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Mycopathologia Oct 2016Diapers create particular conditions of moisture and friction, and with urine and feces come increased pH and irritating enzymes (lipases and proteases). Fungi can take... (Review)
Review
Diapers create particular conditions of moisture and friction, and with urine and feces come increased pH and irritating enzymes (lipases and proteases). Fungi can take advantage of all these factors. Candida yeasts, especially C. albicans, are responsible for the most frequent secondary infections and are isolated in more than 80 % of cases. Correct diagnosis is important for ensuring the correct prescription of topical antimycotics. Nystatin, imidazoles and ciclopirox are effective. It is important to realize there are resistant strains. Dermatophytes can infect the diaper area, with the most common agent being Epidermophyton floccosum. The clinical characteristics of dermatophytosis are different from those of candidiasis, and it can be diagnosed and treated simply. Malassezia yeasts can aggravate conditions affecting the diaper area, such as seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and inverse psoriasis. Additional treatment is recommended in this case, because they usually involve complement activation and increased specific IgE levels. Erythrasma is a pseudomycosis that is indistinguishable from candidiasis and may also occur in large skin folds. It is treated with topical antibacterial products and some antimycotics.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Dermatitis, Contact; Dermatomycoses; Fungi; Humans
PubMed: 27193417
DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0020-9 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2020The microbiota plays an integral role in shaping physical and functional aspects of the skin. While a healthy microbiota contributes to the maintenance of immune... (Review)
Review
The microbiota plays an integral role in shaping physical and functional aspects of the skin. While a healthy microbiota contributes to the maintenance of immune homeostasis, dysbiosis can result in the development of diverse skin pathologies. This dichotomous feature of the skin microbiota holds true not only for bacteria, but also for fungi that colonize the skin. As such, the yeast , which is by far the most abundant component of the skin mycobiota, is associated with a variety of skin disorders, of which some can be chronic and severe and have a significant impact on the quality of life of those affected. Understanding the causative relationship between and the development of such skin disorders requires in-depth knowledge of the mechanism by which the immune system interacts with and responds to the fungus. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in our understanding of the immune response to and how the implicated cells and cytokine pathways prevent uncontrolled fungal growth to maintain commensalism in the mammalian skin. We also review how the antifungal response is currently thought to affect the development and severity of inflammatory disorders of the skin and at distant sites.
Topics: Animals; Fungi; Malassezia; Microbiota; Quality of Life; Skin
PubMed: 32477963
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00198 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Oct 2017
Review
Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Dermatomycoses; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Malassezia; Skin
PubMed: 28966366
DOI: No ID Found -
Current Opinion in Microbiology Dec 2023Mammalian microbiomes have coevolved with their host to establish a stable homeostatic relationship. Multifaceted commensal-host and commensal-commensal interactions... (Review)
Review
Mammalian microbiomes have coevolved with their host to establish a stable homeostatic relationship. Multifaceted commensal-host and commensal-commensal interactions contribute to the maintenance of the equilibrium with an impact on diverse host physiological processes. Despite constant exposure to physical and chemical insults from the environment, the skin harbors a surprisingly stable microbiome. The fungal compartment of the skin microbiome, the skin mycobiome, is unique in that it is dominated by a single fungus, Malassezia. The lack in diversity suggests that the skin may provide a unique niche for this fungal genus and that Malassezia may efficiently outcompete other fungi from the skin. This opinion article examines aspects in support of this hypothesis, discusses how changes in niche conditions associate with skin mycobiome dysregulation, and highlights an emerging example of Malassezia being displaced from the skin by the emerging fungal pathogen C. auris, thereby generating a predisposing situation for fatal-invasive infection.
Topics: Animals; Mycobiome; Skin; Microbiota; Malassezia; Symbiosis; Fungi; Mammals
PubMed: 37703811
DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102381 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2015Pityriasis versicolor (PV), also known as tinea versicolor, is caused by species. This condition is one of the most common superficial fungal infections worldwide,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Pityriasis versicolor (PV), also known as tinea versicolor, is caused by species. This condition is one of the most common superficial fungal infections worldwide, particularly in tropical climates. PV is difficult to cure and the chances for relapse or recurrent infections are high due to the presence of in the normal skin flora. This review focuses on the clinical evidence supporting the efficacy of antifungal treatment for PV.
METHOD
A systematic review of literature from the PubMed database was conducted up to 30 September 2014. The search criteria were "(pityriasis versicolor OR tinea versicolor) AND treatment", with full text available and English language required.
CONCLUSIONS
Topical antifungal medications are the first-line treatment for PV, including zinc pyrithione, ketoconazole, and terbinafine. In cases of severe or recalcitrant PV, the oral antifungal medications itraconazole and fluconazole may be more appropriate, with pramiconazole a possible future option. Oral terbinafine is not effective in treating PV and oral ketoconazole should no longer be prescribed. Maintenance, or prophylactic, therapy may be useful in preventing recurrent infection; however, at this time, there is limited research evaluating the efficacy of prophylactic antifungal treatment.
PubMed: 29376896
DOI: 10.3390/jof1010013 -
Cell Host & Microbe Mar 2019Malassezia yeast exist on all humans and have long been associated with healthy and diseased skin. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Sparber et al. (2019) and...
Malassezia yeast exist on all humans and have long been associated with healthy and diseased skin. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Sparber et al. (2019) and Limon et al. (2019) present murine models for Malassezia/host interaction and describe a role for Malassezia in inflammatory skin and gut disease.
