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Journal of Virology Oct 2022Human norovirus (HuNoV) infection is associated with an active FUT2 gene, which characterizes the secretor phenotype. However, nonsecretor individuals are also affected...
Human norovirus (HuNoV) infection is associated with an active FUT2 gene, which characterizes the secretor phenotype. However, nonsecretor individuals are also affected by HuNoV infection although in a lesser proportion. Here, we studied GII.3, GII.4, and GII.17 HuNoV interactions in nonsecretor individuals using virus-like particles (VLPs). Only GII.4 HuNoV specifically interacted with nonsecretor saliva. Competition experiments using histo-blood group antigen (HBGA)-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) demonstrate that GII.4 VLPs recognized the Lewis a (Le) antigen. We also analyzed HuNoV VLP interactions on duodenum tissue blocks from healthy nonsecretor individuals. VLP binding was observed for the three HuNoV genotypes in 10 of the 13 individuals, and competition experiments demonstrated that VLP recognition was driven by an interaction with the Le antigen. In 3 individuals, binding was restricted to either GII.4 alone or GII.3 and GII.17. Finally, we performed a VLP binding assay on proximal and distal colon tissue blocks from a nonsecretor patient with Crohn's disease. VLP binding to inflammatory tissues was genotype specific since GII.4 and GII.17 VLPs were able to interact with regenerative mucosa, whereas GII.3 VLP was not. The binding of GII.4 and GII.17 HuNoV VLPs was linked to Le in regenerative mucosae from the proximal and distal colon. Overall, our data clearly showed that Le has a pivotal role in the recognition of HuNoV in nonsecretors. We also showed that Le is expressed in inflammatory/regenerative tissues and interacts with HuNoV in a nonsecretor individual. The physiological and immunological consequences of such interactions in nonsecretors have yet to be elucidated. Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the main etiological agent of viral gastroenteritis in all age classes. HuNoV infection affects mainly secretor individuals where ABO(H) and Lewis histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are present in the small intestine. Nonsecretor individuals, who only express Lewis (Le) antigens, are less susceptible to HuNoV infection. Here, we studied the interaction of common HuNoV genotypes (GII.3, GII.4, and GII.17) in nonsecretor individuals using synthetic viral particles. Saliva binding assays showed that only GII.4 interacted with nonsecretor saliva via the Lewis a (Le) antigen Surprisingly, the three genotypes interacted with nonsecretor enterocytes via the Le antigen on duodenal tissue blocks, which were more relevant for HuNoV/HBGA studies. The Le antigen also played a pivotal role in the recognition of GII.4 and GII.17 particles by inflammatory colon tissue from a nonsecretor Crohn's disease patient. The implications of HuNoV binding in nonsecretors remain to be elucidated in physiological and pathological conditions encountered in other intestinal diseases.
Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Blood Group Antigens; Caliciviridae Infections; Crohn Disease; Genotype; Humans; Lewis Blood Group Antigens; Norovirus
PubMed: 36121297
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00865-22 -
BMC Microbiology Aug 2018The pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection-induced duodenal ulcer remains to be elucidated. Duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion is the most...
BACKGROUND
The pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection-induced duodenal ulcer remains to be elucidated. Duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion is the most important protective factor against acid-induced mucosal injury. We previously revealed that H. pylori infection downregulated the expression and functional activity of duodenal mucosal cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and solute linked carrier 26 gene family A6 (SLC26A6) which are the two key duodenal mucosal epithelial cellular bicarbonate transporters to mediate duodenal bicarbonate secretion. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of H. pylori infection-induced duodenal CFTR and SLC26A6 expression downregulation.
RESULTS
We found that H. pylori infection induced the increase of serum transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) level and duodenal mucosal TGFβ expression and the decrease of duodenal mucosal CFTR and SLC26A6 expressions in C57 BL/6 mice. The results from the experiments of human duodenal epithelial cells (SCBN) showed that H. pylori increased TGFβ production and decreased CFTR and SLC26A6 expressions in SCBN cells. TGFβ inhibitor SB431542 reversed the H. pylori-induced CFTR and SLC26A6 expression decreases. The further results showed that TGFβ directly decreased CFTR and SLC26A6 expressions in SCBN cells. TGFβ induced the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and P38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 reversed the TGFβ-induced CFTR and SLC26A6 expression decreases.
CONCLUSIONS
H. pylori infection downregulates duodenal epithelial cellular CFTR and SLC26A6 expressions through TGFβ-mediated P38 MAPK signaling pathway, which contributes to further elucidating the pathogenesis of H. pylori-associated duodenal ulcer.
