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Annual Review of Pathology Jan 2017Fungi are ubiquitous in our environment, and a healthy immune system is essential to maintain adequate protection from fungal infections. When this protection breaks... (Review)
Review
Fungi are ubiquitous in our environment, and a healthy immune system is essential to maintain adequate protection from fungal infections. When this protection breaks down, superficial and invasive fungal infections cause diseases that range from irritating to life-threatening. Millions of people worldwide develop invasive infections during their lives, and mortality for these infections often exceeds 50%. Nevertheless, we are normally colonized with many of the same disease-causing fungi (e.g., on the skin or in the gut). Recent research is dramatically expanding our understanding of the mechanisms by which our immune systems interact with these organisms in health and disease. In this review, we discuss what is currently known about where and how the immune system interacts with common fungi.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Disease; Fungi; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Mycoses
PubMed: 28068483
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052016-100342 -
Journal of Leukocyte Biology Jan 2021Malassezia spp. are common eukaryotic yeasts that colonize mammalian skin. Recently, the authors and others have observed that Malassezia globosa and Malassezia...
Malassezia spp. are common eukaryotic yeasts that colonize mammalian skin. Recently, the authors and others have observed that Malassezia globosa and Malassezia restricta can be found in the intestines in the context of certain diseases, including Crohn's disease and pancreatic cancer. In order to better understand the nature of innate inflammatory responses to these yeasts, inflammatory responses induced by M. restricta and M. globosa in mouse bone marrow-derived Mϕs (BMDM) and dendritic cells (BMDC) are evaluated. While Malassezia yeasts induce proinflammatory cytokine production from both Mϕs and dendritic cells, the levels of production from BMDC were more pronounced. Both M. restricta and M. globosa activated inflammatory cytokine production from BMDC in large part through Dectin2 and CARD9 signaling, although additional receptors appear to be involved in phagocytosis and activation of reactive oxygen production in response to the yeasts. Both M. restricta and M. globosa stimulate production of pro-IL-1β as well as activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. NLRP3 inflammasome activation by Malassezia fungi requires SYK signaling, potassium efflux and actin rearrangement. Together, the data further the understanding of the coordinated involvement of multiple innate immune receptors in recognizing Malassezia globosa and Malassezia restricta and orchestrating phagocyte inflammatory and antimicrobial responses.
Topics: Animals; Cytokines; Inflammasomes; Inflammation; Malassezia; Mice; Mycoses; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; Phagocytes
PubMed: 32941658
DOI: 10.1002/JLB.2MA0820-259R -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2020includes yeasts belong to the subphylum Ustilaginomycotina within the Basidiomycota. yeasts are commonly found as commensals on human and animal skin. Nevertheless,... (Review)
Review
includes yeasts belong to the subphylum Ustilaginomycotina within the Basidiomycota. yeasts are commonly found as commensals on human and animal skin. Nevertheless, species are also associated with several skin disorders, such as dandruff/seborrheic dermatitis, atopic eczema, pityriasis versicolor, and folliculitis. More recently, associations of with Crohn's disease, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbation have been reported. The increasing availability of genomic and molecular tools have played a crucial role in understanding the genetic basis of commensalism and pathogenicity. In the present review we report genomics advances in highlighting unique features that potentially impacted biology and host adaptation. Furthermore, we describe the recently developed protocols for -mediated transformation in , and their applications for random insertional mutagenesis or targeted gene replacement strategies.
Topics: Animals; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Humans; Malassezia; Skin; Symbiosis; Tinea Versicolor
PubMed: 32850491
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00393 -
Allergologie Select 2017Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with a complex pathogenesis and different exogenous and endogenous trigger factors. One important factor is the... (Review)
Review
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with a complex pathogenesis and different exogenous and endogenous trigger factors. One important factor is the sensitization to inhalant and/or food allergens. The detection of total IgE and specific IgE antibodies to inhalant and/or food allergens is one central aspect in diagnosing atopic dermatitis, especially if skin prick tests are not feasible. Many patients are polysensitized, but not all sensitizations are of clinical relevance. The challenge is to identify the sensitizations with clinical relevance and to initiate suitable therapeutic options. In this article we go into detail for the allergens house dust mite, pollen, food, and Malassezia sympodialis. Furthermore, the authors comment on the impact of the detection of specific IgG/IgG antibodies in the diagnosis of food allergy in atopic dermatitis. Moreover, new options in the in-vitro diagnostic will be explained briefly and their actual diagnostic significance in patients with atopic dermatitis will be highlighted. These options are the detection of specific IgE antibodies to recombinant allergens and the allergen chip.
PubMed: 30402613
DOI: 10.5414/ALX01549E -
The New Microbiologica Apr 2022We explore the association of Malassezia and IL-23/IL-17 axis in the skin lesions of patients with Psoriasis. From October 2018 to October 2020, 202 psoriasis patients...
