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Research in Veterinary Science Aug 2018Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy can non-invasively treat a variety of pathologies by delivering electric and magnetic fields to tissues via inductive coils.... (Review)
Review
Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy can non-invasively treat a variety of pathologies by delivering electric and magnetic fields to tissues via inductive coils. The electromagnetic fields generated by these devices have been found to affect a variety of biological processes and basic science understanding of the underlying mechanisms of action of PEMF treatment has accelerated in the last 10 years. Accumulating clinical evidence supports the use of PEMF therapy in both animals and humans for specific clinical indications including bone healing, wound healing, osteoarthritis and inflammation, and treatment of post-operative pain and edema. While there is some confusion about PEMF as a clinical treatment modality, it is increasingly being prescribed by veterinarians. In an effort to unravel the confusion surrounding PEMF devices, this article reviews important PEMF history, device taxonomy, mechanisms of action, basic science and clinical evidence, and relevant trends in veterinary medicine. The data reviewed underscore the usefulness of PEMF treatment as a safe, non-invasive treatment modality that has the potential to become an important stand-alone or adjunctive treatment modality in veterinary care.
Topics: Animals; Electromagnetic Fields; Humans; Magnetic Field Therapy; Wound Healing
PubMed: 29775839
DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.05.005 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2023Biomagnetism is the measurement of the weak magnetic fields produced by nerves and muscle. The magnetic field of the heart-the magnetocardiogram (MCG)-is the largest... (Review)
Review
Biomagnetism is the measurement of the weak magnetic fields produced by nerves and muscle. The magnetic field of the heart-the magnetocardiogram (MCG)-is the largest biomagnetic signal generated by the body and was the first measured. Magnetic fields have been detected from isolated tissue, such as a peripheral nerve or cardiac muscle, and these studies have provided insights into the fundamental properties of biomagnetism. The magnetic field of the brain-the magnetoencephalogram (MEG)-has generated much interest and has potential clinical applications to epilepsy, migraine, and psychiatric disorders. The biomagnetic inverse problem, calculating the electrical sources inside the brain from magnetic field recordings made outside the head, is difficult, but several techniques have been introduced to solve it. Traditionally, biomagnetic fields are recorded using superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometers, but recently, new sensors have been developed that allow magnetic measurements without the cryogenic technology required for SQUIDs.
Topics: Humans; Heart; Magnetoencephalography; Brain; Magnetic Fields; Myocardium
PubMed: 37177427
DOI: 10.3390/s23094218 -
Journal of Comparative Physiology. A,... Jan 2022In addition to providing animals with a source of directional or 'compass' information, Earth's magnetic field also provides a potential source of positional or 'map'... (Review)
Review
In addition to providing animals with a source of directional or 'compass' information, Earth's magnetic field also provides a potential source of positional or 'map' information that animals might exploit to assess location. In less than a generation, the idea that animals use Earth's magnetic field as a kind of map has gone from a contentious hypothesis to a well-established tenet of animal navigation. Diverse animals ranging from lobsters to birds are now known to use magnetic positional information for a variety of purposes, including staying on track along migratory pathways, adjusting food intake at appropriate points in a migration, remaining within a suitable oceanic region, and navigating toward specific goals. Recent findings also indicate that sea turtles, salmon, and at least some birds imprint on the magnetic field of their natal area when young and use this information to facilitate return as adults, a process that may underlie long-distance natal homing (a.k.a. natal philopatry) in many species. Despite recent progress, much remains to be learned about the organization of magnetic maps, how they develop, and how animals use them in navigation.
Topics: Animal Migration; Animals; Birds; Magnetic Fields; Magnetics; Turtles
PubMed: 34999936
DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01529-8 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2022Magnetic composites and self-healing materials have been drawing much attention in their respective fields of application. Magnetic fillers enable changes in the... (Review)
Review
Magnetic composites and self-healing materials have been drawing much attention in their respective fields of application. Magnetic fillers enable changes in the material properties of objects, in the shapes and structures of objects, and ultimately in the motion and actuation of objects in response to the application of an external field. Self-healing materials possess the ability to repair incurred damage and consequently recover the functional properties during healing. The combination of these two unique features results in important advances in both fields. First, the self-healing ability enables the recovery of the magnetic properties of magnetic composites and structures to extend their service lifetimes in applications such as robotics and biomedicine. Second, magnetic (nano)particles offer many opportunities to improve the healing performance of the resulting self-healing magnetic composites. Magnetic fillers are used for the remote activation of thermal healing through inductive heating and for the closure of large damage by applying an alternating or constant external magnetic field, respectively. Furthermore, hard magnetic particles can be used to permanently magnetize self-healing composites to autonomously re-join severed parts. This paper reviews the synthesis, processing and manufacturing of magnetic self-healing composites for applications in health, robotic actuation, flexible electronics, and many more.
Topics: Magnetic Fields; Magnetics; Robotics
PubMed: 35744920
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123796 -
Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica :... Oct 2023
Topics: Humans; Nystagmus, Pathologic; Vertigo; Magnetic Fields
PubMed: 37519140
DOI: 10.14639/0392-100X-N2485 -
Annual Review of Neuroscience Jul 2019Magnetic fields pass through tissue undiminished and without producing harmful effects, motivating their use as a wireless, minimally invasive means to control neural... (Review)
Review
Magnetic fields pass through tissue undiminished and without producing harmful effects, motivating their use as a wireless, minimally invasive means to control neural activity. Here, we review mechanisms and techniques coupling magnetic fields to changes in electrochemical potentials across neuronal membranes. Biological magnetoreception, although incompletely understood, is discussed as a potential source of inspiration. The emergence of magnetic properties in materials is reviewed to clarify the distinction between biomolecules containing transition metals and ferrite nanoparticles that exhibit significant net moments. We describe recent developments in the use of magnetic nanomaterials as transducers converting magnetic stimuli to forms readily perceived by neurons and discuss opportunities for multiplexed and bidirectional control as well as the challenges posed by delivery to the brain. The variety of magnetic field conditions and mechanisms by which they can be coupled to neuronal signaling cascades highlights the desirability of continued interchange between magnetism physics and neurobiology.
