-
Indian Journal of Dermatology 2015Genus Malassezia comprises of 14 species of "yeast like fungi," 13 of which are lipophilic and 1 is nonlipophilic. They are known commensals and in predisposed... (Review)
Review
Genus Malassezia comprises of 14 species of "yeast like fungi," 13 of which are lipophilic and 1 is nonlipophilic. They are known commensals and in predisposed individuals they commonly cause a spectrum of chronic recurrent infections. They rarely also cause serious illnesses like catheter-related blood stream infections, CAPD associated peritonitis etc., Though these fungi have been known to man for over 150 years, their fastidious nature and cumbersome culture and speciation techniques have restricted research. Since the last taxonomic revision, seven new species have been added to this genus. Their ability to evade the host immune system and virulence has increased the spectrum of the diseases caused by them. These agents have been implicated as causal agents in common diseases like atopic dermatitis recently. Though culture-based research is difficult, the new molecular analysis techniques and facilities have increased research in this field such that we can devote more attention to this genus to study in detail, their characteristics and their growing implications implications in the clinical scenario.
PubMed: 26288399
DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.160475 -
Annals of Dermatology Dec 2015Yeasts of the genus Malassezia are part of the normal flora of human skin. However, they are also associated with various skin diseases. Since the introduction of... (Review)
Review
Yeasts of the genus Malassezia are part of the normal flora of human skin. However, they are also associated with various skin diseases. Since the introduction of Malassezia to the Korean Dermatologic Society two decades ago, remarkable progress has been made in our knowledge of this genus. In this paper, we review recent developments in Malassezia research, including taxonomy and methods for species identification, recent genome analyses, Malassezia species distribution in healthy conditions and in specific skin diseases, trials investigating the mechanisms underlying Malassezia-related diseases, as well as therapeutic options. This review will enhance our understanding of Malassezia yeasts and related skin diseases in Korea.
PubMed: 26719632
DOI: 10.5021/ad.2015.27.6.647 -
Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North... Feb 2017There is little doubt that Malassezia spp plays a role in atopic dermatitis because it may interact with the local skin immune responses and barrier function, and... (Review)
Review
There is little doubt that Malassezia spp plays a role in atopic dermatitis because it may interact with the local skin immune responses and barrier function, and sensitization against this skin-colonizing yeast can correlate with disease activity. Also, antifungal therapy shows beneficial effects in some patients. However, the pathogenetic mechanism and mutual interaction between Malassezia spp and atopic dermatitis still remain partly unclear and need further investigation.
Topics: Allergens; Antigens, Fungal; Dermatitis, Atopic; Dermatomycoses; Humans; Immunization; Immunoglobulin E; Malassezia; Skin
PubMed: 27886911
DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2016.08.012 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2021are a lipid-dependent basidiomycetous yeast of the normal skin microbiome, although DNA has been recently detected in other body sites and has been associated with... (Review)
Review
are a lipid-dependent basidiomycetous yeast of the normal skin microbiome, although DNA has been recently detected in other body sites and has been associated with certain chronic human diseases. This new perspective raises many questions. Are these yeasts truly present in the investigated body site or were they contaminated by other body sites, adjacent or not? Does this DNA contamination come from living or dead yeast? If these yeasts are alive, do they belong to the resident mycobiota or are they transient colonizers which are not permanently established within these niches? Finally, are these yeasts associated with certain chronic diseases or not? In an attempt to shed light on this knowledge gap, we critically reviewed the 31 published studies focusing on the association of spp. with chronic human diseases, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis (AD), chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), asthma, cystic fibrosis (CF), HIV infection, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colorectal cancer (CRC), and neurodegenerative diseases.
PubMed: 34682276
DOI: 10.3390/jof7100855 -
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Aug 2014Several human skin diseases and disorders are associated with two groups of fungi, the dermatophytes and Malassezia. Although these skin-related problems are not... (Review)
Review
Several human skin diseases and disorders are associated with two groups of fungi, the dermatophytes and Malassezia. Although these skin-related problems are not generally life threatening, they are among the most common diseases and disorders of mankind. These fungi are phylogenetically divergent, with the dermatophytes within the Ascomycota and Malassezia within Basidiomycota. Genome analysis indicates that the adaptations to the skin environment are different in these two groups of fungi. Malassezia are dependent on host lipids and secrete lipases and phospholipases that likely release host fatty acids. The dermatophytes encode multiple enzymes with potential roles in modulating host interactions: polyketide synthases, nonribosomal peptide synthetases, LysM, proteases, kinases, and pseudokinases. These two fungal groups have maximized their interactions with the host using two very different mechanisms.