We explore the association of Malassezia and IL-23/IL-17 axis in the skin lesions of patients with Psoriasis. From October 2018 to October 2020, 202 psoriasis patients were hospitalized in the dermatology department of Yantaishan hospital. The patients' skin lesions were collected, and Malassezia-specific mRNA in the skin lesions was determined. The patients were subdivided into Malassezia high and low distribution groups as per the Malassezia-specific mRNA results. Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) scores between the two groups were performed. LL-37, IL-23, IL-17A, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) expression in the skin lesions of the two groups were determined. Malassezia mRNA and the correlation of LL-37 with inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-23, and IL-17A were determined. The relevance of inflammatory factors, Malassezia infection, and LL-37 content with PASI score were studied. The Malassezia high distribution group was treated with etoconazole, and the effects of treatment on the PASI score, IL-23, TNF-α, and IL-17A were determined. The PASI score, neutrophil, eosinophil, and peripheral blood white blood cell counts, and lgG in the Malassezia high distribution group were significantly higher than in the low distribution group (P<0.05). IL-23, LL-37, TNF-α, and IL-17A levels in the Malassezia high distribution group were significantly higher than in the low distribution group (P<0.05). Malassezia and LL-37 levels had a moderate positive correlation (R=0.5009, P<0.0001). Malassezia and LL-37, IL-17A, TNF-a, and IL- 23 correlated positively. Malassezia, IL-17A, LL37, TNF-a, and IL-23 correlated positively with the PASI score of Psoriasis. Ketoconazole therapy inhibited the PASI score, IL-23, TNF-a, and IL-17A expressions in patients. Malassezia enhances the progression of Psoriasis through the aberrant activation of the IL-23/IL-17 axis.
Topics: Humans; Interleukin-17; Interleukin-23; Malassezia; Psoriasis; RNA, Messenger; Severity of Illness Index; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 35699562
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2021Zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) is an anti-fungal drug delivered as a microparticle to skin epithelia. It is one of the most widely used ingredients worldwide in medicated... (Review)
Review
Zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) is an anti-fungal drug delivered as a microparticle to skin epithelia. It is one of the most widely used ingredients worldwide in medicated shampoo for treating dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis (SD), a disorder with symptoms that include skin flaking, erythema and pruritus. SD is a multi-factorial disease driven by microbiol dysbiosis, primarily involving yeast. Anti-fungal activity of ZnPT depends on the cutaneous availability of bioactive monomeric molecular species, occurring upon particle dissolution. The success of ZnPT as a topical therapeutic is underscored by the way it balances treatment efficacy with formulation safety. This review demonstrates how ZnPT achieves this balance, by integrating the current understanding of SD pathogenesis with an up-to-date analysis of ZnPT pharmacology, therapeutics and toxicology. ZnPT has anti-fungal activity with an average in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration of 10-15 ppm against the most abundant scalp skin species ( and ). Efficacy is dependent on the targeted delivery of ZnPT to the skin sites where these yeasts reside, including the scalp surface and hair follicle infundibulum. Imaging and quantitative analysis tools have been fundamental for critically evaluating the therapeutic performance and safety of topical ZnPT formulations. Toxicologic investigations have focused on understanding the risk of local and systemic adverse effects following exposure from percutaneous penetration. Future research is expected to yield further advances in ZnPT formulations for SD and also include re-purposing towards a range of other dermatologic applications, which is likely to have significant clinical impact.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Dysbiosis; Epidermis; Epithelium; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Optical Imaging; Organometallic Compounds; Pyridines; Skin; Skin Absorption; Spectrum Analysis
PubMed: 34575891
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189730 -
Microorganisms Oct 2023is a lipophilic unicellular fungus that is able, under specific conditions, to cause severe cutaneous and systemic diseases in predisposed subjects. This review is... (Review)
Review
is a lipophilic unicellular fungus that is able, under specific conditions, to cause severe cutaneous and systemic diseases in predisposed subjects. This review is divided into two complementary parts. The first one discusses how virulence factors contribute to pathogenesis that triggers skin diseases. These virulence factors include cell wall resistance, lipases, phospholipases, acid sphingomyelinases, melanin, reactive oxygen species (ROS), indoles, hyphae formation, hydrophobicity, and biofilm formation. The second section describes active compounds directed specifically against identified virulence factors. Among the strategies for controlling spread, this review discusses the development of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) antagonists, inhibition of secreted lipase, and fighting biofilms. Overall, this review offers an updated compilation of species, including their virulence factors, potential therapeutic targets, and strategies for controlling their spread. It also provides an update on the most active compounds used to control species.
