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Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Dec 2021Prevention is an attractive solution for the staggering and increasingly unmanageable burden of osteoarthritis. Despite this, the field of osteoarthritis prevention is... (Review)
Review
Prevention is an attractive solution for the staggering and increasingly unmanageable burden of osteoarthritis. Despite this, the field of osteoarthritis prevention is relatively immature. To date, most of what is known about preventing osteoarthritis and risk factors for osteoarthritis is relative to the disease (underlying biology and pathophysiology) of osteoarthritis, with few studies considering risk factors for osteoarthritis illness, the force driving the personal, financial and societal burden. In this narrative review we will discuss what is known about osteoarthritis prevention, propose actionable prevention strategies related to obesity and joint injury which have emerged as important modifiable risk factors, identify where evidence is lacking, and give insight into what might be possible in terms of prevention by focussing on a lifespan approach to the illness of osteoarthritis, as opposed to a structural disease of the elderly. By targeting a non-specialist audience including scientists, clinicians, students, industry employees and others that are interested in osteoarthritis but who do not necessarily focus on osteoarthritis, the goal is to generate discourse and motivate inquiry which propel the field of osteoarthritis prevention into the mainstream.
Topics: Bone Malalignment; Exercise; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Health Behavior; Health Promotion; Humans; Joints; Muscle Weakness; Osteoarthritis; Overweight; Patient Education as Topic; Risk Factors; Sex Factors
PubMed: 34560260
DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.06.015 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Sep 2020Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint degenerative disease leading to irreversible structural and functional changes in the joint and is a major cause of... (Review)
Review
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint degenerative disease leading to irreversible structural and functional changes in the joint and is a major cause of disability and reduced life expectancy in ageing population. Despite the high prevalence of OA, there is no disease modifying drug available for the management of OA. Oxidative stress, a result of an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their clearance by antioxidant defense system, is high in OA cartilage and is a major cause of chronic inflammation. Inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are highly upregulated in OA joints and induce ROS production and expression of matrix degrading proteases leading to cartilage extracellular matrix degradation and joint dysfunction. ROS and inflammation are interdependent, each being the target of other and represent ideal target/s for the treatment of OA. Plant polyphenols possess potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and can inhibit ROS production and inflammation in chondrocytes, cartilage explants and in animal models of OA. The aim of this review is to discuss the chondroprotective effects of polyphenols and modulation of different molecular pathways associated with OA pathogenesis and limitations and future prospects of polyphenols in OA treatment.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Antioxidants; Antirheumatic Agents; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Joints; Osteoarthritis; Oxidative Stress; Polyphenols; Reactive Oxygen Species; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 32768946
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110452 -
The Journal of Arthroplasty Jul 2014
Topics: Arthritis, Infectious; Humans; International Cooperation; Joints; Male; Orthopedics; Philadelphia; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Societies, Medical
PubMed: 24768547
DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2014.03.009 -
Developmental Dynamics : An Official... Apr 2017Here we review studies identifying regulatory networks responsible for synovial, cartilaginous, and fibrous joint development. Synovial joints, characterized by the... (Review)
Review
Here we review studies identifying regulatory networks responsible for synovial, cartilaginous, and fibrous joint development. Synovial joints, characterized by the fluid-filled synovial space between the bones, are found in high-mobility regions and are the most common type of joint. Cartilaginous joints such as the intervertebral disc unite adjacent bones through either a hyaline cartilage or a fibrocartilage intermediate. Fibrous joints, which include the cranial sutures, form a direct union between bones through fibrous connective tissue. We describe how the distinct morphologic and histogenic characteristics of these joint classes are established during embryonic development. Collectively, these studies reveal that despite the heterogeneity of joint strength and mobility, joint development throughout the skeleton utilizes common signaling networks via long-range morphogen gradients and direct cell-cell contact. This suggests that different joint types represent specialized variants of homologous developmental modules. Identifying the unifying aspects of the signaling networks between joint classes allows a more complete understanding of the signaling code for joint formation, which is critical to improving strategies for joint regeneration and repair. Developmental Dynamics 246:262-274, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topics: Animals; Cartilage, Articular; Gene Regulatory Networks; Humans; Joint Capsule; Joints; Morphogenesis; Regeneration; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 27859991
DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24472 -
European Journal of Immunology Jan 2023Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by persistent articular inflammation and joint damage. RA was first described over 200... (Review)
Review
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by persistent articular inflammation and joint damage. RA was first described over 200 years ago; however, its etiology and pathophysiology remain insufficiently understood. The current treatment of RA is mainly empirical or based on the current understanding of etiology with limited efficacy and/or substantial side effects. Thus, the development of safer and more potent therapeutics, validated and optimized in experimental models, is urgently required. To improve the transition from bench to bedside, researchers must carefully select the appropriate experimental models as well as draw the right conclusions. Here, we summarize the establishment, pathological features, potential mechanisms, advantages, and limitations of the currently available RA models. The aim of the review is to help researchers better understand available RA models; discuss future trends in RA model development, which can help highlight new translational and human-based avenues in RA research.