Topics: Arthrodermataceae; Dandruff; Dermatitis, Atopic; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Dermatomycoses; Genome, Fungal; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Malassezia; Microbiota; Phylogeny; Skin; Tinea Versicolor
PubMed: 25085959
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a019802 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2022spp. are commensals of the skin, oral/sinonasal cavity, lower respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. Eighteen species have been recovered from humans, other mammals... (Review)
Review
spp. are commensals of the skin, oral/sinonasal cavity, lower respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. Eighteen species have been recovered from humans, other mammals and birds. They can also be isolated from diverse environments, suggesting an evolutionary trajectory of adaption from an ecological niche in plants and soil to the mucocutaneous ecosystem of warm-blooded vertebrates. In humans, dogs and cats, -associated dermatological conditions share some commonalities. Otomycosis is common in companion animals but is rare in humans. Systemic infections, which are increasingly reported in humans, have yet to be recognized in animals. species have also been identified as pathogenetic contributors to some chronic human diseases. While species are host-adapted, some species are zoophilic and can cause fungemia, with outbreaks in neonatal intensive care wards associated with temporary colonization of healthcare worker's hands from contact with their pets. Although standardization is lacking, susceptibility testing is usually performed using a modified broth microdilution method. Antifungal susceptibility can vary depending on species, body location, infection type, disease duration, presence of co-morbidities and immunosuppression. Antifungal resistance mechanisms include biofilm formation, mutations or overexpression of , overexpression of efflux pumps and gene rearrangements or overexpression in chromosome 4.
PubMed: 35887463
DOI: 10.3390/jof8070708 -
PloS One 2023Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a poor prognosis cancer with an aggressive growth profile that is often diagnosed at late stage and that has few curative or...
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a poor prognosis cancer with an aggressive growth profile that is often diagnosed at late stage and that has few curative or therapeutic options. PDAC growth has been linked to alterations in the pancreas microbiome, which could include the presence of the fungus Malassezia. We used RNA-sequencing to compare 14 matched tumor and normal (tumor adjacent) pancreatic cancer samples and found Malassezia RNA in both the PDAC and normal tissues. Although the presence of Malassezia was not correlated with tumor growth, a set of immune- and inflammatory-related genes were up-regulated in the PDAC compared to the normal samples, suggesting that they are involved in tumor progression. Gene set enrichment analysis suggests that activation of the complement cascade pathway and inflammation could be involved in pro PDAC growth.
Topics: Humans; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal; Pancreas; RNA; Prognosis; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
PubMed: 37910468
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284232 -
Environmental Microbiome Mar 2024The complex and co-evolved interplay between plants and their microbiota is crucial for the health and fitness of the plant holobiont. However, the microbiota of the...
BACKGROUND
The complex and co-evolved interplay between plants and their microbiota is crucial for the health and fitness of the plant holobiont. However, the microbiota of the seeds is still relatively unexplored and no studies have been conducted with olive trees so far. In this study, we aimed to characterize the bacterial, fungal and archaeal communities present in seeds of ten olive genotypes growing in the same orchard through amplicon sequencing to test whether the olive genotype is a major driver in shaping the seed microbial community, and to identify the origin of the latter. Therefore, we have developed a methodology for obtaining samples from the olive seed's endosphere under sterile conditions.
RESULTS
A diverse microbiota was uncovered in olive seeds, the plant genotype being an important factor influencing the structure and composition of the microbial communities. The most abundant bacterial phylum was Actinobacteria, accounting for an average relative abundance of 41%. At genus level, Streptomyces stood out because of its potential influence on community structure. Within the fungal community, Basidiomycota and Ascomycota were the most abundant phyla, including the genera Malassezia, Cladosporium, and Mycosphaerella. The shared microbiome was composed of four bacterial (Stenotrophomonas, Streptomyces, Promicromonospora and Acidipropionibacterium) and three fungal (Malassezia, Cladosporium and Mycosphaerella) genera. Furthermore, a comparison between findings obtained here and earlier results from the root endosphere of the same trees indicated that genera such as Streptomyces and Malassezia were present in both olive compartments.
