-
Current Topics in Microbiology and... 2016Histophilus somni is responsible for sporadic disease worldwide in cattle and, to a lesser extent, in small ruminants, bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), and North... (Review)
Review
Histophilus somni is responsible for sporadic disease worldwide in cattle and, to a lesser extent, in small ruminants, bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), and North American bison (Bison bison). The importance of H. somni diseases can be attributed to improved clinical and laboratory recognition, combined with the growth in intensive management practices for cattle. Although outbreaks of bovine histophilosis can occur year-round, in northern and southern hemispheres, it is most frequent in late fall and early winter. Weather, stress, dietary changes, and comingling of cattle are likely to be major triggers for outbreaks. The most frequent clinical expressions of histophilosis include undifferentiated fever, fibrinosuppurative pneumonia, encephalitis-leptomeningitis, necrotizing myocarditis, and diffuse pleuritis. Neurological disease occurs either as thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME) or as suppurative meningitis with ventriculitis. Acute myocarditis is characteristically necrotizing and generally involves one or both papillary muscles in the left ventricular myocardium. Biofilm-like aggregates of bacteria occur in capillaries and veins in myocardium, in the central nervous system, and on endocardial surfaces. H. somni is a component of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex. In our experience, it is most commonly diagnosed in subacute-to-chronic polymicrobial pulmonary infections in combination with Mannheimia haemolytica, Trueperella pyogenes, Pasteurella multocida, or Mycoplasma bovis. Other, less common forms of H. somni disease present as polyarthritis/tenosynovitis, abortion with placentitis and fetal septicemia, epididymitis-orchitis, and ocular infections. It is likely that H. somni is under-recognized clinically and diagnostically. Most state and provincial laboratories in North America rely on bacterial isolation to confirm infection. The use of more sensitive detection methods on field cases of histophilosis will help resolve the pathogenesis of H. somni in natural outbreaks, and whether the disease is as common elsewhere as it is in Canada.
Topics: Animals; Bison; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Pasteurellaceae Infections; Sheep; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 26847357
DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_5008 -
Veterinary Microbiology Jan 2024Mannheimia haemolytica is known as one of the major bacterial contributors to Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) syndrome. This study sought to establish a novel...
Mannheimia haemolytica is known as one of the major bacterial contributors to Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) syndrome. This study sought to establish a novel species-specific PCR to aid in identification of this key pathogen. As well, an existing multiplex PCR was used to determine the prevalence of serovars 1, 2 or 6 in Australia. Most of the 65 studied isolates originated from cattle with a total of 11 isolates from small ruminants. All problematic field isolates in the identification or serotyping PCRs were subjected to whole genome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. The field isolates were also subjected to rep-PCR fingerprinting. A total of 59 out of the 65 tested isolates were conformed as M. haemolytica by the new species-specific PCR which is based on the rpoB gene. The confirmed M. haemolytica field isolates were assigned to serovars 1 (24 isolates), 2 (seven isolates) and 6 (26 isolates) while two of the isolates were negative in the serotyping PCR. The two non-typeable isolates were assigned to serovar 7 and 14 following whole genome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. The rep-PCR typing resulted in five major clusters with serovars 1 and 6 often within the same cluster. The M. haemolytica-specific PCR developed in this work was species specific and should be a valuable support for frontline diagnostic laboratories. The serotyping results support the relative importance of serovars 1 and 6 in bovine respiratory disease.
Topics: Cattle; Animals; Mannheimia haemolytica; Bacteria; Serotyping; Cattle Diseases; Ruminants; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Respiratory Tract Diseases
PubMed: 38086163
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109930 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2019The objective of this review is to describe the usage and applicability of proteomics technologies in the study of mastitis in ewes. In ewes, proteomics technologies... (Review)
Review
The objective of this review is to describe the usage and applicability of proteomics technologies in the study of mastitis in ewes. In ewes, proteomics technologies have been employed for furthering knowledge in mastitis caused by various agents (, , , , ). Studies have focused on improving knowledge regarding pathogenesis of the infections and identifying biomarkers for its diagnosis. Findings have revealed that ewes with mastitis mount a defence response, controlled by many proteins and over various mechanisms and pathways, which are interdependent at various points. Many proteins can participate in this process. Moreover, as the result of proteomics studies, cathelicidins and serum amyloid A have been identified as proteins that can be used as biomarkers for improved diagnosis of the disease. In the long term, proteomics will contribute to improvements in the elucidation of the pathogenesis of mastitis. Further in-depth investigations into the various proteomes and application of new methodological strategies in experimental and clinical studies will provide information about mastitis processes, which will be of benefit in controlling the disease. Improvement of diagnostic techniques, establishment of prognostic tools and development of vaccines are key areas for targeted research.
