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Technology in Cancer Research &... 2022Osteosarcoma, one of the common malignant tumors in the skeletal system, originates in mesenchymal tissue, and the most susceptible area of occurrence is the metaphysis... (Review)
Review
Osteosarcoma, one of the common malignant tumors in the skeletal system, originates in mesenchymal tissue, and the most susceptible area of occurrence is the metaphysis with its abundant blood supply. Tumors are characterized by highly malignant spindle stromal cells that can produce bone-like tissue. Most of the osteosarcoma are primary, and a few are secondary. Osteosarcoma occurs primarily in children and adolescents undergoing vigorous bone growth and development. Most cases involve rapid tumor development and early blood metastasis. In recent years, research has grown in the areas of molecular biology, imaging medicine, biological materials, applied anatomy, surgical techniques, biomechanics, and comprehensive treatment of tumors. With developments in molecular biology and tissue bioengineering, treatment methods have also made great progress, especially in comprehensive limb salvage treatment, which significantly enhances the quality of life after surgery and improves the 5-year survival rate of patients with malignant tumors. This article provides a review of limb salvage, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and targeted therapy from traditional amputation to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, providing a reference for current clinical treatments for osteosarcoma.
Topics: Adolescent; Biological Products; Bone Neoplasms; Child; Humans; Limb Salvage; Osteosarcoma; Quality of Life
PubMed: 36128851
DOI: 10.1177/15330338221124696 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2022Micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are small endogenous noncoding RNAs molecules that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. A single miRNA is able to target... (Review)
Review
Micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are small endogenous noncoding RNAs molecules that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. A single miRNA is able to target hundreds of specific messenger RNA (mRNAs) by binding to the 3'-untranslated regions. miRNAs regulate different biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Altered miRNA expression is certainly related to the development of the most common human diseases, including tumors. Osteosarcoma (OS), Ewing's Sarcoma (ES), and Chondrosarcoma (CS) are the most common primary bone tumors which affect mainly children and adolescents. A significant dysregulation of miRNA expression, in particular of mir-34, mir-21, mir-106, mir-143, and miR-100, has been revealed in OS, ES and CS. In this context, miRNAs can act as either tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes, contributing to the initiation and progression of bone tumors. The in-depth study of these small molecules can thus help to better understand their biological functions in bone tumors. Therefore, this review aims to examine the potential role of miRNAs in bone tumors, especially OS, ES and CS, and to suggest their possible use as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of bone tumors and as biomarkers for early diagnosis.
Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 35216464
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042348 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2016Bone metastases ultimately result from a complex interaction between cancer cells and bone microenvironment. However, prior to the colonization of the bone, cancer cells... (Review)
Review
Bone metastases ultimately result from a complex interaction between cancer cells and bone microenvironment. However, prior to the colonization of the bone, cancer cells must succeed through a series of steps that will allow them to detach from the primary tumor, enter into circulation, recognize and adhere to specific endothelium, and overcome dormancy. We now know that as important as the metastatic cascade, tumor cells prime the secondary organ microenvironment prior to their arrival, reflecting the existence of specific metastasis-initiating cells in the primary tumor and circulating osteotropic factors. The deep comprehension of the molecular mechanisms of bone metastases may allow the future development of specific anti-tumoral therapies, but so far the approved and effective therapies for bone metastatic disease are mostly based in bone-targeted agents, like bisphosphonates, denosumab and, for prostate cancer, radium-223. Bisphosphonates and denosumab have proven to be effective in blocking bone resorption and decreasing morbidity; furthermore, in the adjuvant setting, these agents can decrease bone relapse after breast cancer surgery in postmenopausal women. In this review, we will present and discuss some examples of applied knowledge from the bench to the bed side in the field of bone metastasis.
Topics: Animals; Bone Density Conservation Agents; Bone Neoplasms; Denosumab; Diphosphonates; Female; Humans; Male; Radium
PubMed: 27618899
DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091415 -
Calcified Tissue International Feb 2018Bone sarcomas are tumours belonging to the family of mesenchymal tumours and constitute a highly heterogeneous tumour group. The three main bone sarcomas are... (Review)
Review
Bone sarcomas are tumours belonging to the family of mesenchymal tumours and constitute a highly heterogeneous tumour group. The three main bone sarcomas are osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and chondrosarcoma each subdivided in diverse histological entities. They are clinically characterised by a relatively high morbidity and mortality, especially in children and adolescents. Although these tumours are histologically, molecularly and genetically heterogeneous, they share a common involvement of the local microenvironment in their pathogenesis. This review gives a brief overview of their specificities and summarises the main therapeutic advances in the field of bone sarcoma.
Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Female; Giant Cell Tumor of Bone; Humans; Male; Sarcoma; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 29238848
DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0372-2 -
Revista de Investigacion Clinica;... 2015Cancer patients with spinal metastases are a diagnostic and treatment challenge for the clinician. This challenge must be addressed through a multidisciplinary,... (Review)
Review
Cancer patients with spinal metastases are a diagnostic and treatment challenge for the clinician. This challenge must be addressed through a multidisciplinary, multimodal, and individualized management. The presence of tumor cells in bone metastases results in homeostatic disruption between bone formation and remodeling. Bone destruction is a late event in the formation of lytic bone metastasis, starting when tumor cells proliferate; this in turn activates osteoclasts, seen as trabecular destruction in imaging studies. There may be excessive bone destruction and increased bone formation, which produce blastic lesions. Bone scintigraphy is currently the most widely used diagnostic method and is considered as the reference test for the diagnosis of spinal bone metastasis. However, we believe that in the near future positron emission tomography associated to computed tomography with 18F-NaF, or magnetic resonance using diffusion-weighted whole-body imaging with background body signal suppression, will replace bone scintigraphy due to their improved diagnostic accuracy. These new diagnostic tools will help prevent bone metastasis complications such as: intractable pain; spinal cord or cauda equina compression; hypercalcemia; pathological fractures; and spinal instability. With regards to the treatment, it can be uni- or multimodal, depending on the type and number of bone metastases. Among the types of treatment available for bone metastasis are chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and invasive procedures. The prognosis of patient survival depends on the histopathology of the primary tumor, the presence of bone metastasis, and the presence of neurological deficits.
Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Bone Remodeling; Cancer Pain; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Humans; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Prognosis; Radionuclide Imaging; Spinal Neoplasms; Survival
PubMed: 26202738
DOI: No ID Found -
American Society of Clinical Oncology... 2017The pathologic interpretation of malignant bone tumors is one of the more challenging areas in surgical pathology. This is based on the reality that primary bone... (Review)
Review
The pathologic interpretation of malignant bone tumors is one of the more challenging areas in surgical pathology. This is based on the reality that primary bone sarcomas are uncommon, demonstrate significant morphologic heterogeneity, and have a broad spectrum of biology. Accordingly, it is difficult for pathologists to acquire the necessary experience to confidently and accurately diagnose bone sarcomas. The task is further complicated by the fact that it requires the integration of clinical and radiologic information into the diagnostic process. Lastly, molecular aberrations in sarcomas are being newly discovered and their identification is often critical to make specific diagnoses. The pathologist's role in guiding optimal treatment in biopsy specimens is to make an accurate diagnosis and provide the grade and molecular aberrations when appropriate. The pathology report of resected tumors must confirm this information and assess the surgical resection margins and the percentage of necrosis if the sarcoma has been treated with neoadjuvant systemic therapy.
Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Neoadjuvant Therapy; Osteosarcoma; Sarcoma; Surgical Procedures, Operative
PubMed: 28561653
DOI: 10.1200/EDBK_174697 -
Trends in Pharmacological Sciences Jun 2015Bone metastases are dejected consequences of many types of tumors including breast, prostate, lung, kidney, and thyroid cancers. This complicated process begins with the... (Review)
Review
Bone metastases are dejected consequences of many types of tumors including breast, prostate, lung, kidney, and thyroid cancers. This complicated process begins with the successful tumor cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition, escape from the original site, and penetration into the circulation. The homing of tumor cells to the bone depends on both tumor-intrinsic traits and various molecules supplied by the bone metastatic niche. The colonization and growth of cancer cells in the osseous environment, which awaken their dormancy to form micro- and macro-metastasis, involve an intricate interaction between the circulating tumor cells and local bone cells including osteoclasts, osteoblasts, adipocytes, and macrophages. We discuss the most recent advances in the identification of new molecules and novel mechanisms during each step of bone metastasis that may serve as promising therapeutic targets.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Neoplastic Cells, Circulating; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 25962679
DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.04.006 -
Journal of Extracellular Vesicles Jul 2021Distant organ metastasis, often termed as organotropic metastasis or metastatic organotropism, is a fundamental feature of malignant tumours and accounts for most... (Review)
Review
Distant organ metastasis, often termed as organotropic metastasis or metastatic organotropism, is a fundamental feature of malignant tumours and accounts for most cancer-related mortalities. This process is orchestrated by many complex biological interactions and processes that are mediated by a combination of anatomical, genetic, pathophysiological and biochemical factors. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly being demonstrated as critical mediators of bi-directional tumour-host cell interactions, controlling organ-specific infiltration, adaptation and colonization at the secondary site. EVs govern organotropic metastasis by modulating the pre-metastatic microenvironment through upregulation of pro-inflammatory gene expression and immunosuppressive cytokine secretion, induction of phenotype-specific differentiation and recruitment of specific stromal cell types. This review discusses EV-mediated metastatic organotropism in visceral (brain, lung, liver, and lymph node) and skeletal (bone) metastasis, and discusses how the pre-metastatic education by EVs transforms the organ into a hospitable, tumour cell-friendly milieu that supports the growth of metastatic cells. Decoding the organ-specific traits of EVs and their functions in organotropic metastasis is essential in accelerating the clinical application of EVs in cancer management.
Topics: Animals; Bone Neoplasms; Brain Neoplasms; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphatic Metastasis; Neoplasm Metastasis
PubMed: 34295457
DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12125 -
Calcified Tissue International Feb 2018Bone is the most common site of prostate cancer metastasis. Once prostate cancer cells metastasize to bone, the mortality rate of prostate cancer patients increases... (Review)
Review
Bone is the most common site of prostate cancer metastasis. Once prostate cancer cells metastasize to bone, the mortality rate of prostate cancer patients increases significantly. Furthermore, bone metastases produce multiple skeletal complications, including bone pain that impairs the patients' quality of life. Effective therapies for bone metastatic disease are underdeveloped with most current therapies being primarily palliative with modest survival benefit. Although the exact mechanisms through which prostate cancer metastasizes to bone are unclear, growing evidence suggests that the bone marrow microenvironment, particularly its hematopoietic activity, is a significant mediator of prostate cancer bone tropism. Moreover, the bone microenvironment may regulate metastatic prostate cancer cells between dormant and proliferative states. In this review, we discuss (1) how prostate cancer cells interact with the bone microenvironment to establish bone metastases and (2) current and future potential treatments for prostate cancer patients with bone metastases.
Topics: Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 29094177
DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0350-8 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2014The development of bone metastases requires multistep and multicellular machinery consisting not only of processes shared with any type of metastases (formation of a... (Review)
Review
The development of bone metastases requires multistep and multicellular machinery consisting not only of processes shared with any type of metastases (formation of a pre-metastatic niche, chemotaxis of tumor cells into the host tissue, tumor cells escape from the microvasculature), but also biological interactions that are strictly related to the particular bone microenvironment (bone marrow colonization by cancer cells, osteomimicry, deregulation of bone homeostasis). MiRNAs are highly conserved, small RNAs molecules that regulate gene expression. The functional consequence of miRNA deregulation lies in the mRNA targets whose expression is altered. MiRNA networks acting as upstream regulators of these genes interfere with the initial steps of tumor local invasion and cancer cell intravasation, mainly by regulating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, the motility, invasiveness and survival abilities of these cells. The miRNA-mediated regulation on the steps of bone tropism, anchorage, homing and finally bone colonization is more tissue specific, being dependent on the expression pattern of target miRNAs in bone marrow sinusoids, bone cells and microenvironment. In that, miRNA specific expression signatures that can distinguish between primary tumors from their corresponding bone metastases might be determinants of clinical aggressiveness. In this review, we focus on the current advances on functions and molecular mechanisms by which miRNAs exert their biological roles in regulating bone metastases development.
Topics: Animals; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; MicroRNAs; Neoplasm Metastasis; RNA, Neoplasm; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 25019555
DOI: 10.3390/molecules190710115