PubMed: 37894257
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102599 -
Medical Mycology Journal 2019We report here the results of the 2016 epidemiological survey of dermatomycosis in Japan. In total, 6,776 cases were analyzed as follows: dermatophytosis, 5,772 cases... (Review)
Review
We report here the results of the 2016 epidemiological survey of dermatomycosis in Japan. In total, 6,776 cases were analyzed as follows: dermatophytosis, 5,772 cases (85.2%); candidiasis, 757 cases (11.2%); Malassezia infection, 235 cases (3.5%); and other fungal infections, 11 cases (0.2%). In dermatophytosis, tinea pedis was the most frequent (3,314 cases: male, 1,705; female, 1,609), followed by tinea unguium (1,634 cases: male, 766; female, 868), tinea corporis (423 cases: male, 241; female, 182); tinea cruris (316 cases: male, 242; female, 74); tinea manuum (58 cases: male, 29; female, 29); tinea capitus, Celsus' kerion (26 cases: male, 19; female, 7); and tinea barbae (1 case: male, 1). The most frequent pathogen was Trichophyton rubrum. In candidiasis, candidal intertrigo was the most frequent (181 cases: male, 98; female, 83), followed by oral candidiasis (165 cases: male, 84; female, 81), genital candidiasis (119 cases: male, 45; female, 74), diaper candidiasis (113 cases: male, 49; female, 64), erosio interdigitalis (63 cases: male, 13; female, 50), onychomycosis (41 cases: male, 17; female, 24), onychia et paronychia (28 cases: male, 2; female, 26), and angular cheilitis (23 cases: male, 6; female, 17). Although the number of cases varied depending on the role of each cooperating medical institution in the area and on population composition, no significant differences in the frequencies of clinical types were observed.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Candidiasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Dermatomycoses; Female; Humans; Infant; Japan; Malassezia; Male; Middle Aged; Onychomycosis; Prevalence; Sex Factors; Time Factors; Tinea; Tinea Capitis; Tinea Pedis; Trichophyton; Young Adult
PubMed: 31474694
DOI: 10.3314/mmj.19.007 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022Atopic dermatitis is a chronic relapsing dermatopathology involving IgE against allergenic materials present on mammalian epithelial surfaces. Allergens are as diverse...
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic relapsing dermatopathology involving IgE against allergenic materials present on mammalian epithelial surfaces. Allergens are as diverse as pet danders, and polypeptides expressed by microbes of the mammalian microbiome, e.g., spp. The Acari Hypothesis posits that the mammalian innate immune system utilizes pathogen-bound acarian immune effectors to protect against the vectorial threat posed by mites and ticks. Per The Hypothesis, IgE-mediated allergic disease is a specious consequence of the pairing of acarian gastrointestinal materials, e.g., allergenic foodstuffs, with acarian innate immune effectors that have interspecies operability. In keeping with The Hypothesis, the IgE profile of atopic patients should include both anti-acarian antibodies and specious antibodies responsible for specific allergy. Further, the profile should inform on the diet and/or environment of the acarian vector. In this regard, the prevalence of and on the skin of persons suffering from atopic dermatitis is increased. Importantly, the diets of these mites correspond well with the allergens of affected patients. In this report, roles for these specific acarians in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis are proposed and elaborated.
PubMed: 36297140
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101083 -
Allergology International : Official... Oct 2015Exposure and sensitization to fungal allergens can promote the development and worsening of allergic diseases. Although numerous species of fungi have been associated... (Review)
Review
Exposure and sensitization to fungal allergens can promote the development and worsening of allergic diseases. Although numerous species of fungi have been associated with allergic diseases in the literature, the significance of fungi from the genera Alternaria, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Malassezia has been well documented. However, it should be emphasized that the contribution of different fungal allergens to allergic diseases is not identical, but species-specific. Alternaria and Cladosporium species are considered to be important outdoor allergens, and sensitization and exposure to species of these genera is related to the development of asthma and rhinitis, as well as epidemics of asthma exacerbation, including life-threatening asthma exacerbation. In contrast, xerophilic species of Penicillium and Aspergillus, excluding Aspergillus fumigatus, are implicated in allergic diseases as indoor allergens. A. fumigatus has a high capacity to colonize the bronchial tract of asthmatic patients, causing severe persistent asthma and low lung function, and sometimes leading to allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Malassezia are common commensals of healthy skin, although they are also associated with atopic dermatitis, especially on the head and neck, but not with respiratory allergies. Despite its importance in the management of allergic diseases, precise recognition of species-specific IgE sensitization to fungal allergens is often challenging because the majority of fungal extracts exhibit broad cross-reactivity with taxonomically unrelated fungi. Recent progress in gene technology has contributed to the identification of specific and cross-reactive allergen components from different fungal sources. However, data demonstrating the clinical relevance of IgE reactivity to these allergen components are still insufficient.
Topics: Allergens; Antigens, Fungal; Cross Reactions; Environmental Microbiology; Fungi; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immunization; Immunoglobulin E; Prevalence
PubMed: 26433528
DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2015.05.007