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Current Pain and Headache Reports Mar 2021This review aims to provide relevant, aggregate information about a variety of disinfectants and antiseptics, along with potential utility and limitations. While not... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This review aims to provide relevant, aggregate information about a variety of disinfectants and antiseptics, along with potential utility and limitations. While not exhaustive, this review's goal is to add to the body of literature available on this topic and give interventional providers and practitioners an additional resource to consider when performing procedures.
RECENT FINDINGS
In the current SARS-CoV2 epidemiological environment, infection control and costs associated with healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are of paramount importance. Even before the onset of SARS-CoV2, HAIs affected nearly 2million patients a year in the USA and resulted in nearly 90,000 deaths, all of which resulted in a cost to hospitals ranging from US$28 billion to 45 billion. The onset SARS-CoV2, though not spread by an airborne route, has heightened infection control protocols in hospitals and, as such, cast a renewed focus on disinfectants and their utility across different settings and organisms. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of disinfectants used in the inpatient setting.
Topics: Chlorine Compounds; Cross Infection; Disinfectants; Ethanol; Formaldehyde; Glutaral; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Iodophors; Oxides; Peracetic Acid; Phenol; Povidone-Iodine; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Sodium Hypochlorite; Triazines
PubMed: 33693989
DOI: 10.1007/s11916-021-00938-3 -
Cryobiology Dec 2015We describe here a new cryobiological and neurobiological technique, aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation (ASC), which demonstrates the relevance and utility of advanced...
We describe here a new cryobiological and neurobiological technique, aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation (ASC), which demonstrates the relevance and utility of advanced cryopreservation science for the neurobiological research community. ASC is a new brain-banking technique designed to facilitate neuroanatomic research such as connectomics research, and has the unique ability to combine stable long term ice-free sample storage with excellent anatomical resolution. To demonstrate the feasibility of ASC, we perfuse-fixed rabbit and pig brains with a glutaraldehyde-based fixative, then slowly perfused increasing concentrations of ethylene glycol over several hours in a manner similar to techniques used for whole organ cryopreservation. Once 65% w/v ethylene glycol was reached, we vitrified brains at -135 °C for indefinite long-term storage. Vitrified brains were rewarmed and the cryoprotectant removed either by perfusion or gradual diffusion from brain slices. We evaluated ASC-processed brains by electron microscopy of multiple regions across the whole brain and by Focused Ion Beam Milling and Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM) imaging of selected brain volumes. Preservation was uniformly excellent: processes were easily traceable and synapses were crisp in both species. Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation has many advantages over other brain-banking techniques: chemicals are delivered via perfusion, which enables easy scaling to brains of any size; vitrification ensures that the ultrastructure of the brain will not degrade even over very long storage times; and the cryoprotectant can be removed, yielding a perfusable aldehyde-preserved brain which is suitable for a wide variety of brain assays.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Ethylene Glycol; Glutaral; Rabbits; Swine; Tissue Banks; Vitrification
PubMed: 26408851
DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.09.003 -
The Journal of Thoracic and... Jun 2018
Topics: Aortic Valve; Glutaral; Pericardium
PubMed: 29567132
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.01.091 -
Circulation Journal : Official Journal... Sep 2018
Topics: Disinfection; Endocarditis; Glutaral; Humans; Mitral Valve
PubMed: 30175803
DOI: 10.1253/circj.CJ-18-0917 -
The Journal of Thoracic and... Jun 2018
Topics: Aortic Valve; Glutaral; Pericardium
PubMed: 29530579
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.01.075 -
International Journal of Biological... Mar 2022Polysaccharides and proteins are important macromolecules for developing hydrogels devoted to biomedical applications. Chemical hydrogels offer chemical, mechanical, and... (Review)
Review
Polysaccharides and proteins are important macromolecules for developing hydrogels devoted to biomedical applications. Chemical hydrogels offer chemical, mechanical, and dimensional stability than physical hydrogels due to the chemical bonds among the chains mediated by crosslinkers. There are many crosslinkers to synthesize polysaccharides and proteins based on hydrogels. In this review, we revisited the crosslinking reaction mechanisms between synthetic or natural crosslinkers and polysaccharides or proteins. The selected synthetic crosslinkers were glutaraldehyde, carbodiimide, boric acid, sodium trimetaphosphate, N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide, and polycarboxylic acid, whereas the selected natural crosslinkers included transglutaminase, tyrosinase, horseradish peroxidase, laccase, sortase A, genipin, vanillin, tannic acid, and phytic acid. No less important are the reactions involving click chemistry and the macromolecular crosslinkers for polysaccharides and proteins. Literature examples of polysaccharides or proteins crosslinked by the different strategies were presented along with the corresponding highlights. The general mechanism involved in chemical crosslinking mediated by gamma and UV radiation was discussed, with particular attention to materials commonly used in digital light processing. The evaluation of crosslinking efficiency by gravimetric measurements, rheology, and spectroscopic techniques was presented. Finally, we presented the challenges and opportunities to create safe chemical hydrogels for biomedical applications.