PubMed: 31470519
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030134 -
Journal of Advanced Veterinary and... Sep 2023This research aimed to assess the prevalence of caprine pasteurellosis, isolate and identify pasteurellosis ( and ) in pneumonic goats, and discover the main bacterial... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
This research aimed to assess the prevalence of caprine pasteurellosis, isolate and identify pasteurellosis ( and ) in pneumonic goats, and discover the main bacterial cause of pneumonia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
One hundred and five samples (94 nasal swabs and 11 lung tissues) from goats suspected of having pneumonia were taken and transferred aseptically to the laboratory. Following the processing of the collected samples, spp. was isolated with the aid of plate culture methods. Biochemical characteristics were used to identify all bacterial isolates, which were then verified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was also carried out to evaluate the sensitivity profiles of various antibiotics. The serotype-specific antigen (PHSSA) gene was used to identify isolates of , and the KMT1 gene was used to identify isolates of .
RESULTS
From the 105 clinically suspicious samples, 51 (48.57%) were identified to be through bacteriological testing and also by PCR targeting the gene. Of these, 47.87% (45/94) were nasal swabs, and 54.55% (6/11) were lung tissues. Among confirmed samples, 70.59% (36/51) were identified as and 29.41% (15/51) were identified as . Resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, oxytetracycline, gentamicin, and ceftriaxone was found in 50%-83% of the isolates. In addition, PCR identified the PHSSA and KMT1 genes from isolates of and , respectively.
CONCLUSION
The present study revealed that and primarily caused pasteurellosis in pneumonic goats in Bangladesh. However, when treating these animals, the proper choice of antimicrobials should be made to control this disease.
PubMed: 37969786
DOI: 10.5455/javar.2023.j707 -
Veterinary Pathology Mar 2024-associated abomasitis has been clinically described as a cause of sudden death in lambs, but it is poorly characterized. We describe the pathological features of a...
-associated abomasitis has been clinically described as a cause of sudden death in lambs, but it is poorly characterized. We describe the pathological features of a severe fibrinonecrotizing abomasitis in 3 lambs that died suddenly. All 3 abomasums had a thickened submucosa due to edema and necrotic areas delimited by bands of degenerate neutrophils with slender nuclei (oat cells) and angiocentric distributions. The overlying mucosa was congested. Myriads of gram-negative coccobacilli were observed within the oat cell bands. was isolated from the abomasum in all 3 animals and was serotyped as A2 in one of them. Pericarditis and pleuritis were observed in 2 of the lambs. spp. were isolated in 1 lamb and detected by immunohistochemistry in the 3 animals, suggesting clostridial co-infection. should be considered among the differential diagnoses of necrotizing abomasitis in lambs.
PubMed: 38440930
DOI: 10.1177/03009858241235393 -
Veterinary World Jul 2019Mannheimiosis or pneumonic pasteurellosis commonly occurs in small ruminants. Mannheimiosis is caused by () a Gram-negative coccobacillus producing acute febrile and... (Review)
Review
Mannheimiosis or pneumonic pasteurellosis commonly occurs in small ruminants. Mannheimiosis is caused by () a Gram-negative coccobacillus producing acute febrile and infectious condition resulting in death of animal if not diagnosed and treated promptly. serotype A2 is a commensal of the nasopharynx, gaining access to the lungs when host defenses are compromised by stress or infection in small ruminants. Till date, there is a vast literature and research that has been conducted on the pathogenesis of invariably on respiratory system and its related immune system and mechanisms. From the clinical point of view, infection or diseases involving vital organs will systemically affect the production and performance of the infected animal. Therefore, there is a huge gap of knowledge and research to answer the question whether there is any association between infection with reproductive physiology and performance in small ruminants and how it affects the productivity level. This review will explore the possibilities of involvement and new potential research to be carried out to determine the involvement of male and female reproductive system with infection among small ruminants.
PubMed: 31528021
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.978-983 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Jun 2023is the main pathogen contributing to pneumonic pasteurellosis in sheep. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance levels in isolates from...
is the main pathogen contributing to pneumonic pasteurellosis in sheep. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance levels in isolates from the lungs of slaughtered sheep and to examine the genetic resistance mechanisms involved. A total of 256 isolates, 169 from lungs with pneumonic lesions and 87 from lungs without lesions, were analyzed by the disk diffusion method for 12 antimicrobials, and the whole genome of 14 isolates was sequenced to identify antimicrobial resistance determinants. Levels of phenotypic resistance ranged from <2% for 10 antimicrobials (amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic, ceftiofur, cefquinome, lincomycin/spectinomycin, gentamicin, erythromycin, florfenicol, enrofloxacin, and doxycycline) to 4.3% for tetracycline and 89.1% for tylosin. Six isolates carried genes and four isolates carried, in addition, the and genes in putative plasmid sequences. No mutations associated with macrolide resistance were identified in 23 rDNA sequences, suggesting that the phenotypic results for tylosin should be interpreted with care in the absence of well-established epidemiological and clinical breakpoints. The identification of strains phenotypically resistant to tetracycline and of several resistance genes, some of which were present in plasmids, highlights the need for continuous monitoring of susceptibility patterns in isolates from livestock.
