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Veterinary Research Dec 2023It is well-established that the genetic diversity, regional prevalence, and broad host range of astroviruses significantly impact the poultry industry. In July 2022, a...
It is well-established that the genetic diversity, regional prevalence, and broad host range of astroviruses significantly impact the poultry industry. In July 2022, a small-scale commercial broiler farm in China reported cases of growth retardation and a 3% mortality rate. From chickens displaying proventriculitis and pancreatitis, three chicken astroviruses (CAstV) isolates were obtained and named SDAU2022-1-3. Complete genomic sequencing and analysis revealed the unique characteristics of these isolates from known CAstV strains in ORF1a, ORF1b, and ORF2 genes, characterized by an unusually high variability. Analysis of amino acid mutations in ORF1a, ORF1b, and ORF2 indicated that the accumulation of these mutations played a pivotal role in the emergence of the variant strain. Inoculation experiments demonstrated that affected chickens exhibited liver and kidney enlargement, localized proventricular hemorrhage, and a dark reddish-brown appearance in about two-thirds of the pancreas. Histopathological examination unveiled hepatic lymphocytic infiltration, renal tubular epithelial cell swelling, along with lymphocytic proventriculitis and pancreatitis. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated viremia and viral shedding at 3 days post-infection (dpi). The proventriculus displayed the highest viral loads, followed by the liver, kidney, duodenum, and pancreas. Liver parameters (AST and ALT) and kidney parameters (UA and UN) demonstrated mild damage consistent with earlier findings. While the possibility of new mutations in the ORF2 gene of CAstV causing proventriculitis and pancreatitis warrants further investigation, these findings deepen our comprehension of CAstV's pathogenicity in chickens. Additionally, they serve as valuable references for subsequent research endeavors.
Topics: Animals; Avastrovirus; Chickens; Virulence; Astroviridae Infections; Pancreatitis; Poultry Diseases; Phylogeny
PubMed: 38066626
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01250-1 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Jun 2019Persisting low-grade inflammation is suggested to play a role in postinfectious functional gastrointestinal disorders (PI-FGIDs). The present study examined alterations...
BACKGROUND
Persisting low-grade inflammation is suggested to play a role in postinfectious functional gastrointestinal disorders (PI-FGIDs). The present study examined alterations in duodenal mucosal lymphocytes during and after Giardia gastroenteritis in patients who did, or did not, develop PI-FGIDs.
METHODS
Duodenal mucosal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and lamina propria CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD20 lymphocytes were quantified in 28 patients with chronic giardiasis (CG), 66 patients with persistent abdominal symptoms after acute Giardia infection (PI-FGID), 19 recovered controls (RCs), and 16 healthy volunteers (HCs). Associations with illness duration, abdominal symptoms, and histology grade were assessed.
RESULTS
Duodenal CD4 IELs were significantly elevated in CG, then decreased, followed by an upward trend after 1 year in both the PI-FGID and RC groups. Duodenal lamina propria crypt CD4 T cells were decreased in CG, and stayed low for about 14 months before normalizing in both the PI-FGID and RC groups. Lamina propria CD20 cells were persistently elevated in all 3 Giardia-exposed groups. Biopsies with microscopic inflammation showed increased lamina propria CD20 levels.
CONCLUSIONS
Duodenal mucosal lymphocyte alterations were prolonged after Giardia infection, but similar in patients who developed PI-FGID and recovered asymptomatic controls.
Topics: Adult; Duodenum; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Giardiasis; Humans; Inflammation; Intestinal Mucosa; Lymphocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Young Adult
PubMed: 30500895
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy690 -
PloS One 2019Emerging studies have shed light on the association between Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection and cardiometabolic risk. However, there is no evidence to support a...
Emerging studies have shed light on the association between Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection and cardiometabolic risk. However, there is no evidence to support a causal link for the relationship in the general population. Our aim was to determine whether HP infection is associated with the risks of incident type II diabetes mellitus (DM) in a population-based cohort consisting of adults from the general population. A total of 69235 adults enrolled in the study obtained health examinations at the Tri-Service General Hospital in Taiwan from 2010 to 2016. HP infection detection was performed by rapid urease tests (RUTs), and endoscopic examinations were used to diagnose gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastric ulcers (GUs) and duodenal ulcers (DUs). Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were performed to examine the association between HP infection and cardiometabolic diseases using logistic regression and Cox regression in a large population-based study. HP infection was significantly associated with the presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) (OR = 1.26, 95%CI: 1.00-1.57) and DM (OR = 1.59, 95%CI: 1.17-2.17) only in male subjects, and abnormal endoscopic findings were also correlated with cardiometabolic diseases. Our findings demonstrated that participants with HP infection had an elevated risk of developing incident DM (HR = 1.54, 95%CI: 1.11-2.13). In addition, endoscopic findings of a DU (HR = 1.63, 95%CI: 1.02-2.63), rather than GERD or a GU, were also predictive of incident DM. In this cohort, HP infection was a statistically significant predictor of incident DM among male population.