Topics: Humans; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Joints; Models, Theoretical
PubMed: 36330559
DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249962 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disabling disease with significant morbidity worldwide. OA attacks the large synovial joint, including the peripheral joints and... (Review)
Review
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disabling disease with significant morbidity worldwide. OA attacks the large synovial joint, including the peripheral joints and temporomandibular joint (TMJ). As a representative of peripheral joint OA, knee OA shares similar symptoms with TMJ OA. However, these two joints also display differences based on their distinct development, anatomy, and physiology. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are phospholipid bilayer nanoparticles, including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. EVs contain proteins, lipids, DNA, micro-RNA, and mRNA that regulate tissue homeostasis and cell-to-cell communication, which play an essential role in the progression and treatment of OA. They are likely to partake in mechanical response, extracellular matrix degradation, and inflammatory regulation during OA. More evidence has shown that synovial fluid and synovium-derived EVs may serve as OA biomarkers. More importantly, mesenchymal stem cell-derived EV shows a therapeutic effect on OA. However, the different function of EVs in these two joints is largely unknown based on their distinct biological characteristic. Here, we reviewed the effects of EVs in OA progression and compared the difference between the knee joint and TMJ, and summarized their potential therapeutic role in the treatment of OA.
Topics: Humans; Osteoarthritis; Temporomandibular Joint; Extracellular Vesicles; Synovial Membrane; Synovial Fluid
PubMed: 36950682
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1158744 -
Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 2016Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition (CPPD) associates with ageing, osteoarthritis (OA), uncommon metabolic diseases, mutations and polymorphisms in the ankylosis... (Review)
Review
Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition (CPPD) associates with ageing, osteoarthritis (OA), uncommon metabolic diseases, mutations and polymorphisms in the ankylosis human gene (ANKH). CPPD is frequently polyarticular, occurs due to a generalised articular predisposition, and the association between CPPD and OA is joint specific, for example CPPD associates with knee OA, but not with hip OA. Other recently identified associations include knee malalignment (knee CC), low cortical BMD and soft-tissue calcification. CPPD is generally asymptomatic. A recent study reported that knees with OA plus CC at the index joint, or at distant joints (in absence of index joint CC), were more likely to have attrition. CPPD can cause acute CPP crystal arthritis, chronic CPP crystal inflammatory arthritis, and is frequently present in joints with OA. Joint aspiration remains the gold standard for diagnosing CPPD, although other promising techniques are emerging. Patients with polyarticular or young onset CPPD should be screened for underlying metabolic abnormalities, however, such testing can be unrewarding. The treatment of CPPD is symptomatic. Acute CPP crystal arthritis is treated with rest, local application of ice-packs, joint aspiration, colchicine and/or intra-articular corticosteroid injection (once infection is excluded). Colchicine, low-dose corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine and radiosynovectomy are recommended for the treatment of chronic or recurrent acute CPP crystal arthritis. Recent RCTs did not confirm any benefit from methotrexate, and although there is increasing interest in the use of anti-IL1 agents for acute or chronic CPP crystal arthritis, their efficacy has not been formally examined. Unlike gout, currently there are no treatments to eliminate CPP crystal deposits.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Arthroplasty, Replacement; Calcium Pyrophosphate; Crystal Arthropathies; Crystallization; Humans; Joint Prosthesis; Joints; Risk Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 27586801