Topics: Animals; Anxiety; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Humans; Magnetic Fields; Nerve Net; Neurons
PubMed: 30939100
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050241 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2020Biosensors based on magneto-impedance (MI) effect are powerful tools for biomedical applications as they are highly sensitive, stable, exhibit fast response, small in... (Review)
Review
Biosensors based on magneto-impedance (MI) effect are powerful tools for biomedical applications as they are highly sensitive, stable, exhibit fast response, small in size, and have low hysteresis and power consumption. However, the performance of these biosensors is influenced by a variety of factors, including the design, geometry, materials and fabrication procedures. Other less appreciated factors influencing the MI effect include measuring circuit implementation, the material used for construction, geometry of the thin film sensing element, and patterning shapes compatible with the interface microelectronic circuitry. The type magnetic (ferrofluid, Dynabeads, and nanoparticles) and size of the particles, the magnetic particle concentration, magnetic field strength and stray magnetic fields can also affect the sensor sensitivity. Based on these considerations it is proposed that ideal MI biosensor sensitivity could be achieved when the sensor is constructed in sandwich thick magnetic layers with large sensing area in a meander shape, measured with circuitry that provides the lowest possible external inductance at high frequencies, enclosed by a protective layer between magnetic particles and sensing element, and perpendicularly magnetized when detecting high-concentration of magnetic particles.
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; Electric Impedance; Magnetic Fields; Magnetics; Nanoparticles
PubMed: 32932740
DOI: 10.3390/s20185213 -
Biomolecules Apr 2022Enzyme activation is a powerful means of achieving biotransformation function, aiming to intensify the reaction processes with a higher yield of product in a short time,... (Review)
Review
Enzyme activation is a powerful means of achieving biotransformation function, aiming to intensify the reaction processes with a higher yield of product in a short time, and can be exploited for diverse applications. However, conventional activation strategies such as genetic engineering and chemical modification are generally irreversible for enzyme activity, and they also have many limitations, including complex processes and unpredictable results. Recently, near-infrared (NIR), alternating magnetic field (AMF), microwave and ultrasound irradiation, as real-time and precise activation strategies for enzyme analysis, can address many limitations due to their deep penetrability, sustainability, low invasiveness, and sustainability and have been applied in many fields, such as biomedical and industrial applications and chemical synthesis. These spatiotemporal and controllable activation strategies can transfer light, electromagnetic, or ultrasound energy to enzymes, leading to favorable conformational changes and improving the thermal stability, stereoselectivity, and kinetics of enzymes. Furthermore, the different mechanisms of activation strategies have determined the type of applicable enzymes and manipulated protocol designs that either immobilize enzymes on nanomaterials responsive to light or magnetic fields or directly influence enzymatic properties. To employ these effects to finely and efficiently activate enzyme activity, the physicochemical features of nanomaterials and parameters, including the frequency and intensity of activation methods, must be optimized. Therefore, this review offers a comprehensive overview related to emerging technologies for achieving real-time enzyme activation and summarizes their characteristics and advanced applications.
Topics: Enzyme Activation; Kinetics; Magnetic Fields; Nanostructures; Ultrasonic Waves
PubMed: 35625527
DOI: 10.3390/biom12050599 -
NMR in Biomedicine May 2023In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), inhomogeneity in the main magnetic field used for imaging, referred to as off-resonance, can lead to image artifacts ranging from... (Review)
Review
In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), inhomogeneity in the main magnetic field used for imaging, referred to as off-resonance, can lead to image artifacts ranging from mild to severe depending on the application. Off-resonance artifacts, such as signal loss, geometric distortions, and blurring, can compromise the clinical and scientific utility of MR images. In this review, we describe sources of off-resonance in MRI, how off-resonance affects images, and strategies to prevent and correct for off-resonance. Given recent advances and the great potential of low-field and/or portable MRI, we also highlight the advantages and challenges of imaging at low field with respect to off-resonance.
Topics: Artifacts; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Fields; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Phantoms, Imaging
PubMed: 36326709
DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4867 -
Stem Cell Research & Therapy Apr 2022FeO magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are biomedical materials that have been approved by the FDA. To date, MNPs have been developed rapidly in nanomedicine and are of great... (Review)
Review
FeO magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are biomedical materials that have been approved by the FDA. To date, MNPs have been developed rapidly in nanomedicine and are of great significance. Stem cells and secretory vesicles can be used for tissue regeneration and repair. In cell therapy, MNPs which interact with external magnetic field are introduced to achieve the purpose of cell directional enrichment, while MRI to monitor cell distribution and drug delivery. This paper reviews the size optimization, response in external magnetic field and biomedical application of MNPs in cell therapy and provides a comprehensive view.
Topics: Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; Drug Delivery Systems; Magnetic Fields; Magnetite Nanoparticles; Nanomedicine
PubMed: 35365206
DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02808-0