PubMed: 37370501
DOI: 10.3390/ani13121991 -
Veterinary Journal (London, England :... Feb 2023Fatal Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) infections in cattle, which emerged in the Netherlands between 2004 and 2018, showed two distinct disease presentations:...
Fatal Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) infections in cattle, which emerged in the Netherlands between 2004 and 2018, showed two distinct disease presentations: acute fibrinous polyserositis (FPS) in veal calves, and acute fibrinous pleuro-pneumonia (FPP) in adult dairy cattle. To determine whether these presentations were caused by different M. haemolytica genotypes, whole genome sequencing was performed on 96 isolates cultured after necropsy from inflamed sites of veal calves that died of M. haemolytica-associated FPS (n = 49) or with FPP lesions (n = 2), and from dairy cows that died of M. haemolytica-associated FPP (n = 45). Among the 96 M. haemolytica isolates, 93 were shown to belong to either of two large clusters, with 48/51 calf isolates belonging to one, and 43/45 cow isolates and two calf isolates from cases of FPP to the other. All M. haemolytica isolates from veal calves with FPS were of serotype A2, whereas the isolates from dairy cows and two calves with FPP were predominantly of serotypes A1 and A6. Most serotype A2 isolates from veal calves with FPS (95.6 %) contained multiple antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) against three to five antimicrobial classes (phenicols, sulphonamides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides or beta-lactams). In contrast, these ARGs were only present in 10.8 % of M. haemolytica A1 and A6 isolates from pneumonic adult cattle and absent in isolates from the two calves with FPP. These two disease presentations appear to be caused by genetically distinct strains with different antimicrobial resistance gene patterns. While M. haemolytica serotype A2 is generally considered to be a commensal microorganism of cattle, it was clearly associated with fatal FPS in veal calves in the Netherlands.
PubMed: 36543311
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105940 -
Viruses Dec 2022Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most prevalent, deadly, and costly diseases in young cattle. BRD has been recognized as a multifactorial disease caused... (Review)
Review
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most prevalent, deadly, and costly diseases in young cattle. BRD has been recognized as a multifactorial disease caused mainly by viruses (bovine herpesvirus, BVDV, parainfluenza-3 virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and bovine coronavirus) and bacteria (, , and ). However, other microorganisms have been recognized to cause BRD. Influenza D virus (IDV) is a novel RNA pathogen belonging to the family , first discovered in 2011. It is distributed worldwide in cattle, the main reservoir. IDV has been demonstrated to play a role in BRD, with proven ability to cause respiratory disease, a high transmission rate, and potentiate the effects of other pathogens. The transmission mechanisms of this virus are by direct contact and by aerosol route over short distances. IDV causes lesions in the upper respiratory tract of calves and can also replicate in the lower respiratory tract and cause pneumonia. There is currently no commercial vaccine or specific treatment for IDV. It should be noted that IDV has zoonotic potential and could be a major public health concern if there is a drastic change in its pathogenicity to humans. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding IDV structure, pathogenesis, clinical significance, and epidemiology.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Humans; Thogotovirus; Cattle Diseases; Mannheimia haemolytica; Bacteria; Viruses; Respiratory Tract Diseases
PubMed: 36560721
DOI: 10.3390/v14122717 -
BMC Research Notes Jan 2023Mannheimia haemolytica is the primary bacterial pathogen associated with bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). While M. haemolytica has been subdivided into 12...
OBJECTIVE
Mannheimia haemolytica is the primary bacterial pathogen associated with bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). While M. haemolytica has been subdivided into 12 capsular serotypes (ST), ST1, ST2 and ST6 are commonly isolated from cattle. More recently, M. haemolytica strains isolated from North American cattle have been classified into genotypes 1 (ST2) and 2 (ST1 and ST6). Of the two genotypes, genotype 1 strains are frequently isolated from healthy animals whereas, genotype 2 strains are predominantly isolated from BRDC animals. However, isolation of both genotypes from pneumonic lung samples can complicate diagnosis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay to differentiate M. haemolytica genotypes.
RESULTS
The genotype specificity of the LAMP was tested using purified genomic DNA from 22 M. haemolytica strains (10 genotype 1, 12 genotype 2) and strains from four related Pasteurellaceae species; Bibersteinia trehalosi, Mannheimia glucosida, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni. Genotype 1 (adhesin pseudogene B1) specific-LAMP reactions amplified DNA only from genotype 1 strains while genotype 2 (adhesin G) reactions amplified DNA only from genotype 2 strains. The overall detection sensitivity and specificity of the newly developed colorimetric LAMP assay for each genotype were 100%. The limits of detection of two LAMP assays were 1-100 target gene copies per reaction. LAMP primers designed in this study may help the differential identification of M. haemolytica genotypes 1 and 2.
Topics: Cattle; Animals; Mannheimia haemolytica; Colorimetry; Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein; Genotype
PubMed: 36658613
DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06272-8