Topics: Click Chemistry; Cross-Linking Reagents; Glutaral; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hydrogels; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 35038469
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.029 -
TheScientificWorldJournal 2021Recently, an outbreak of a novel human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has become a world health concern leading to severe respiratory tract infections in humans. Virus... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Recently, an outbreak of a novel human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has become a world health concern leading to severe respiratory tract infections in humans. Virus transmission occurs through person-to-person contact, respiratory droplets, and contaminated hands or surfaces. Accordingly, we aim at reviewing the literature on all information available about the persistence of coronaviruses, including human and animal coronaviruses, on inanimate surfaces and inactivation strategies with biocides employed for chemical and physical disinfection.
METHOD
A comprehensive search was systematically conducted in main databases from 1998 to 2020 to identify various viral disinfectants associated with HCoV and methods for control and prevention of this newly emerged virus.
RESULTS
The analysis of 62 studies shows that human coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus or endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV), canine coronavirus (CCV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) can be efficiently inactivated by physical and chemical disinfectants at different concentrations (70, 80, 85, and 95%) of 2-propanol (70 and 80%) in less than or equal to 60 s and 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite within 1 minute. Additionally, glutaraldehyde (0.5-2%), formaldehyde (0.7-1%), and povidone-iodine (0.1-0.75%) could readily inactivate coronaviruses. Moreover, dry heat at 56°C, ultraviolet light dose of 0.2 to 140 J/cm, and gamma irradiation could effectively inactivate coronavirus. The WHO recommends the use of 0.1% sodium hypochlorite solution or an ethanol-based disinfectant with an ethanol concentration between 62% and 71%.
CONCLUSION
The results of the present study can help researchers, policymakers, health decision makers, and people perceive and take the correct measures to control and prevent further transmission of COVID-19. Prevention and decontamination will be the main ways to stop the ongoing outbreak of COVID-19.
Topics: 2-Propanol; Animals; COVID-19; Coronavirus, Canine; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Ethanol; Formaldehyde; Gamma Rays; Glutaral; Hot Temperature; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Mice; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus; Murine hepatitis virus; Povidone-Iodine; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; Sodium Hypochlorite; Transmissible gastroenteritis virus; Ultraviolet Rays; Virus Inactivation
PubMed: 34712107
DOI: 10.1155/2021/9342748 -
Biomolecules May 2021Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles, constantly undergoing shape changes, which are controlled by mitochondrial movement, fusion, and fission. Mitochondria play a...
