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The Journal of International Medical... Feb 2022To analyse macrolide resistance and molecular characteristics of clinical isolates from western China, and to explore the relationship between macrolide-resistance and...
OBJECTIVE
To analyse macrolide resistance and molecular characteristics of clinical isolates from western China, and to explore the relationship between macrolide-resistance and genotypes.
METHODS
Susceptibilities of clinical isolates to erythromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin were determined by epsilometer test (E-test). Isolated strains were sequenced to ascertain the presence of the 23S rRNA gene A2047G mutation. Strains were typed using multilocus antigen sequence typing, multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).
RESULTS
Of 58 strains isolated in this study, 46 were macrolide-resistant and 12 were macrolide sensitive. All macrolide-resistant strains carried the A2047G mutation and were the //// genotype; the MLVA types were MT195 (19/58), MT55 (13/58) and MT104 (14/58), and the PFGE profiles were classified into BpSR23 (17/58) and BpFINR9 (29/58) types. None of the macrolide-sensitive strains carried the A2047G mutation; genotypes were ( or )////, and all were MT27. PFGE profiles differed from the macrolide-resistant strains.
CONCLUSIONS
clinical isolates from western China were severely resistant to macrolides. Genotypes differed between macrolide-resistant and macrolide-sensitive strains, and there may be a correlation between acquisition of macrolide resistance and changes in specific molecular types.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bordetella pertussis; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Genotype; Humans; Macrolides; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 35225710
DOI: 10.1177/03000605221078782 -
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Dec 2016The macrolide class of antibiotics, including the early generation macrolides erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin, have been used broadly for treatment of... (Review)
Review
The macrolide class of antibiotics, including the early generation macrolides erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin, have been used broadly for treatment of respiratory tract infections. An increase of treatment failures of early generation macrolides is due to the upturn in bacterial macrolide resistance to 48% in the US and over 80% in Asian countries and has led to the use of alternate therapies, such as fluoroquinolones. The safety of the fluoroquinolones is now in question and alternate antibiotics for the outpatient treatment of community acquired bacterial pneumonia are needed. Telithromycin, approved in 2003, is no longer used owing to serious adverse events, collectively called the 'Ketek effects'. Telithromycin has a side chain pyridine moiety that blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Blockade of these receptors is known experimentally to cause the side effects seen with telithromycin in patients use. Solithromycin is a new macrolide, the first fluoroketolide, which has been tested successfully in two Phase 3 trials and is undergoing regulatory review at the FDA. Solithromycin is differentiated from telithromycin chemically and biologically in that its side chain is chemically different and does not significantly block nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Solithromycin was well tolerated and effective in clinical trials.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Macrolides; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Conformation; Respiratory Tract Infections; Triazoles
PubMed: 27595539
DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.08.035 -
Nature Communications Jul 2023Antibiotic resistance ABC-Fs (ARE ABC-Fs) are translation factors that provide resistance against clinically important ribosome-targeting antibiotics which are...
Antibiotic resistance ABC-Fs (ARE ABC-Fs) are translation factors that provide resistance against clinically important ribosome-targeting antibiotics which are proliferating among pathogens. Here, we combine genetic and structural approaches to determine the regulation of streptococcal ARE ABC-F gene msrD in response to macrolide exposure. We show that binding of cladinose-containing macrolides to the ribosome prompts insertion of the leader peptide MsrDL into a crevice of the ribosomal exit tunnel, which is conserved throughout bacteria and eukaryotes. This leads to a local rearrangement of the 23 S rRNA that prevents peptide bond formation and accommodation of release factors. The stalled ribosome obstructs the formation of a Rho-independent terminator structure that prevents msrD transcriptional attenuation. Erythromycin induction of msrD expression via MsrDL, is suppressed by ectopic expression of mrsD, but not by mutants which do not provide antibiotic resistance, showing correlation between MsrD function in antibiotic resistance and its action on this stalled complex.
Topics: Humans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Macrolides; Abducens Nerve Diseases; Accommodation, Ocular
PubMed: 37393329
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39553-8 -
Nature Communications Jul 2023The ever-growing rise of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens is one of the top healthcare threats today. Although combination antibiotic therapies represent...