Topics: Cohort Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Duodenal Ulcer; Female; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Stomach Ulcer; Taiwan
PubMed: 30779804
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208913 -
Pathologica Feb 2022In this paper, we will continue the description of histological findings of infantile and paediatric small bowel alterations with the main clinical pictures and... (Review)
Review
In this paper, we will continue the description of histological findings of infantile and paediatric small bowel alterations with the main clinical pictures and differential diagnosis. We emphasise once again the need to evaluate the biopsies in an adequate clinical contest and with a systematic approach, including epithelial alterations, lamina propria changes, mucosal architecture, and the distribution of inflammation, together with other morphological signs more specific of certain diseases. We describe the histological findings of coeliac and Crohn's disease, gastrointestinal food allergic diseases, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, nutritional deficiencies and infections. Finally, we suggest the principal issues in the drafting the pathological report for appropriate interpretation and usefulness in clinical practice.
Topics: Child; Crohn Disease; Duodenum; Humans; Inflammation; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestine, Small
PubMed: 34856605
DOI: 10.32074/1591-951X-338 -
PloS One 2016Helminth infections and nutrition can independently alter the composition and abundance of the gastrointestinal microbiota, however, their combined effect is poorly...
Helminth infections and nutrition can independently alter the composition and abundance of the gastrointestinal microbiota, however, their combined effect is poorly understood. Here, we used the T. retortaeformis-rabbit system to examine how the helminth infection and host restriction from coprophagy/ready-to-absorb nutrients affected the duodenal microbiota, and how these changes related to the acquired immune response at the site of infection. A factorial experiment was performed where the bacterial community, its functionality and the immune response were examined in four treatments (Infect, Infect+Collar, Control+Collar and Control). Helminths reduced the diversity and abundance of the microbiota while the combination of parasites and coprophagic restriction led to a more diversified and abundant microbiota than infected cases, without significantly affecting the intensity of infection. Animals restricted from coprophagy and free from parasites exhibited the richest and most abundant bacterial community. By forcing the individuals to absorb nutrients from less digested food, the coprophagic restriction appears to have facilitated the diversity and proliferation of bacteria in the duodenum. Changes in the microbiota were more clearly associated with changes in the immune response for the infected than the nutrient restricted animals. The functional and metabolic characteristics of the duodenal microbiota were not significantly different between treatments. Overall, infection and diet affect the gut microbiota but their interactions and outcome can be complex. These findings can have important implications for the development of control measures to helminth infections where poor nutrition/malnutrition can also be a concern.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Coprophagia; Digestion; Eating; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Helminthiasis; Helminths; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Intestine, Small; Microbiota; Rabbits
PubMed: 27438701
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159770 -
Romanian Journal of Morphology and... 2017Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is one of the most frequent bacterial infections in humans. The studies performed in the last 30 years showed that this bacterium is...
Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is one of the most frequent bacterial infections in humans. The studies performed in the last 30 years showed that this bacterium is the main cause of chronic gastritis and the main etiological agent of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. We investigated the prevalence of HP infection in a group of 1525 patients who addressed a gastroenterology medical center between 2010-2014, in Craiova, Romania, for dyspeptic symptoms. The patients underwent a clinical, endoscopic and serologic investigation for highlighting a possible HP infection. The age of the patients with gastric duodenal pathology varied between 16 and 87 years old. Of the 1525 patients, a number of 971 (63.67%) were diagnosed with HP infection, while the rest of 554 (36.33%) were not infected. The study on the distribution of gastric duodenal pathology and HP infection showed that the lesions of the upper digestive tract and HP infection emerged quite early, a number of 29 patients being aged less than 20 years old; among these, 21 (72.41%) patients were HP positive and only eight (27.59%) were HP negative. In the age group of 20-29 years old there were recorded 184 patients, of which 120 (65.22%) were HP positive and only 64 (34.78%) were HP negative. There may be observed that in the age group of 20-29 years old, both the patients with gastric duodenal pathology and the ones with HP infection increased six times in comparison to the first decade. Most cases were recorded in the patients aged between 50 and 69 years old. The two decades comprised a total number of 607 (39.8%) patients, of which 375 (61.78%) were HP positive and 232 (38.22%) were HP negative. By evaluating the distribution of HP infection according to the social environment, there was observed that there were no significant differences between the patients coming from the urban area and the ones from the rural area, as far as the HP infection was concerned.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Duodenum; Esophagus; Female; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Stomach; Young Adult
PubMed: 29250658
DOI: No ID Found -
Digestive and Liver Disease : Official... Jan 2022How symptoms and antibodies related to SARS-CoV-2 infection develop in patients with celiac disease (CD) is unclear. We aimed to investigate the impact of SARS-CoV-2...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
How symptoms and antibodies related to SARS-CoV-2 infection develop in patients with celiac disease (CD) is unclear. We aimed to investigate the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection in CD patients.
METHODS
CD patients were interviewed about the development of COVID-19 symptoms, compliance with anti-virus measures and adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD). The presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA (anti-RBD and N proteins) was compared to that in non-CD subjects. Expression of the duodenal ACE2 receptor was investigated. When available, data on duodenal histology, anti-tissue transglutaminase IgA (tTGA), comorbidities and GFD adherence were analyzed.
RESULTS
Of 362 CD patients, 42 (12%) reported COVID-19 symptoms and 21% of these symptomatic patients presented anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ig. Overall, 18% of CD patients showed anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ig versus 25% of controls (p = 0.18). CD patients had significantly lower levels of anti-N IgA. tTGA, duodenal atrophy, GFD adherence or other comorbidities did not influence symptoms and/or antibodies. The ACE2 receptor was detected in the non-atrophic duodenal mucosa of patients; atrophy was associated with lower expression of the ACE2 receptor.
CONCLUSION
CD patients have an anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ig profile similar to non-celiac controls, except for anti-N IgA. No risk factors were identified among CD parameters and GFD adherence.
Topics: Adult; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; COVID-19; Celiac Disease; Diet, Gluten-Free; Duodenum; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Incidence; Italy; Male; Patient Compliance; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34561158
DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2021.08.027 -
Scientific Reports Feb 2021Although the type 4 secretion system of the integrating and conjugative elements (tfs ICE) is common in Helicobacter pylori, its clinical association with the cag...
Although the type 4 secretion system of the integrating and conjugative elements (tfs ICE) is common in Helicobacter pylori, its clinical association with the cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI) have not yet been well-investigated. In this study, Vietnamese patient H. pylori samples (46 duodenal ulcer (DU), 51 non-cardia gastric cancer (NCGC), 39 chronic gastritis (CG)) were fully sequenced using next-generation sequencing and assembled into contigs. tfs3, tfs4, and cagPAI genes were compared with the public database. Most (94%) H. pylori strains possessed a complete cagPAI, which was the greatest risk factor for clinical outcomes, while the prevalences of tfs3 and tfs4 were 45% and 77%, respectively. Complete tfs3 and tfs4 were found in 18.3% and 17.6% of strains, respectively. The prevalence of H. pylori strains with complete tfs3 ICE in DU patients was significantly higher than that in NCGC patients (30.4% vs 11.7%, P < 0.05). In addition, the prevalence of strains with complete tfs3 ICE and cagPAI was significantly higher in DU patients than that in NCGC (28.4% vs 9.8%, P = 0.038) and CG patients (28.2% vs 7.7%, P = 0.024). cagPAI and complete tfs3 increased the risk of DU compared to NCGC (OR = 3.56, 95%CI: 1.1-14.1, P = 0.038) and CG (OR = 4.64, 95%CI: 1.1-27.6, P = 0.024). A complete cluster of tfs3 ICE was associated with gastroduodenal diseases in Vietnam. However, there was a low prevalence of the dupA/complete dupA cluster (15.4%) in the Vietnam strains. The prevalence of cagPAI in Vietnam strains was significantly higher than in US (P = 0.01) and Indonesia (P < 0.0001); the prevalence of the dupA cluster was also higher in the Vietnam strains than in the Indonesian strains (P < 0.05). In addition, the prevalence of ctkA, an accessory gene of tfs3, was significantly different between Vietnam and US strains (28% vs 2%, P = 0.0002). In summary, the acquisition of tfs3/4 ICE was common in H. pylori strains in patients with gastroduodenal disease in Vietnam, and the complete cluster of tfs3 ICE was a reliable marker for the severity of disease in the H. pylori infected population.