Topics: Animals; Colitis; Crohn Disease; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Malassezia; Mice; Skin
PubMed: 30870616
DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.02.010 -
Microbiology Spectrum Jun 2022is a fungal genus found on the skin of humans and warm-blooded animals, with 18 species reported to date. In this study, we sequenced and annotated the genome of...
is a fungal genus found on the skin of humans and warm-blooded animals, with 18 species reported to date. In this study, we sequenced and annotated the genome of Malassezia arunalokei, which is the most recently identified species, and compared it with Malassezia restricta, the predominant isolate from human skin. Additionally, we reanalyzed previously reported mycobiome data sets with a species-level resolution to investigate distribution within the mycobiota of human facial skin. We discovered that the genome is 7.24 Mbp in size and encodes 4,117 protein-coding genes, all of which were clustered with M. restricta. We also found that the average nucleotide identity value of the genome was 93.5, compared with the genomes of three strains, including KCTC 27527. Our findings demonstrate that they indeed belong to different species and that may have experienced specific gene loss events during speciation. Furthermore, our study showed that was diverged from approximately 7.1 million years ago and indicated that is the most recently diverged species in the lineage to date. Finally, our analysis of the facial mycobiome of previously recruited cohorts revealed that abundance is not associated with seborrheic dermatitis/dandruff or acne, but was revealed to be more abundant on the forehead and cheek than on the scalp. is the fungus predominantly residing on the human skin and causes various skin diseases, including seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff. To date, 18 species have been reported, and among them, is the most predominant on human skin, especially on the scalp. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the genome of , which is the most recently identified species, and compared it with . Moreover, we analyzed the fungal microbiome to investigate the distribution on human facial skin. We found that may have experienced specific gene loss events during speciation. Our study also showed that was diverged from approximately 7.1 million years ago and indicated that is the most recently diverged species in the lineage. Finally, our analysis of the facial mycobiome revealed that has higher relative abundance on the forehead and cheek than the scalp.
Topics: Animals; Dandruff; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Malassezia; Skin
PubMed: 35647654
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00506-22 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2023Several studies have reported the pathogenic role of in atopic dermatitis (AD); the significance of 's influence on AD needs to be further investigated. Dupilumab, a...
Several studies have reported the pathogenic role of in atopic dermatitis (AD); the significance of 's influence on AD needs to be further investigated. Dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody to anti-Interleukin (IL) 4Rα, and ruxolitinib, a Janus kinase (JAK)1/2 inhibitor, are the first approved biologics and inhibitors widely used for AD treatment. In this study, we aimed to investigate how () affects the skin barrier and inflammation in AD and interacts with the AD therapeutic agents ruxolitinib and anti-IL4Rα. To induce an in vitro AD model, a reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) was treated with IL-4 and IL-13. was inoculated on the surface of RHE, and anti-IL4Rα or ruxolitinib was supplemented to model treated AD lesions. Histological and molecular analyses were performed. Skin barrier and ceramide-related molecules were downregulated by and reverted by anti-IL4Rα and ruxolitinib. Antimicrobial peptides, VEGF, Th2-related, and JAK/STAT pathway molecules were upregulated by and suppressed by anti-IL4Rα and ruxolitinib. These findings show that aggravated skin barrier function and Th2 inflammation and decreased the efficacy of anti-IL4Rα and ruxolitinib.
Topics: Humans; Dermatitis, Atopic; Malassezia; Janus Kinases; STAT Transcription Factors; Signal Transduction; Epidermis; Inflammation
PubMed: 37047166
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076171 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2020spp. are lipid-dependent yeasts, inhabiting the skin and mucosa of humans and animals. They are involved in a variety of skin disorders in humans and animals and may... (Review)
Review
spp. are lipid-dependent yeasts, inhabiting the skin and mucosa of humans and animals. They are involved in a variety of skin disorders in humans and animals and may cause bloodstream infections in severely immunocompromised patients. Despite a tremendous increase in scientific knowledge of these yeasts during the last two decades, the epidemiology of spp. related to fungemia remains largely underestimated most likely due to the difficulty in the isolation of these yeasts species due to their lipid-dependence. This review summarizes and discusses the most recent literature on spp. infection and fungemia, its occurrence, pathogenicity mechanisms, diagnostic methods, susceptibility testing and therapeutic approaches.
Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Fungemia; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Malassezia; Skin
PubMed: 32850475
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00370 -
Journal of Parkinson's Disease 2022The cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) is unknown, but environmental factors are purported to influence risk. Interest in PD as a sequel of infection dates back to... (Review)
Review
The cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) is unknown, but environmental factors are purported to influence risk. Interest in PD as a sequel of infection dates back to reports of parkinsonism arising from encephalitis lethargica. The objective of this paper is to review the literature as it relates to infections and changes in microbiome and the genesis of PD. There is evidence to support prior infection with Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis C virus, Malassezia, and Strep pneumonia in association with PD. A large number of studies support an association between changes in commensal bacteria, especially gut bacteria, and PD. Extant literature supports a role for some infections and changes in commensal bacteria in the genesis of PD. Studies support an inflammatory mechanism for this association, but additional research is required for translation of these findings to therapeutic options.
Topics: Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Microbiota; Parkinson Disease
PubMed: 35723116
DOI: 10.3233/JPD-223271