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Biomechanics Mar 2015The mechanics of contacting cartilage layers is fundamentally important to understanding the development, homeostasis and pathology of diarthrodial joints. Because of... (Review)
Review
The mechanics of contacting cartilage layers is fundamentally important to understanding the development, homeostasis and pathology of diarthrodial joints. Because of the highly nonlinear nature of both the materials and the contact problem itself, numerical methods such as the finite element method are typically incorporated to obtain solutions. Over the course of five decades, we have moved from an initial qualitative understanding of articular cartilage material behavior to the ability to perform complex, three-dimensional contact analysis, including multiphasic material representations. This history includes the development of analytical and computational contact analysis methods that now provide the ability to perform highly nonlinear analyses. Numerical implementations of contact analysis based on the finite element method are rapidly advancing and will soon enable patient-specific analysis of joint contact mechanics using models based on medical image data. In addition to contact stress on the articular surfaces, these techniques can predict variations in strain and strain through the cartilage layers, providing the basis to predict damage and failure. This opens up exciting areas for future research and application to patient-specific diagnosis and treatment planning applied to a variety of pathologies that affect joint function and cartilage homeostasis.
Topics: Cartilage, Articular; Humans; Joints; Patient-Specific Modeling
PubMed: 25698236
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.12.020 -
Current Opinion in Pharmacology Jun 2018Intra-articular (IA) injections directly deliver high concentrations of therapeutics to the joint space and are routinely used in various musculoskeletal conditions such... (Review)
Review
Intra-articular (IA) injections directly deliver high concentrations of therapeutics to the joint space and are routinely used in various musculoskeletal conditions such as osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, current IA-injected drugs are rapidly cleared and do not significantly affect the course of joint disease. In this review, we highlight recent developments in IA therapy, with a special emphasis on current and emerging therapeutic carriers and their potential to deliver disease-modifying treatment modalities for arthritis. Recent IA approaches concentrate on platforms that are safe with efficient tissue penetration, and readily translatable for controlled and sustained delivery of therapeutic agents. Gene therapy delivered by viral or non-viral vectors and cell-based therapy for cartilage preservation and regeneration are being intensively explored.
Topics: Animals; Antirheumatic Agents; Delayed-Action Preparations; Dosage Forms; Drug Carriers; Drug Compounding; Drug Development; Drug Discovery; Gene Transfer Techniques; Genetic Therapy; Genetic Vectors; Humans; Injections, Intra-Articular; Joint Diseases; Joints
PubMed: 29625332
DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.03.013 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Oct 2020This review gives a summary of osteoarthritis (OA) of the spine involving the facet and the sacroiliac joints. Facet joint OA is widely prevalent in adults, and is... (Review)
Review
This review gives a summary of osteoarthritis (OA) of the spine involving the facet and the sacroiliac joints. Facet joint OA is widely prevalent in adults, and is thought to be a common cause of back and neck pain. The prevalence of facet and SI-joint mediated pain increases with age, suggesting that OA might have a particularly important role in older adults with spinal pain. Treatment options of symptomatic facet- and SI-joint degeneration consist of non-opioid analgesics, physiotherapy or in patients with persistent back or leg pain of either spinal decompression or fusion.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Lumbar Vertebrae; Neck Pain; Osteoarthritis; Prevalence; Sacroiliac Joint; Zygapophyseal Joint
PubMed: 33046194
DOI: No ID Found