Topics: Biomarkers; Duodenal Diseases; Genes, Bacterial; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Severity of Illness Index; Stomach Diseases; Type IV Secretion Systems; Vietnam
PubMed: 33633144
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83862-1 -
Infection and Drug Resistance 2022is a well-known human-specific stomach pathogen that infects more than half of the world's population. The infection with this bacterium can cause a variety of... (Review)
Review
is a well-known human-specific stomach pathogen that infects more than half of the world's population. The infection with this bacterium can cause a variety of gastrointestinal problems, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and even cancer. is a highly infectious bacterium. causes an increase in gastric mucosa pH or gastric mucosa intestinal metaplasia. These modifications in the stomach environment are necessary for colonization to occur. is a flagellate protozoan parasite that can cause giardiasis in humans and other mammals. It dwells in the duodenum and upper jejunum. Globally, over 280 million cases of human giardiasis are predicted to occur each year. Simultaneous human colonization by and is a typical occurrence since the viruses' predisposing factors are similar in both groups. Giardiasis is a parasitic infection that affects both children and adults worldwide. Infection with is more common in underdeveloped countries. Globally, more than 200 million cases of giardiasis are detected each year. In contrast, the presence of in the host body triggers an immunological response comparable to that of , with lymphocytes strongly polarized towards Th1. As a result, their combined presence exacerbates host tissue damage. The major goal of this seminar is to describe the pathophysiology, immunology, and clinical aspects of and coinfection using a comprehensive search of PubMed, Lancet, and Google Scholar sources. Upper gastrointestinal problems such as upper abdominal pain, abdominal bloating, nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain/burning, and belching are all caused by both organisms. Differentiation by physical examination is impossible in people infected with both bacteria. For this coinfection distinction, a laboratory diagnosis is required. and , when present together, have a synergistic effect on the host and can cause serious damage. As a result, researchers should delve deeper into the mechanics underlying this potential microbial interaction.
PubMed: 35023934
DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S346705 -
Journal of Innate Immunity 2017Alpha-synuclein (αS) is a nerve cell protein associated with Parkinson disease (PD). Accumulation of αS within the enteric nervous system (ENS) and its traffic from...
BACKGROUND
Alpha-synuclein (αS) is a nerve cell protein associated with Parkinson disease (PD). Accumulation of αS within the enteric nervous system (ENS) and its traffic from the gut to the brain are implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of PD. αS has no known function in humans and the reason for its accumulation within the ENS is unknown. Several recent studies conducted in rodents have linked αS to immune cell activation in the central nervous system. We hypothesized that αS in the ENS might play a role in the innate immune defenses of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
METHODS
We immunostained endoscopic biopsies for αS from children with documented gastric and duodenal inflammation and intestinal allograft recipients who contracted norovirus. To determine whether αS exhibited immune-modulatory activity, we examined whether human αS induced leukocyte migration and dendritic cell maturation.
FINDINGS
We showed that the expression of αS in the enteric neurites of the upper GI tract of pediatric patients positively correlated with the degree of acute and chronic inflammation in the intestinal wall. In intestinal allograft subjects who were closely monitored for infection, expression of αS was induced during norovirus infection. We also demonstrated that both monomeric and oligomeric αS have potent chemoattractant activity, causing the migration of neutrophils and monocytes dependent on the presence of the integrin subunit, CD11b, and that both forms of αS stimulate dendritic cell maturation.
INTERPRETATION
These findings strongly suggest that αS is expressed within the human ENS to direct intestinal inflammation and implicates common GI infections in the pathogenesis of PD.
Topics: Adolescent; CD11b Antigen; Caliciviridae Infections; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Cells, Cultured; Chemotaxis; Child; Dendritic Cells; Duodenitis; Female; Gastritis; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Intestines; Male; Monocytes; Nervous System; Neurons; Neutrophils; Norovirus; Parkinson Disease; Protein Folding; alpha-Synuclein
PubMed: 28651250
DOI: 10.1159/000477990