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BMJ Clinical Evidence Dec 2014Scabies is a common public health problem. In many resource-poor settings, scabies is an endemic problem; whereas in industrialised countries, it is most common in...
INTRODUCTION
Scabies is a common public health problem. In many resource-poor settings, scabies is an endemic problem; whereas in industrialised countries, it is most common in institutionalised communities.
METHODS AND OUTCOMES
We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of topical treatments for scabies? What are the effects of systemic treatments for scabies? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to July 2013 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
RESULTS
We found five studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
CONCLUSIONS
In this systematic review, we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: benzyl benzoate (topical), crotamiton (topical), ivermectin (oral), malathion (topical), permethrin (topical), and sulfur compounds (topical).
Topics: Antiparasitic Agents; Humans; Scabies; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 25544114
DOI: No ID Found -
Singapore Medical Journal Jun 2019Scabies is a common infestation worldwide, affecting persons of any age and socioeconomic status. In Singapore, it is more common in institutions rather than in homes.... (Review)
Review
Scabies is a common infestation worldwide, affecting persons of any age and socioeconomic status. In Singapore, it is more common in institutions rather than in homes. The two variants are classic scabies and crusted scabies, with the latter having a significantly higher mite burden. Early identification, isolation of index patients and prophylactic treatment of contacts are essential in dealing with the outbreak. Locally, most primary care practitioners make the diagnosis based on visual inspection and clinical examination. A skin scrape is done to confirm the diagnosis, especially in atypical presentations. Scabietic mites, eggs or faeces can be seen on microscopy. The usual treatment for adult scabies in Singapore is the use of topical malathion or permethrin. A combination of topical permethrin and oral ivermectin is used for crusted scabies.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Permethrin; Scabies; Skin
PubMed: 31243462
DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2019058 -
Ciencia & Saude Coletiva Aug 2020Malathion has been widely used worldwide in arbovirus control programs. In 2015, it was classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a...
Malathion has been widely used worldwide in arbovirus control programs. In 2015, it was classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a probable carcinogen to humans. This work aimed to systematize the evidence of the carcinogenic and mutagenic effects associated with the exposure of malathion and its analogs, malaoxon and isomalathion. The search was carried out in Toxline, PubMed and Scopus databases for original papers published from 1983 to 2015. In all, 73 papers were selected from a total of 273 eligible papers. The results of in vitro and in vivo studies showed mainly genetic and chromosomal damages caused by malathion. The epidemiological studies evidenced significant positive associations for thyroid, breast, and ovarian cancers in menopausal women. This evidence of the carcinogenic effect of malathion should be considered before its use in arbovirus control programs.
Topics: Female; Humans; Malathion; Mutagens
PubMed: 32785560
DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232020258.10672018 -
Indian Journal of Dermatology 2015An endeavour to delineate the salient details of the treatment of head lice infestation has been made in the present article. Treatment modalities including over the... (Review)
Review
An endeavour to delineate the salient details of the treatment of head lice infestation has been made in the present article. Treatment modalities including over the counter permethrin and pyrethrin, and prescription medicines, including malathion, lindane, benzyl alcohol, spinosad are discussed. Salient features of alternative medicine and physical treatment modalities are outlined. The problem of resistance to treatment has also been taken cognizance of.
PubMed: 26120148
DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.156339 -
Journal of the American Mosquito... Sep 2022Susceptibility to organophosphates was evaluated in 2 populations of Culex quinquefasciatus from the department of Atlantico, Colombia. Bioassays for temephos,...