Topics: Animals; Antiporters; Bicarbonates; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator; Down-Regulation; Duodenum; Epithelial Cells; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Imidazoles; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Pyridines; Sulfate Transporters; Transforming Growth Factor beta; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
PubMed: 30119655
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1230-8 -
Revista Espanola de Enfermedades... Dec 2021We present the case of a 72-year-old male with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. He had been discharged from hospital two weeks before after severe COVID-19 infection,...
We present the case of a 72-year-old male with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. He had been discharged from hospital two weeks before after severe COVID-19 infection, treated with lopinavir-ritonavir (L-R), hydroxychloroquine, tocilizumab, and methylprednisolone. On presentation, he was in hypovolemic shock. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed an ulcer in the third duodenal portion, which was sclerosed and hemodynamic stability was recovered. A scan was performed as it was in an atypical location for ulcers, showing an aortic aneurysm in close relationship to the duodenum, suggesting a primary aortoenteric fistula (PAEF).
Topics: Aged; Aortic Diseases; COVID-19; Duodenal Diseases; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Intestinal Fistula; Male; SARS-CoV-2; Vascular Fistula
PubMed: 34488422
DOI: 10.17235/reed.2021.8272/2021 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Mar 2022Research on celiac disease (CD) in northwest China is still in its infancy. At present, large-sample data on the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological...
BACKGROUND
Research on celiac disease (CD) in northwest China is still in its infancy. At present, large-sample data on the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological characteristics of CD are limited.
AIM
To investigate the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological characteristics of CD in northwest China.
METHODS
The clinical data of 2884 patients with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms were retrospectively analyzed. Total immunoglobulin A (IgA) and anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG) IgA levels were examined in all patients. Gastroscopy and colonoscopy were performed in patients with positive anti-tTG IgA and deficient total IgA levels. Atrophy of the duodenal and ileal villi was examined and histopathological examinations were performed. The modified Marsh-Oberhuber classification system was used to grade villous atrophy in the duodenum or distal ileum. The patients' () infection status was compared in terms of clinical presentation and Marsh grade. Statistical analyses were performed using the t-test or chi-square test.
RESULTS
Among the 2884 patients, 73 were positive for serum anti-tTG IgA, and 50 were diagnosed with CD. The CD detection rate was significantly higher in Kazakhs (4.39%) than in Uyghurs (2.19%), Huis (0.71%), and Hans (0.55%). The main symptoms of CD were chronic diarrhea, anorexia, anemia, fatigue, weight loss, sleep disorders, osteopenia, and osteoporosis. The body mass index of patients with CD was significantly lower than that of patients without CD. A total of 69 patients with positive serum anti-tTG IgA and two patients with deficient total IgA levels underwent GI endoscopy. Endoscopy revealed crypt hyperplasia and/or duodenal villous atrophy, mainly manifested as nodular mucosal atrophy, grooves, and fissures. The difference in infection rates was not statistically significant between CD and non-CD patients but was significantly different among CD patients with different Marsh grades.
CONCLUSION
Among the patients with GI symptoms in northwestern China, the prevalence of CD was more in the Uyghur and Kazakh populations. infection may be associated with CD severity.
Topics: Atrophy; Autoantibodies; Celiac Disease; Duodenum; Helicobacter Infections; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Retrospective Studies; Transglutaminases
PubMed: 35431514
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i12.1272 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021The human salivary microbiota includes hundreds of bacterial species. Alterations in gut microbiota have been explored in Celiac Disease (CD), but fewer studies... (Review)
Review
The human salivary microbiota includes hundreds of bacterial species. Alterations in gut microbiota have been explored in Celiac Disease (CD), but fewer studies investigated the characteristics of salivary microbiome in these patients, despite the potential implications in its pathogenesis. Indeed, some recent studies suggested that the partial digestion of gluten proteins by some bacteria may affect the array of gluten peptides reaching the gut and the way by which those are presented to the intestinal immune system. The available clinical studies investigating the salivary microbiota in children and adults, are insufficient to make any reliable conclusion, even though some bacterial species/phyla differences have been reported between celiac patients and controls. However, the salivary microbiome could correlate better with the duodenal microbiota, than the fecal one. Therefore, further clinical studies on salivary microbiome by different and independent research groups and including different populations, are advisable in order to explore the usefulness of the salivary microbiome analysis and understand some aspects of CD pathogenesis with potential clinical and practical implications.
Topics: Adult; Celiac Disease; Child; Duodenum; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Glutens; Humans; Microbiota
PubMed: 33680992
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.625162 -
Clinical and Experimental Allergy :... Feb 2022Deaths attributed to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) are mainly due to severe hypoxemic respiratory failure. Although the inflammatory storm has been considered the...