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles, constantly undergoing shape changes, which are controlled by mitochondrial movement, fusion, and fission. Mitochondria play a pivotal role in various cellular processes under physiological and pathological conditions, including metabolism, superoxide generation, calcium homeostasis, and apoptosis. Abnormal mitochondrial morphology and mitochondrial protein expression are always closely related to the health status of cells. Analysis of mitochondrial morphology and mitochondrial protein expression in situ is widely used to reflect the abnormality of cell function in the chemical fixed sample. Paraformaldehyde (PFA), the most commonly used fixative in cellular immunostaining, still has disadvantages, including loss of antigenicity and disruption of morphology during fixation. We tested the effect of ethanol (ETHO), PFA, and glutaraldehyde (GA) fixation on cellular mitochondria. The results showed that 3% PFA and 1.5% GA (PFA-GA) combination reserved mitochondrial morphology better than them alone in situ in cells. Mitochondrial network and protein antigenicity were well maintained, indicated by preserved MitoTracker and mitochondrial immunostaining after PFA-GA fixation. Our results suggest that the PFA-GA combination is a valuable fixative for the study of mitochondria in situ.
Topics: Animals; Fixatives; Formaldehyde; Glutaral; Mice; Microscopy, Confocal; Mitochondria; Polymers
PubMed: 34068806
DOI: 10.3390/biom11050711 -
International Journal of Biological... Apr 2022Among the matrices for enzyme immobilization, activated carbon has been standing out in immobilization processes due to its properties and to its characteristics that...
Among the matrices for enzyme immobilization, activated carbon has been standing out in immobilization processes due to its properties and to its characteristics that provide superficial modification by inserting new functional groups capable of binding the enzymes forming covalent bonds. In this study the effect of different modification methods of activated carbon (functionalization with genipin, metallization, metallization in the presence of chelating agent, and functionalization with glutaraldehyde) on efficiency of pepsin immobilization was evaluated. The effect of immobilization pH and the reaction medium on hydrolysis activity of bovine casein was also evaluated. The functionalization of activated carbon using iron ions allowed an immobilization capacity of 98.93 mg·g, with immobilization efficiency greater than 99%, and enzyme activity of 2.30 U, which was higher than the other modifications, and closer to the enzyme in the native form activity (3.32 U). In general, the carbon surface modifications were responsible for forming more stable bonds between support and enzyme, improving its proteolytic activity (from 1.84 to 2.30 U) when compared to traditional immobilization methods by adsorption and covalent binding using glutaraldehyde (from 1.04 to 1.1 U).
Topics: Adsorption; Animals; Cattle; Enzyme Stability; Enzymes, Immobilized; Glutaral; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Pepsin A
PubMed: 35090943
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.135 -
Glutaraldehyde-pea protein grafted polysaccharide matrices for functioning as covalent immobilizers.Scientific Reports Jun 2023Three polysaccharide matrices (κ-Carrageenan (Carr), gellan gum, and agar) were grafted via glutaraldehyde (GA) and pea protein (PP). The grafted matrices covalently...
Three polysaccharide matrices (κ-Carrageenan (Carr), gellan gum, and agar) were grafted via glutaraldehyde (GA) and pea protein (PP). The grafted matrices covalently immobilized β-D-galactosidase (β-GL). Nonetheless, grafted Carr acquired the topmost amount of immobilized β-GL (iβ-GL). Thus, its grafting process was honed via Box-Behnken design and was further characterized via FTIR, EDX, and SEM. The optimal GA-PP-Carr grafting comprised processing Carr beads with 10% PP dispersion of pH 1 and 25% GA solution. The optimal GA-PP-Carr beads acquired 11.44 Ug iβ-GL with 45.49% immobilization efficiency. Both free and GA-PP-Carr iβ-GLs manifested their topmost activity at the selfsame temperature and pH. Nonetheless, the β-GL K and V values were reduced following immobilization. The GA-PP-Carr iβ-GL manifested good operational stability. Moreover, its storage stability was incremented where 91.74% activity was offered after 35 storage days. The GA-PP-Carr iβ-GL was utilized to degrade lactose in whey permeate with 81.90% lactose degradation efficiency.
Topics: Enzymes, Immobilized; Glutaral; Pea Proteins; Lactose; Temperature; Carrageenan; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Enzyme Stability; beta-Galactosidase
PubMed: 37277367
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36045-z