOI: 10.1177/03000605211043415 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Aug 2022Previous studies reported that Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) causes cell damage through its metabolite aflatoxin B1-8, 9-epoxide (AFBO), which is catalyzed by CYP450 enzymes. AFBO...
Ferulic acid alleviates AFB1-induced duodenal barrier damage in rats via up-regulating tight junction proteins, down-regulating ROCK, competing CYP450 enzyme and activating GST.
Previous studies reported that Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) causes cell damage through its metabolite aflatoxin B1-8, 9-epoxide (AFBO), which is catalyzed by CYP450 enzymes. AFBO can be detoxified by glutathione S transferase (GST). Ferulic acid (FA) is known for its antioxidant capacity and intestinal protective function. However, the mechanism of AFB1 causing duodenal injury and the role of FA in AFB1-induced intestinal damage remains unclear. In this study, rats were exposed to AFB1 and treated with FA for 30 days. The results showed that I) FA alleviated the histopathological changes of duodenum and the ultrastructural changes of tight junctions between duodenal epithelial cells induced by AFB1. II) FA reduced the content of AFB1-ALB adduct in blood. III) The low expression of tight junction proteins (Claudin-1 and ZO-1) and the high expression of ROCK1 and ROCK2 induced by AFB1 were significantly reversed by FA. IV) The high expression of CYP2A6 and CYP3A4 were significantly down-regulated by FA, and the activity of GST was promoted by FA. V) The binding affinity of FA to CYP2A6 is very similar to the binding affinity of AFB1 to CYP2A6, which meaning that there is a competitive relationship between FA and AFB1 when conjugating to CYP2A6. These results suggested that FA proved effective in alleviating AFB1-induced duodenal barrier damage via up-regulating tight junction proteins, down-regulating ROCK, competing CYP450 enzyme, and activating GST in duodenal epithelial cells of rats.
Topics: Aflatoxin B1; Animals; Coumaric Acids; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Duodenum; Glutathione Transferase; Liver; Rats; Tight Junction Proteins; rho-Associated Kinases
PubMed: 35772360
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113805 -
BMC Surgery Oct 2020Gastrointestinal injury following blunt abdominal trauma is uncommon; a combined stomach and duodenal perforating injury is even more rare. Because these two organs are... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Gastrointestinal injury following blunt abdominal trauma is uncommon; a combined stomach and duodenal perforating injury is even more rare. Because these two organs are located in different spaces in the abdomen, such injuries are difficult to identify.
CASE PRESENTATION
A young woman involved in a motor vehicle crash presented to our emergency department with concerns of severe peritonitis. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen revealed pneumoperitoneum and retroperitoneal hematoma in zone 1. An emergency laparotomy was performed, revealing a stomach-perforating injury, which was resolved with primary repair. No obvious injury was observed on retroperitoneal exploration. However, peritonitis presented again on the second postoperative day, and a second laparotomy was performed, revealing a duodenum-perforating injury in its third portion. We performed primary repair with multi-tube-ostomy. The patient recovered well without permanent tube placement or internal bypass.
CONCLUSIONS
Assessing associated injuries in blunt abdominal trauma is crucial because they may be fatal if timely intervention is not undertaken. These types of complicated injuries require a feasible surgical strategy formulated by experienced surgeons, which gives the patient a better chance of survival.
Topics: Abdominal Injuries; Adult; Duodenum; Female; Humans; Laparotomy; Stomach; Wounds, Nonpenetrating
PubMed: 33008373
DOI: 10.1186/s12893-020-00882-w -
Molecular Autism 2016Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are complex conditions whose pathogenesis may be attributed to gene-environment interactions. There are no definitive mechanisms...
BACKGROUND
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are complex conditions whose pathogenesis may be attributed to gene-environment interactions. There are no definitive mechanisms explaining how environmental triggers can lead to ASD although the involvement of inflammation and immunity has been suggested. Inappropriate antigen trafficking through an impaired intestinal barrier, followed by passage of these antigens or immune-activated complexes through a permissive blood-brain barrier (BBB), can be part of the chain of events leading to these disorders. Our goal was to investigate whether an altered BBB and gut permeability is part of the pathophysiology of ASD.
METHODS
cerebral cortex and cerebellum tissues from ASD, schizophrenia (SCZ), and healthy subjects (HC) and duodenal biopsies from ASD and HC were analyzed for gene and protein expression profiles. Tight junctions and other key molecules associated with the neurovascular unit integrity and function and neuroinflammation were investigated.
RESULTS
Claudin ()-5 and -12 were increased in the ASD cortex and cerebellum. , , and were higher in the ASD cortex. , , and were downregulated in SCZ cortex; was increased in the SCZ cerebellum. Differences between SCZ and ASD were observed for most of the genes analyzed in both brain areas. CLDN-5 protein was increased in ASD cortex and cerebellum, while CLDN-12 appeared reduced in both ASD and SCZ cortexes. In the intestine, 75% of the ASD samples analyzed had reduced expression of barrier-forming TJ components (, , ), whereas 66% had increased pore-forming CLDNs (, , ) compared to controls.