The ever-growing rise of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens is one of the top healthcare threats today. Although combination antibiotic therapies represent a potential approach to more efficiently combat infections caused by susceptible and drug-resistant bacteria, only a few known drug pairs exhibit synergy/cooperativity in killing bacteria. Here, we discover that well-known ribosomal antibiotics, hygromycin A (HygA) and macrolides, which target peptidyl transferase center and peptide exit tunnel, respectively, can act cooperatively against susceptible and drug-resistant bacteria. Remarkably, HygA slows down macrolide dissociation from the ribosome by 60-fold and enhances the otherwise weak antimicrobial activity of the newest-generation macrolide drugs known as ketolides against macrolide-resistant bacteria. By determining a set of high-resolution X-ray crystal structures of drug-sensitive wild-type and macrolide-resistant Erm-methylated 70S ribosomes in complex with three HygA-macrolide pairs, we provide a structural rationale for the binding cooperativity of these drugs and also uncover the molecular mechanism of overcoming Erm-type resistance by macrolides acting together with hygromycin A. Altogether our structural, biochemical, and microbiological findings lay the foundation for the subsequent development of synergistic antibiotic tandems with improved bactericidal properties against drug-resistant pathogens, including those expressing erm genes.
Topics: Macrolides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cinnamates; Hygromycin B; Ketolides; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Bacteria; Drug Resistance, Bacterial
PubMed: 37452045
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39653-5 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Mar 2018Bronchiectasis is a chronic respiratory disease characterised by abnormal and irreversible dilatation and distortion of the smaller airways. Bacterial colonisation of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Bronchiectasis is a chronic respiratory disease characterised by abnormal and irreversible dilatation and distortion of the smaller airways. Bacterial colonisation of the damaged airways leads to chronic cough and sputum production, often with breathlessness and further structural damage to the airways. Long-term macrolide antibiotic therapy may suppress bacterial infection and reduce inflammation, leading to fewer exacerbations, fewer symptoms, improved lung function, and improved quality of life. Further evidence is required on the efficacy of macrolides in terms of specific bacterial eradication and the extent of antibiotic resistance.
OBJECTIVES
To determine the impact of macrolide antibiotics in the treatment of adults and children with bronchiectasis.
SEARCH METHODS
We identified trials from the Cochrane Airways Trials Register, which contains studies identified through multiple electronic searches and handsearches of other sources. We also searched trial registries and reference lists of primary studies. We conducted all searches on 18 January 2018.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of at least four weeks' duration that compared macrolide antibiotics with placebo or no intervention for the long-term management of stable bronchiectasis in adults or children with a diagnosis of bronchiectasis by bronchography, plain film chest radiograph, or high-resolution computed tomography. We excluded studies in which participants had received continuous or high-dose antibiotics immediately before enrolment or before a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis, sarcoidosis, or allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Our primary outcomes were exacerbation, hospitalisation, and serious adverse events.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently screened the titles and abstracts of 103 records. We independently screened the full text of 40 study reports and included 15 trials from 30 reports. Two review authors independently extracted outcome data and assessed risk of bias for each study. We analysed dichotomous data as odds ratios (ORs) and continuous data as mean differences (MDs) or standardised mean differences (SMDs). We used standard methodological procedures as expected by Cochrane.
MAIN RESULTS
We included 14 parallel-group RCTs and one cross-over RCT with interventions lasting from 8 weeks to 24 months. Of 11 adult studies with 690 participants, six used azithromycin, four roxithromycin, and one erythromycin. Four studies with 190 children used either azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, or roxithromycin.We included nine adult studies in our comparison between macrolides and placebo and two in our comparison with no intervention. We included one study with children in our comparison between macrolides and placebo and one in our comparison with no intervention.In adults, macrolides reduced exacerbation frequency to a greater extent than placebo (OR 0.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.22 to 0.54; 341 participants; three studies; I = 65%; moderate-quality evidence). This translates to a number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome of 4 (95% CI 3 to 8). Data show no differences in exacerbation frequency between use of macrolides (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.08 to 1.15; 43 participants; one study; moderate-quality evidence) and no intervention. Macrolides were also associated with a significantly better quality of life compared with placebo (MD -8.90, 95% CI -13.13 to -4.67; 68 participants; one study; moderate-quality evidence). We found no evidence of a reduction in hospitalisations (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.19 to 1.62; 151 participants; two studies; I = 0%; low-quality evidence), in the number of participants with serious adverse events, including pneumonia, respiratory and non-respiratory infections, haemoptysis, and gastroenteritis (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.20 to 1.23; 326 participants; three studies; I = 0%; low-quality evidence), or in the number experiencing adverse events (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.51 to 1.35; 435 participants; five studies; I = 28%) in adults with macrolides compared with placebo.In children, there were no differences in exacerbation frequency (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.11 to 1.41; 89 children; one study; low-quality evidence); hospitalisations (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.07 to 1.11; 89 children; one study; low-quality evidence), serious adverse events, defined within the study as exacerbations of bronchiectasis or investigations related to bronchiectasis (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.17 to 1.05; 89 children; one study; low-quality evidence), or adverse events (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.33 to 1.83; 89 children; one study), in those receiving macrolides compared to placebo. The same study reported an increase in macrolide-resistant bacteria (OR 7.13, 95% CI 2.13 to 23.79; 89 children; one study), an increase in resistance to Streptococcus pneumoniae (OR 13.20, 95% CI 1.61 to 108.19; 89 children; one study), and an increase in resistance to Staphylococcus aureus (OR 4.16, 95% CI 1.06 to 16.32; 89 children; one study) with macrolides compared with placebo. Quality of life was not reported in the studies with children.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Long-term macrolide therapy may reduce the frequency of exacerbations and improve quality of life, although supporting evidence is derived mainly from studies of azithromycin, rather than other macrolides, and predominantly among adults rather than children. However, macrolides should be used with caution, as limited data indicate an associated increase in microbial resistance. Macrolides are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular death and other serious adverse events in other populations, and available data cannot exclude a similar risk among patients with bronchiectasis.
Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Bronchiectasis; Child, Preschool; Clarithromycin; Erythromycin; Humans; Macrolides; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Roxithromycin
PubMed: 29543980
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012406.pub2 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Jun 2018Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition that affects over 300 million adults and children worldwide. It is characterised by wheeze, cough, chest tightness, and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition that affects over 300 million adults and children worldwide. It is characterised by wheeze, cough, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Symptoms typically are intermittent and may worsen over a short time, leading to an exacerbation. Asthma exacerbations can be serious, leading to hospitalisation or even death in rare cases. Exacerbations may be treated by increasing an individual's usual medication and providing additional medication, such as oral steroids. Although antibiotics are sometimes included in the treatment regimen, bacterial infections are thought to be responsible for only a minority of exacerbations, and current guidance states that antibiotics should be reserved for cases in which clear signs, symptoms, or laboratory test results are suggestive of bacterial infection.
OBJECTIVES
To determine the efficacy and safety of antibiotics in the treatment of asthma exacerbations.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Airways Trials Register, which contains records compiled from multiple electronic and handsearched resources. We also searched trial registries and reference lists of primary studies. We conducted the most recent search in October 2017.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included studies comparing antibiotic therapy for asthma exacerbations in adults or children versus placebo or usual care not involving an antibiotic. We allowed studies including any type of antibiotic, any dose, and any duration, providing the aim was to treat the exacerbation. We included parallel studies of any duration conducted in any setting and planned to include cluster trials. We excluded cross-over trials. We included studies reported as full-text articles, those published as abstracts only, and unpublished data.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
At least two review authors screened the search results for eligible studies. We extracted outcome data, assessed risk of bias in duplicate, and resolved discrepancies by involving another review author. We analysed dichotomous data as odds ratios (ORs) or risk differences (RDs), and continuous data as mean differences (MDs), all with a fixed-effect model. We described skewed data narratively. We graded the results and presented evidence in 'Summary of findings' tables for each comparison. Primary outcomes were intensive care unit/high dependence unit (ICU/HDU) admission, duration of symptoms/exacerbations, and all adverse events. Seconday outcomes were mortality, length of hospital admission, relapse after index presentation, and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR).
MAIN RESULTS
Six studies met our inclusion criteria and included a total of 681 adults and children with exacerbations of asthma. Mean age in the three studies in adults ranged from 36.2 to 41.2 years. The three studies in children applied varied inclusion criteria, ranging from one to 18 years of age. Five studies explicitly excluded participants with obvious signs and symptoms of bacterial infection (i.e. those clearly meeting current guidance to receive antibiotics). Four studies investigated macrolide antibiotics, and two studies investigated penicillin (amoxicillin and ampicillin) antibiotics; both studies using penicillin were conducted over 35 years ago. Five studies compared antibiotics versus placebo, and one was open-label. Study follow-up ranged from one to twelve weeks. Trials were of varied methodological quality, and we were able to perform only limited meta-analysis.None of the included trials reported ICU/HDU admission, although one participant in the placebo group of a study including children with status asthmaticus experienced a respiratory arrest and was ventilated. Four studies reported asthma symptoms, but we were able to combine results for only two macrolide studies of 416 participants; the MD in diary card symptom score was -0.34 (95% confidence interval (CI) -0.60 to -0.08), with lower scores (on a 7 point scale) denoting improved symptoms. Two macrolide studies reported symptom-free days. One study of 255 adults authors reported the percentage of symptom-free days at 10 days as 16% in the antibiotic group and 8% in the placebo group. In a further study of 40 children study authors reported significantly more symptom-free days at all time points in the antibiotic group compared with the usual care group. The same study reported the duration in days of the index asthma exacerbation, again favouring the antibiotic group. One study of a penicillin including 69 participants reported asthma symptoms at hospital discharge; the between-group difference for both studies was reported as non-significant.We combined data for serious adverse events from three studies involving 502 participants, but events were rare; the