CONCLUSIONS
This study provides the first insights into the composition of the olive seed microbiota. The highly abundant fungal genus Malassezia and the bacterial genus Streptomyces reflect a unique signature of the olive seed microbiota. The genotype clearly shaped the composition of the seed's microbial community, although a shared microbiome was found. We identified genera that may translocate from the roots to the seeds, as they were present in both organs of the same trees. These findings set the stage for future research into potential vertical transmission of olive endophytes and the role of specific microbial taxa in seed germination, development, and seedling survival.
PubMed: 38491515
DOI: 10.1186/s40793-024-00560-x -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Head and neck dermatitis (HND) is a refractory phenotype of atopic dermatitis (AD) and can be a therapeutic challenge due to lack of responsiveness to conventional...
INTRODUCTION & OBJECTIVES
Head and neck dermatitis (HND) is a refractory phenotype of atopic dermatitis (AD) and can be a therapeutic challenge due to lack of responsiveness to conventional treatments. Previous studies have suggested that the microbiome and fungiome may play a role in inducing HND, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms remain unknown. This study aimed to determine the link between HND and fungiome and to examine the contribution of .
MATERIALS AND METHODS
To identify the effect of the sensitization status of on HND, 312 patients diagnosed with AD were enrolled. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the effects of , human keratinocytes and dermal endothelial cells were cultured with and treated with Th2 cytokines. The downstream effects of various cytokines, including inflammation and angiogenesis, were investigated by real-time quantitative PCR. To identify the association between changes in lipid composition and sensitization status, D-squame tape stripping was performed. Lipid composition was evaluated by focusing on ceramide species using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.
RESULTS
Increased sensitization to was observed in patients with HND. Additionally, sensitization to was associated with increased disease severity in these patients. IL-4 treated human keratinocytes cultured with produced significantly more VEGF, VEGFR, IL-31, and IL-33. IL-4/ co-cultured dermal endothelial cells exhibited significantly elevated VEGFR, TGF-β, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels. Stratum corneum lipid analysis revealed decreased levels of esterified omega-hydroxyacyl-sphingosine, indicating skin barrier dysfunction in HND. Finally, growth was inhibited by the addition of these ceramides to culture media, while the growth of other microbiota, including , were not inhibited.
CONCLUSIONS
Under decreased levels of ceramide in AD patients with HND, would proliferate, which may enhance pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. Thus, it plays a central role in the pathogenesis of HND in AD.
Topics: Humans; Malassezia; Endothelial Cells; Interleukin-4; Cytokines; Dermatitis, Atopic; Ceramides; Lipids
PubMed: 36911720
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1114321 -
Medical Mycology Journal 2019We report here the results of the 2016 epidemiological survey of dermatomycosis in Japan. In total, 6,776 cases were analyzed as follows: dermatophytosis, 5,772 cases... (Review)
Review
We report here the results of the 2016 epidemiological survey of dermatomycosis in Japan. In total, 6,776 cases were analyzed as follows: dermatophytosis, 5,772 cases (85.2%); candidiasis, 757 cases (11.2%); Malassezia infection, 235 cases (3.5%); and other fungal infections, 11 cases (0.2%). In dermatophytosis, tinea pedis was the most frequent (3,314 cases: male, 1,705; female, 1,609), followed by tinea unguium (1,634 cases: male, 766; female, 868), tinea corporis (423 cases: male, 241; female, 182); tinea cruris (316 cases: male, 242; female, 74); tinea manuum (58 cases: male, 29; female, 29); tinea capitus, Celsus' kerion (26 cases: male, 19; female, 7); and tinea barbae (1 case: male, 1). The most frequent pathogen was Trichophyton rubrum. In candidiasis, candidal intertrigo was the most frequent (181 cases: male, 98; female, 83), followed by oral candidiasis (165 cases: male, 84; female, 81), genital candidiasis (119 cases: male, 45; female, 74), diaper candidiasis (113 cases: male, 49; female, 64), erosio interdigitalis (63 cases: male, 13; female, 50), onychomycosis (41 cases: male, 17; female, 24), onychia et paronychia (28 cases: male, 2; female, 26), and angular cheilitis (23 cases: male, 6; female, 17). Although the number of cases varied depending on the role of each cooperating medical institution in the area and on population composition, no significant differences in the frequencies of clinical types were observed.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Candidiasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Dermatomycoses; Female; Humans; Infant; Japan; Malassezia; Male; Middle Aged; Onychomycosis; Prevalence; Sex Factors; Time Factors; Tinea; Tinea Capitis; Tinea Pedis; Trichophyton; Young Adult
PubMed: 31474694
DOI: 10.3314/mmj.19.007