CONCLUSIONS
In the ASD brain, there is an altered expression of genes associated with BBB integrity coupled with increased neuroinflammation and possibly impaired gut barrier integrity. While these findings seem to be specific for ASD, the possibility of more distinct SCZ subgroups should be explored with additional studies.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Biopsy; Blood-Brain Barrier; Calcium-Binding Proteins; Case-Control Studies; Cerebellum; Cerebral Cortex; Child; Child, Preschool; Claudin-3; Claudin-5; Claudins; DNA-Binding Proteins; Duodenum; Female; Gene Expression; Humans; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-8; MARVEL Domain Containing 2 Protein; Male; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; Microfilament Proteins; Middle Aged; Permeability; Schizophrenia; Tight Junctions
PubMed: 27957319
DOI: 10.1186/s13229-016-0110-z -
Journal of Diabetes Jul 2024Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a serious complication of obesity with type 2 diabetes and is a major cause of mortality. Metabolic surgery, such as duodenal-jejunal bypass...
Duodenal-jejunal bypass surgery activates eNOS and enhances antioxidant system by activating AMPK pathway to improve heart oxidative stress in diabetic cardiomyopathy rats.
BACKGROUND
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a serious complication of obesity with type 2 diabetes and is a major cause of mortality. Metabolic surgery, such as duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB), can effectively improve diabetic cardiomyopathy; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Oxidative stress is one of the pivotal mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Our objective was to investigate the effect and potential mechanisms of DJB on oxidative stress in the heart of diabetic cardiomyopathy rats.
METHODS
High-fat diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin was used to establish diabetic cardiomyopathy rats. DJB was performed on diabetic cardiomyopathy rats, and high glucose and palmitate were used to simulate diabetic cardiomyopathy in H9C2 cells in vitro. Sera from different groups of rats were used for experiments in vivo and in vitro.
RESULTS
DJB effectively improved oxidative stress and activated the adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway to increase endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation level and the expression of antioxidative system-related proteins and genes in the heart of diabetic cardiomyopathy rats. AMPK agonists and serum from DJB rats activated the AMPK pathway to increase eNOS phosphorylation level and the expression of antioxidative system-related proteins and genes and decreased the content of reactive oxygen species in H9C2 cells, but this improvement was almost eliminated by the addition of AMPK inhibitors.
CONCLUSIONS
DJB activates eNOS and enhances the antioxidant system by activating the AMPK pathway-and not solely by improving blood glucose-to improve oxidative stress in the heart of diabetic cardiomyopathy rats.
Topics: Animals; Diabetic Cardiomyopathies; Oxidative Stress; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; Rats; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Male; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Antioxidants; Jejunum; Duodenum; Signal Transduction; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Phosphorylation; Myocardium; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 38087869
DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13516 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Sep 2017Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) with microbubbles as a contrast agent allows the visualization and quantification of tissue perfusion. The assessment of canine...
Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) with microbubbles as a contrast agent allows the visualization and quantification of tissue perfusion. The assessment of canine intestinal perfusion by quantitative CEUS may provide valuable information for diagnosing and monitoring chronic intestinal disorders. This study aimed to assess the repeatability (intraday variability) and reproducibility (interday variability) of quantitative duodenal CEUS in healthy dogs. Six healthy beagles underwent CEUS three times within one day (4-hr intervals) and on two different days (1-week interval). All dogs were sedated with a combination of butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.1 mg/kg) prior to CEUS. The contrast agent (Sonazoid) was administered using the intravenous bolus method (0.01 ml/kg) for imaging of the duodenum. Time-intensity curves (TIC) were created by drawing multiple regions of interest (ROIs) in the duodenal mucosa, and perfusion parameters, including the time-to-peak (TTP), peak intensity (PI), area under the curve (AUC), and wash-in and wash-out rates (WiR and WoR, respectively), were generated. Intraday and interday coefficients of variation (CVs) for TTP, PI, AUC, WiR and WoR were <25% (range, 2.27-23.41%), which indicated that CEUS was feasible for assessing duodenal perfusion in healthy sedated dogs. A further study of CEUS in dogs with chronic intestinal disorders is necessary to evaluate its clinical applicability.
Topics: Animals; Contrast Media; Dogs; Duodenum; Female; Ferric Compounds; Iron; Male; Oxides; Reproducibility of Results; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 28781327
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0174 -
Nutrients Jan 2022Reports indicate patients with feeding difficulties demonstrate signs of inflammation on biopsies, notably eosinophilia, but it is unknown whether mast cell density...
BACKGROUND
Reports indicate patients with feeding difficulties demonstrate signs of inflammation on biopsies, notably eosinophilia, but it is unknown whether mast cell density contributes to variety or volume limitation symptoms. The aim of our study was to evaluate eosinophil and mast cell density of EGD biopsies in pediatric patients with symptoms of decreased volume or variety of ingested foods.
METHODS
We conducted a single-center, retrospective chart review of EMRs for all new feeding clinic patients between 0 and 17 years of age. Patients were categorized by symptoms at the initial visit as well as eosinophil and mast cell densities in those with EGD biopsies. Ten patients were identified as controls.
RESULTS
We identified 30 patients each with volume and variety limitation. Antral mast cell density was increased in 32.1% of variety-limited patients, 37.5% of volume limited patients, and in no controls; Duodenal mast cell density was increased in 32.1% of variety-limited patients, 40.6% of volume-limited patients, and in no controls.
CONCLUSIONS
In both variety- and volume-limited patients, antral and duodenal mast cell densities were increased. These associations warrant further investigation of the mechanism between mast cells and development of feeding difficulties, allowing more targeted pediatric therapies.
Topics: Adolescent; Biopsy; Cell Count; Child; Child, Preschool; Duodenum; Endoscopy, Digestive System; Eosinophilia; Eosinophils; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Inflammation; Mast Cells; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 35057546
DOI: 10.3390/nu14020365