BACKGROUND
Deaths attributed to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) are mainly due to severe hypoxemic respiratory failure. Although the inflammatory storm has been considered the main pathogenesis of severe COVID-19, hypersensitivity may be another important mechanism involved in severe cases, which have a perfect response to corticosteroids (CS).
METHOD
We detected the serum level of anti-SARS-CoV-2-spike S1 protein-specific IgE (SP-IgE) and anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein-specific IgE (NP-IgE) in COVID-19. Correlation of levels of specific IgE and clinical severity were analysed. Pulmonary function test and bronchial provocation test were conducted in early convalescence of COVID-19. We also obtained histological samples via endoscopy to detect the evidence of mast cell activation.
RESULT
The levels of serum SP-IgE and NP-IgE were significantly higher in severe cases, and were correlated with the total lung severity scores (TLSS) and the PaO /FiO ratio. Nucleocapsid protein could be detected in both airway and intestinal tissues, which was stained positive together with activated mast cells, binded with IgE. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) exists in the early convalescence of COVID-19. After the application of CS in severe COVID-19, SP-IgE and NP-IgE decreased, but maintained at a high level.
CONCLUSION
Hypersensitivity may be involved in severe COVID-19.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bronchi; COVID-19; Case-Control Studies; Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins; Duodenum; Female; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immunoglobulin E; Lung; Male; Mast Cells; Middle Aged; Mucous Membrane; Phosphoproteins; Recovery of Function; Respiratory Hypersensitivity; Retrospective Studies; SARS-CoV-2; Severity of Illness Index; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; Young Adult
PubMed: 34570395
DOI: 10.1111/cea.14023 -
BMC Surgery Nov 2022Distal duodenal resections are sometimes necessary for radical surgery, but how to restore duodenal continuity is still unclear. This study aimed at determining which...
BACKGROUND
Distal duodenal resections are sometimes necessary for radical surgery, but how to restore duodenal continuity is still unclear. This study aimed at determining which style of anastomosis was more suitable for the duodenojejunostomy after resection of distal duodenum.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
We retrospectively identified 34 patients who underwent distal duodenum resection at our center between January 2014 and December 2021. According to whether the end or the side of the proximal duodenum was involved in reconstruction, duodenojejunostomy were classified as End style (E-style) and Side style (S-style). Demographic data, clinicopathological details, and postoperative complications were analyzed between two groups.
RESULTS
Thirteen patients (38.2%) received E-style duodenojejunostomy, and 21 patients (62.8%) received S-style duodenojejunostomy. Comparative analysis showed that in group of E-style, patients had a lower rate of multivisceral resection(5/13 vs 18/21; P = 0.008), delayed gastric emptying (DGE) (1/13 vs 11/21; P = 0.011) and intraperitoneal infection (2/13 vs 12/21; P = 0.03). In this study, the incidence of major complications was up to 35.3% (12/34) and no patient died of complication in perioperative period. In two group, there was no difference in the incidence of major complications (E-style vs S-style: 3/13 vs 9/21; P = 0.292).
CONCLUSIONS
The E-style duodenojejunostomy for the reconstruction of distal duodenum resection is safe and feasible. The E-style anastomosis may have potential value in decreasing the occurrence of complications such as DGE and intraperitoneal infection, and the definitive advantages still need to be verified.
Topics: Humans; Retrospective Studies; Duodenum; Anastomosis, Surgical; Pancreaticoduodenectomy; Postoperative Complications
PubMed: 36434558
DOI: 10.1186/s12893-022-01850-2 -
BMC Pediatrics Mar 2023This study aims to summarize our experience in diagnosis and treatment of pediatric duodenal ulcer perforation in a National Center for Children's Health.
BACKGROUND
This study aims to summarize our experience in diagnosis and treatment of pediatric duodenal ulcer perforation in a National Center for Children's Health.
METHODS
Fifty-two children with duodenal perforation hospitalized in Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from January 2007 to December 2021 were retrospectively collected. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, patients with duodenal ulcer perforation were included in the group. They were divided into the surgery group and the conservative group according to whether they received surgery.