three trials reported only 10 events: five in the antibiotic group and five in the placebo group. We combined data for all adverse events (AEs) from three studies, but the effect estimate is imprecise (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.43). No deaths were reported in any of the included studies.Two studies investigating penicillins reported admission duration; neither study reported a between-group difference. In one study (263 participants) of macrolides, two participants in each arm were reported as experiencing a relapse, defined as a further exacerbation, by the six-week time points. We combined PEFR endpoint results at 10 days for two macrolide studies; the result favoured antibiotics over placebo (MD 23.42 L/min, 95% CI 5.23 to 41.60). One study in children reported the maximum peak flow recorded during the follow-up period, favouring the clarithromycin group, but the confidence interval includes no difference (MD 38.80, 95% CI -11.19 to 88.79).Grading of outcomes ranged from moderate to very low quality, with quality of outcomes downgraded for suspicion of publication bias, indirectness, imprecision, and poor methodological quality of studies.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
We found limited evidence that antibiotics given at the time of an asthma exacerbation may improve symptoms and PEFR at follow-up compared with standard care or placebo. However, findings were inconsistent across the six heterogeneous studies included, two of the studies were conducted over 30 years ago and most of the participants included in this review were recruited from emergency departments, limiting the applicability of findings to this population. Therefore we have limited confidence in the results. We found insufficient evidence about several patient-important outcomes (e.g. hospital admission) to form conclusions. We were unable to rule out a difference between groups in terms of all adverse events, but serious adverse events were rare.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Age Factors; Amoxicillin; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Asthma; Child; Disease Progression; Humans; Length of Stay; Macrolides; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 29938789
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002741.pub2 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Nov 2023Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) is on the CDC Watch List of Antimicrobial Resistance Threats, yet there is no systematic surveillance to monitor change.
BACKGROUND
Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) is on the CDC Watch List of Antimicrobial Resistance Threats, yet there is no systematic surveillance to monitor change.
METHODS
We initiated surveillance in sexual health clinics in 6 cities, selecting a quota sample of urogenital specimens tested for gonorrhea and/or chlamydia. We abstracted patient data from medical records and detected MG and macrolide-resistance mutations (MRMs) by nucleic acid amplification testing. We used Poisson regression to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) and 95% CIs, adjusting for sampling criteria (site, birth sex, symptom status).
RESULTS
From October-December 2020 we tested 1743 urogenital specimens: 57.0% from males, 46.1% from non-Hispanic Black persons, and 43.8% from symptomatic patients. MG prevalence was 16.6% (95% CI: 14.9-18.5%; site-specific range: 9.9-23.5%) and higher in St Louis (aPR: 1.9; 1.27-2.85), Greensboro (aPR: 1.8; 1.18-2.79), and Denver (aPR: 1.7; 1.12-2.44) than Seattle. Prevalence was highest in persons <18 years (30.4%) and declined 3% per each additional year of age (aPR: .97; .955-.982). MG was detected in 26.8%, 21.1%, 11.8%, and 15.4% of urethritis, vaginitis, cervicitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), respectively. It was present in 9% of asymptomatic males and 15.4% of asymptomatic females, and associated with male urethritis (aPR: 1.7; 1.22-2.50) and chlamydia (aPR: 1.7; 1.13-2.53). MRM prevalence was 59.1% (95% CI: 53.1-64.8%; site-specific range: 51.3-70.6%). MRMs were associated with vaginitis (aPR: 1.8; 1.14-2.85), cervicitis (aPR: 3.5; 1.69-7.30), and PID cervicitis (aPR: 1.8; 1.09-3.08).
CONCLUSIONS
MG infection is common in persons at high risk of sexually transmitted infections; testing symptomatic patients would facilitate appropriate therapy. Macrolide resistance is high and azithromycin should not be used without resistance testing.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Urethritis; Mycoplasma genitalium; Uterine Cervicitis; Sexual Health; Macrolides; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Vaginitis; Mycoplasma Infections; Prevalence
PubMed: 37402645
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad405 -
Jornal de Pediatria 2015To review the mechanisms of action of macrolides in pediatric respiratory diseases and their clinical indications. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To review the mechanisms of action of macrolides in pediatric respiratory diseases and their clinical indications.
SOURCES
Review in the PubMed database, comprising the following terms in English: "macrolide and asthma"; "macrolide and cystic fibrosis"; "macrolide bronchiolitis and viral acute"; "macrolide and bronchiolitis obliterans" and "macrolide and non-CF bronchiectasis".
SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS
The spectrum of action of macrolides includes production of inflammatory mediators, control of mucus hypersecretion, and modulation of host-defense mechanisms. The potential benefit of macrolide antibiotics has been studied in a variety of lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis (CF), bronchiectasis, asthma, acute bronchiolitis, and non-CF bronchiectasis. Several studies have evaluated the benefits of macrolides in asthma refractory to therapy, but the results are controversial and indications should be limited to specific phenotypes. In viral bronchiolitis, there is no consistent benefit in acute conditions, although recent data have shown an effect in recurrent wheezing prevention. In patients with CF results are also contradictory, but the consensus states there is a small clinical benefit, especially for patients infected with P. aeruginosa. There was also no positive action of macrolides in patients with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans. Children with non-CF bronchiectasis seem to have clear benefits regarding the use of macrolides, which showed clinical advantages in parenchyma protection and lung function.
CONCLUSIONS
The long-term use of macrolides should be limited to highly selected situations, especially in patients with bronchiectasis. Careful evaluation of the benefits and potential damage are tools for their indication in specific groups.
Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Asthma; Bronchiectasis; Bronchiolitis; Child; Cystic Fibrosis; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Lung Diseases; Macrolides
PubMed: 26354869
DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2015.08.002 -
Respiratory Medicine Oct 2023Macrolide-resistant Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease is very difficult to cure. Macrolide-resistance emerges in patients and is largely preventable by...
BACKGROUND
Macrolide-resistant Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease is very difficult to cure. Macrolide-resistance emerges in patients and is largely preventable by appropriate screening and treatment practices.
METHODS
Patients with macrolide-resistant MAC isolates between March 2019 and March 2022 were retrieved from the mycobacteriology reference laboratory database at Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Clinical consultation reports were extracted from the database to assess the cause of macrolide resistance.
RESULTS
Sixteen patients with macrolide-resistant MAC disease were included, from a total of 815 patients with MAC isolates (2%); Macrolide monotherapy in bronchiectasis or CF was the most frequent cause of development of macrolide-resistance MAC disease (n = 8; 50%). Short (n = 3; mean duration 9 months, range 6-12) or guideline non-compliant (n = 2) treatment regimens and patient non-adherence (n = 2) were other key causes of macrolide-resistance.
CONCLUSIONS
Macrolide monotherapy after inappropriate screening is the most frequent cause of macrolide-resistant Mycobacterium avium complex disease in the Netherlands. Educational efforts are needed to prevent this.
Topics: Humans; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Macrolides; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Lung Diseases
PubMed: 37481170
DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2023.107366 -
Poultry Science Mar 2023Riemerella anatipestifer is an important pathogen in waterfowl, and is generally multidrug resistant. This study assessed the current status of Riemerella anatipestifer...
Riemerella anatipestifer is an important pathogen in waterfowl, and is generally multidrug resistant. This study assessed the current status of Riemerella anatipestifer antibiotic resistance and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs), compared the results of different detection methods, and evaluated a new method of studying the association between antibiotic resistance and ARGs in Riemerella anatipestifer. In this study, 51 strains of Riemerella anatipestifer were isolated from ducks on several farms, their resistance to 28 antibiotics was assessed, and the isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing. The number of ARGs carried by Riemerella anatipestifer was predicted, compared, and analyzed, and the consistency between ARGs and antibiotic-resistance phenotypes was assessed. The potential for loss of resistance genes during the sequencing and assembly of genome-wide framework map was assessed, and a new ARG detection method was pilot tested. The 51 strains of Riemerella anatipestifer were multidrug resistant (MDR) and had high level of resistance to aminoglycosides, trimethoprim, lincosamides, polypeptides, and macrolides. Based on the genome-wide framework map of the 51 strains, 3 local databases of ABRicate software and 1 online database of CARD website were used to detect ARGs, and a mean of 4 to 5 ARGs were identified per isolate. Although the detection results differed according to the database used, the general performance was consistent. The online website detected more types of ARGs than the ABRicate software. The association between ARGs and antibiotic-resistance phenotypes was assessed, and the ermF gene was identified as a possible key ARGs regulating macrolide resistance of Riemerella anatipestifer. The method used to investigate and detect Riemerella anatipestifer ARGs was convenient and rapid, and had strong accuracy and pertinence. The ARGs detection method reported here combined the advantages of PCR and genome detection, and could greatly reduce workload and detect ARGs more precisely.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Macrolides; Chickens; Riemerella; Ducks; Flavobacteriaceae Infections; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 36580762
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102405