Susceptibility to organophosphates was evaluated in 2 populations of Culex quinquefasciatus from the department of Atlantico, Colombia. Bioassays for temephos, malathion, and pirimiphos-methyl were performed with 3rd-stage larvae and adult females of Cx. quinquefasciatus from the municipalities of Soledad and Puerto Colombia, following the methods of the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, respectively. The median lethal concentration (LC50) and 90% lethal concentration (LC90) resistance ratios (RRLC50 and RRLC90) were determined for each insecticide in the field populations evaluated, using the Cartagena strain as the susceptible control. Relative to LC50 and LC90 of the Cartagena strain, the population from Puerto Colombia was moderately resistant to temephos (RRLC50 5.7-fold) and malathion (RRLC50 8.6-fold, RRLC90 9-fold) and susceptible to pirimiphos-methyl (RRLC50 and RRLC90 < 5-fold). The population from Soledad was susceptible to temephos and pirimiphos-methyl (RRLC50 and RRLC90 < 5-fold) and showed moderate resistance to malathion (RRLC50 7.5-fold). It is important to emphasize that routine monitoring of insecticide resistance in Cx. quinquefasciatus helps us detect resistance early and improve the effectiveness of control strategies.
Topics: Animals; Colombia; Culex; Female; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Larva; Malathion; Organophosphates; Temefos
PubMed: 35839258
DOI: 10.2987/22-7058 -
Microorganisms Sep 2022The genetic and metabolic diversity of deep-sea microorganisms play important roles in phosphorus and sulfur cycles in the ocean, distinguishing them from terrestrial...
The genetic and metabolic diversity of deep-sea microorganisms play important roles in phosphorus and sulfur cycles in the ocean, distinguishing them from terrestrial counterparts. Malathion is a representative organophosphorus component in herbicides, pesticides, and insecticides and is analogues of neurotoxic agent. Malathion has been one of the best-selling generic organophosphate insecticides from 1980 to 2012. Most of the sprayed malathion has migrated by surface runoff to ocean sinks, and it is highly toxic to aquatic organisms. Hitherto, there is no report on bacterial cultures capable of degrading malathion isolated from deep-sea sediment. In this study, eight bacterial strains, isolated from sediments from deep-sea hydrothermal regions, were identified as malathion degradators. Two of the tested strains, strain FG2 and sp. strain CB1, can completely degrade an initial concentration of 500 mg/L malathion within 36 h. Since the two strains have abundant carboxylesterases (CEs) genes, malathion monocarboxylic acid (MMC α and MMC β) and dibasic carboxylic acid were detected as key intermediate metabolites of malathion degradation, and the pathway of malathion degradation between the two strains was identified as a passage from malathion monocarboxylic acid to malathion dicarboxylic acid.
PubMed: 36144399
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091797 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Mar 2023Our research sought to determine the molecular and biochemical effects of environmentally relevant exposure to commonly used chloro-s-triazine herbicide terbuthylazine...
Our research sought to determine the molecular and biochemical effects of environmentally relevant exposure to commonly used chloro-s-triazine herbicide terbuthylazine and organophosphate insecticide malathion on zebrafish. To this aim, mature zebrafish were exposed to 2 and 30 µg L terbuthylazine and 5 and 50 µg L malathion alone and in combination for 14 days. Aside from the accumulation of TBARS and protein carbonyls, a decrease in antioxidants and succinate dehydrogenase activity, an increase in oxidized glutathione, and enhanced apoptosis via Caspase-3 and BAX overexpression were observed. Furthermore, terbuthylazine and malathion induced mitochondrial swelling (up to 210% after single exposure and up to 470% after co-exposure) and lactate dehydrogenase leakage (up to 268% after single exposure and up to 570% after co-exposure) in a concentration-dependent manner. Significant upregulation of ubiquitin expression and increased cathepsin D activity were characteristics that appeared only upon terbuthylazine exposure, whereas the induction of IgM was identified as the specific characteristic of malathion toxicity. Meanwhile, no alterations in the zebrafish hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis was observed. Co-exposure increased the adverse effects of individual pesticides on zebrafish. This study should improve the understanding of the mechanisms of pesticide toxicity that lead to fish impairment and biodiversity decline.
PubMed: 36978570
DOI: 10.3390/ani13061029