RESULTS
A total of 45 cases (35 males and 10 females) were included, with a median age of 13.0 (0.3-15.4) years. Forty cases (40/45, 88.9%) were over 6 years old, and 31 (31/45, 68.9%) were over 12 years old. Among the 45 cases, 32 cases (32/45, 71.1%) were examined for Helicobacter pylori (HP), and 25 (25/32, 78.1%) were positive. There were 13 cases in the surgery group and 32 cases in the conservative group, without a significant difference in age between the two groups (P = 0.625). All cases in the surgery group and the conservative group started with abdominal pain. The proportion of history time within 24 h in the two groups was 6/13 and 12/32 (P = 0.739), and the proportion of fever was 11/13 and 21/32 (P = 0.362). The proportion of pneumoperitoneum in the surgery group was higher than that in the conservative group (12/13 vs. 15/32, P = 0.013). The fasting days in the surgery group were shorter than those in the conservative group (7.7 ± 2.92 vs. 10.3 ± 2.78 days, P = 0.014). There was no significant difference in the total hospital stay (13.6 ± 5.60 vs14.8 ± 4.60 days, P = 0.531). The operation methods used in the surgery group were all simple sutures through laparotomy (9 cases) or laparoscopy (4 cases). All patients recovered smoothly after surgery.
CONCLUSION
Duodenal ulcer perforation in children is more common in adolescents, and HP infection is the main cause. Conservative treatment is safe and feasible, but the fasting time is longer than the surgery group. A simple suture is the main management for the surgery group.
Topics: Male; Female; Adolescent; Humans; Child; Duodenal Ulcer; Retrospective Studies; Helicobacter Infections; Laparoscopy; Peptic Ulcer Perforation
PubMed: 36997985
DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-03957-8 -
Veterinary Research Jun 2022This article focuses on the pathogenic significance of Helicobacter species naturally colonizing the stomach of dogs, cats and pigs. These gastric "non-Helicobacter (H.)... (Review)
Review
This article focuses on the pathogenic significance of Helicobacter species naturally colonizing the stomach of dogs, cats and pigs. These gastric "non-Helicobacter (H.) pylori Helicobacter species" (NHPH) are less well-known than the human adapted H. pylori. Helicobacter suis has been associated with gastritis and decreased daily weight gain in pigs. Several studies also attribute a role to this pathogen in the development of hyperkeratosis and ulceration of the non-glandular stratified squamous epithelium of the pars oesophagea of the porcine stomach. The stomach of dogs and cats can be colonized by several Helicobacter species but their pathogenic significance for these animals is probably low. Helicobacter suis as well as several canine and feline gastric Helicobacter species may also infect humans, resulting in gastritis, peptic and duodenal ulcers, and low-grade mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. These agents may be transmitted to humans most likely through direct or indirect contact with dogs, cats and pigs. Additional possible transmission routes include consumption of water and, for H. suis, also consumption of contaminated pork. It has been described that standard H. pylori eradication therapy is usually also effective to eradicate the NHPH in human patients, although acquired antimicrobial resistance may occasionally occur and porcine H. suis strains are intrinsically less susceptible to aminopenicillins than non-human primate H. suis strains and other gastric Helicobacter species. Virulence factors of H. suis and the canine and feline gastric Helicobacter species include urease activity, motility, chemotaxis, adhesins and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. These NHPH, however, lack orthologs of cytotoxin-associated gene pathogenicity island and vacuolating cytotoxin A, which are major virulence factors in H. pylori. It can be concluded that besides H. pylori, gastric Helicobacter species associated with dogs, cats and pigs are also clinically relevant in humans. Although recent research has provided better insights regarding pathogenic mechanisms and treatment strategies, a lot remains to be investigated, including true prevalence rates, exact modes of transmission and molecular pathways underlying disease development and progression.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Cytotoxins; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Gastric Mucosa; Gastritis; Helicobacter; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter heilmannii; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Swine; Swine Diseases; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 35692057
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01059-4 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022is an important human pathogen that infects half the human population and can lead to significant clinical outcomes such as acute and chronic gastritis, duodenal ulcer,... (Review)
Review
is an important human pathogen that infects half the human population and can lead to significant clinical outcomes such as acute and chronic gastritis, duodenal ulcer, and gastric adenocarcinoma. To establish infection, employs several mechanisms to overcome the innate and adaptive immune systems. can modulate interleukin (IL) secretion and innate immune cell function by the action of several virulence factors such as VacA, CagA and the type IV secretion system. Additionally, can modulate local dendritic cells (DC) negatively impacting the function of these cells, reducing the secretion of immune signaling molecules, and influencing the differentiation of CD4 T helper cells causing a bias to Th1 type cells. Furthermore, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of displays a high degree of phase variation and contains human blood group carbohydrate determinants such as the Lewis system antigens, which are proposed to be involved in molecular mimicry of the host. Lastly, the group of outer membrane proteins such as BabA play an important role in attachment and interaction with host Lewis and other carbohydrate antigens. This review examines the various mechanisms that utilises to evade the innate immune system as well as discussing how the structure of the LPS plays a role in immune evasion.
Topics: Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Immune Evasion; Lipopolysaccharides; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 35634347
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.868225